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|genus=Banksia
|genus=Banksia
|species=integrifolia
|species=integrifolia
|common_name= Coast Banksia
|common_name=Coast Banksia
|habit=tree
|habit=tree
|habit_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia ISBN 0881925381
|habit_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia ISBN 0881925381
|Max ht box=25
|Max ht box=80
|Max ht metric=m
|Max ht metric=ft
|height_ref=Wikipedia
|height_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia ISBN 0881925381
|Max wd box=20
|Max wd metric=ft
|width_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia ISBN 0881925381
|origin=Australia
|origin=Australia
|lifespan=perennial
|lifespan=perennial
|image_width=180
|image_width=180
}}
}}
'''''Banksia integrifolia''''', commonly known as '''Coast Banksia''', is a [[species]] of [[tree]] that grows along the east coast of [[Australia]]. One of the most widely distributed ''[[Banksia]]'' species, it occurs between [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]] and [[Central Queensland]] in a broad range of [[habitat (ecology)|habitats]], from coastal [[dune]]s to [[mountain]]s. It is highly variable in form, but is most often encountered as a tree up to 25 metres (82 ft) in height. Its [[leaf|leaves]] have dark green upper surfaces and white undersides, a contrast that can be striking on windy days.
'''''Banksia integrifolia''''', commonly known as '''Coast Banksia''', is a [[species]] of [[tree]] that grows along the east coast of [[Australia]]. One of the most widely distributed ''[[Banksia]]'' species, it occurs between [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]] and [[Central Queensland]] in a broad range of [[habitat (ecology)|habitats]], from coastal [[dune]]s to [[mountain]]s. It is highly variable in form, but is most often encountered as a tree up to 25 metres (82 ft) in height. Its [[leaf|leaves]] have dark green upper surfaces and white undersides, a contrast that can be striking on windy days.
A hardy and versatile [[garden]] plant, ''B. integrifolia'' is widely planted in Australian gardens. It is a popular choice for parks and streetscapes, and has been used for bush [[revegetation]] and stabilisation of dunes. Its hardiness has prompted research into its suitability for use as a [[rootstock]] in the [[floriculture|cut flower trade]], but has also caused concerns about its potential to become a [[weed]] outside its natural habitat.
A hardy and versatile [[garden]] plant, ''B. integrifolia'' is widely planted in Australian gardens. It is a popular choice for parks and streetscapes, and has been used for bush [[revegetation]] and stabilisation of dunes. Its hardiness has prompted research into its suitability for use as a [[rootstock]] in the [[floriculture|cut flower trade]], but has also caused concerns about its potential to become a [[weed]] outside its natural habitat.
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==Cultivation==
==Cultivation==
[[Image:B integrifolia roller coaster sylvan1 email.jpg|thumb|right|''B.'' 'Roller Coaster', Sylvan Grove Gardens, [[Picnic Point]], NSW]]
[[Image:B integrifolia roller coaster sylvan1 email.jpg|thumb|right|''B.'' 'Roller Coaster', Sylvan Grove Gardens, [[Picnic Point]], NSW]]
Hardy and versatile, ''B. integrifolia'' will grow in [[clay]], [[sand]], [[acid]] and even [[alkali]]ne soils, and it shows good resistance to wind and [[salt]], making it suitable for seaside planting.<ref name="Elliot 1982">{{cite book | author = Elliot, R. and D. L. Jones | year = 1982 | title = Encyclopaedia of Australian Plants Suitable for Cultivation | publisher = Lothian Press | location = Melbourne | isbn = 978-0-85091-143-5}}</ref> It is therefore highly regarded as a low-maintenance garden tree, although its large size makes it unsuitable for smaller gardens. Its hardiness may however forewarn weed potential, as some evidence of weediness has been seen in [[Western Australia]] and [[New Zealand]]. When growing near bushland within its native habitat, it is recommended to obtain local provenance seed or plants if available.<ref name="Liber 2002">{{cite journal | last = Liber | first = C. | year = 2002 | title = Banksias as weeds | journal = Banksia Study Group Newsletter | volume = 4 | issue = 1 | pages = 4–5}}</ref>
Hardy and versatile, ''B. integrifolia'' will grow in [[clay]], [[sand]], [[acid]] and even [[alkali]]ne soils, and it shows good resistance to wind and [[salt]], making it suitable for seaside planting.<ref name="Elliot 1982">{{cite book | author = Elliot, R. and D. L. Jones | year = 1982 | title = Encyclopaedia of Australian Plants Suitable for Cultivation | publisher = Lothian Press | location = Melbourne | isbn = 978-0-85091-143-5}}</ref> It is therefore highly regarded as a low-maintenance garden tree, although its large size makes it unsuitable for smaller gardens. Its hardiness may however forewarn weed potential, as some evidence of weediness has been seen in [[Western Australia]] and [[New Zealand]]. When growing near bushland within its native habitat, it is recommended to obtain local provenance seed or plants if available.<ref name="Liber 2002">{{cite journal | last = Liber | first = C. | year = 2002 | title = Banksias as weeds | journal = Banksia Study Group Newsletter | volume = 4 | issue = 1 | pages = 4–5}}</ref>
The most common form available in commercial nurseries is unimproved ''Banksia integrifolia'' subsp. ''integrifolia''. It prefers a sunny aspect without exposure to frosts, and tolerates fairly heavy [[pruning]]. Seeds do not require any treatment, and take 5 to 6 weeks to [[germinate]].<ref name="Sweedman 2006">{{cite book | author = Sweedman, Luke; ''et al.'' | year = 2006 | title = Australian seeds: a guide to their collection, identification and biology | publisher = CSIRO Publishing | isbn = 0-643-09298-6 | page = 203}}</ref> Flowering begins at around four to six years from seed. The other subspecies are less well known in cultivation, but are obtainable. Cultivation is presumably similar to ''B. integrifolia'' subsp. ''integrifolia'',<ref name="George 1987">{{The Banksia Book}}</ref> except that ''B. integrifolia'' subsp. ''monticola'' may be assumed frost-tolerant. [[Dwarfing|Dwarf]] forms of ''B. integrifolia'' are sometimes sold, and a registered prostrate [[cultivar]], [[Banksia 'Roller Coaster'|''Banksia'' 'Roller Coaster']], is available. The latter is a vigorous ground-hugging plant that can spread to 4 or 5 metres across yet remains only 50 centimetres high.<ref name="ACRA">{{cite web | author = [[Australian Cultivar Registration Authority]] | title = Banksia 'Roller Coaster' | work = Descriptions of registered cultivars | url = http://www.anbg.gov.au/acra/descriptions/acc404.html | accessdate = 2006-11-07}}</ref>
The most common form available in commercial nurseries is unimproved ''Banksia integrifolia'' subsp. ''integrifolia''. It prefers a sunny aspect without exposure to frosts, and tolerates fairly heavy [[pruning]]. Seeds do not require any treatment, and take 5 to 6 weeks to [[germinate]].<ref name="Sweedman 2006">{{cite book | author = Sweedman, Luke; ''et al.'' | year = 2006 | title = Australian seeds: a guide to their collection, identification and biology | publisher = CSIRO Publishing | isbn = 0-643-09298-6 | page = 203}}</ref> Flowering begins at around four to six years from seed. The other subspecies are less well known in cultivation, but are obtainable. Cultivation is presumably similar to ''B. integrifolia'' subsp. ''integrifolia'',<ref name="George 1987">{{The Banksia Book}}</ref> except that ''B. integrifolia'' subsp. ''monticola'' may be assumed frost-tolerant. [[Dwarfing|Dwarf]] forms of ''B. integrifolia'' are sometimes sold, and a registered prostrate [[cultivar]], [[Banksia 'Roller Coaster'|''Banksia'' 'Roller Coaster']], is available. The latter is a vigorous ground-hugging plant that can spread to 4 or 5 metres across yet remains only 50 centimetres high.<ref name="ACRA">{{cite web | author = [[Australian Cultivar Registration Authority]] | title = Banksia 'Roller Coaster' | work = Descriptions of registered cultivars | url = http://www.anbg.gov.au/acra/descriptions/acc404.html | accessdate = 2006-11-07}}</ref>
Because of its high resistance to ''P. cinnamomi'' dieback, the feasibility of using ''B. integrifolia'' as a rootstock for susceptible ''Banksia'' species in the [[floriculture|cut flower trade]] is under investigation. Presently, the success rate for grafting is only 30–40%, and even with successful grafts there is a tendency for the union to fail under stress. More research is needed before the technique will be ready for commercial use.<ref name="Sedgley 1996">{{cite book | author = Sedgley, Margaret | year = 1996 | chapter = Banksia, Family Proteaceae | pages = 18–35 | editor = Krystyna A. Johnson and Margaret Burchett (eds) | title = Native Australian Plants: Horticulture and Uses | location = Sydney | publisher = University of New South Wales Press | isbn = 978-0-86840-159-1}}</ref>
Because of its high resistance to ''P. cinnamomi'' dieback, the feasibility of using ''B. integrifolia'' as a rootstock for susceptible ''Banksia'' species in the [[floriculture|cut flower trade]] is under investigation. Presently, the success rate for grafting is only 30–40%, and even with successful grafts there is a tendency for the union to fail under stress. More research is needed before the technique will be ready for commercial use.<ref name="Sedgley 1996">{{cite book | author = Sedgley, Margaret | year = 1996 | chapter = Banksia, Family Proteaceae | pages = 18–35 | editor = Krystyna A. Johnson and Margaret Burchett (eds) | title = Native Australian Plants: Horticulture and Uses | location = Sydney | publisher = University of New South Wales Press | isbn = 978-0-86840-159-1}}</ref>
===Propagation===
===Propagation===
=== Subspecies ===
=== Subspecies ===
[[Image:Banksia integrifolia subsp. monticola inflorescence.jpg|thumb|Inflorescence of ''B. integrifolia'' subsp. ''monticola'' in late bud]]
[[Image:Banksia integrifolia subsp. monticola inflorescence.jpg|thumb|Inflorescence of ''B. integrifolia'' subsp. ''monticola'' in late bud]]
Although some of the great variability of ''B. integrifolia'' can be attributed to environmental factors, much is [[genetics|genetic]]: George writes that it "gives the impression that it is actively speciating to fill the many ecological niches through its range".<ref name="George 1981"/> Three subspecies are currently recognised: [[Banksia integrifolia subsp. integrifolia|''B. integrifolia'' subsp. ''integrifolia'']], [[Banksia integrifolia subsp. compar|''B. integrifolia'' subsp. ''compar'']], and [[Banksia integrifolia subsp. monticola|''B. integrifolia'' subsp. ''monticola'']].
Although some of the great variability of ''B. integrifolia'' can be attributed to environmental factors, much is [[genetics|genetic]]: George writes that it "gives the impression that it is actively speciating to fill the many ecological niches through its range".<ref name="George 1981"/> Three subspecies are currently recognised: [[Banksia integrifolia subsp. integrifolia|''B. integrifolia'' subsp. ''integrifolia'']], [[Banksia integrifolia subsp. compar|''B. integrifolia'' subsp. ''compar'']], and [[Banksia integrifolia subsp. monticola|''B. integrifolia'' subsp. ''monticola'']].
;''Banksia integrifolia'' subsp. ''integrifolia'': The nominate subspecies occurs near the coast over most of the species' range except the far north. It varies little except in northern [[New South Wales]] and southern [[Queensland]], where some populations appear to be intermediate with ''B. integrifolia'' subsp. ''compar''.
;''Banksia integrifolia'' subsp. ''integrifolia'': The nominate subspecies occurs near the coast over most of the species' range except the far north. It varies little except in northern [[New South Wales]] and southern [[Queensland]], where some populations appear to be intermediate with ''B. integrifolia'' subsp. ''compar''.
;''Banksia integrifolia'' subsp. ''compar'': This subspecies grows in coastal Queensland as far north as [[Proserpine, Queensland|Proserpine]]. For most of its range it is the only subspecies, but near its southern limit it co-occurs with ''B. integrifolia'' subsp. ''integrifolia''. The two subspecies are distinguishable by their leaves, which are larger and glossy with wavy margins on ''B. integrifolia'' subsp. ''compar''.
;''Banksia integrifolia'' subsp. ''compar'': This subspecies grows in coastal Queensland as far north as [[Proserpine, Queensland|Proserpine]]. For most of its range it is the only subspecies, but near its southern limit it co-occurs with ''B. integrifolia'' subsp. ''integrifolia''. The two subspecies are distinguishable by their leaves, which are larger and glossy with wavy margins on ''B. integrifolia'' subsp. ''compar''.
;''Banksia integrifolia'' subsp. ''monticola'': Commonly known as ''White Mountain Banksia'', it is the only subspecies with a [[montane]] distribution; it occurs in the [[Blue Mountains (Australia)|Blue Mountains]] of northern New South Wales. It is similar in form to ''B. integrifolia'' subsp. ''integrifolia'', but differs in having longer, narrower leaves, and follicles that are more deeply embedded in the old flower spike.<ref name ="Harden 2000">{{cite book | author = Harden G. J., D. W. Hardin and D. C. Godden | year = 2000 | title = Proteaceae of New South Wales | publisher = UNSW Press | isbn = 978-0-86840-302-1}}</ref>
;''Banksia integrifolia'' subsp. ''monticola'': Commonly known as ''White Mountain Banksia'', it is the only subspecies with a [[montane]] distribution; it occurs in the [[Blue Mountains (Australia)|Blue Mountains]] of northern New South Wales. It is similar in form to ''B. integrifolia'' subsp. ''integrifolia'', but differs in having longer, narrower leaves, and follicles that are more deeply embedded in the old flower spike.<ref name ="Harden 2000">{{cite book | author = Harden G. J., D. W. Hardin and D. C. Godden | year = 2000 | title = Proteaceae of New South Wales | publisher = UNSW Press | isbn = 978-0-86840-302-1}}</ref>
=== Hybrids ===
=== Hybrids ===
Presumed natural [[Hybrid (biology)|hybrids]] have been reported between ''B. integrifolia'' and other members of [[Banksia ser. Salicinae|''Banksia'' ser. ''Salicinae'']], although no [[hybrid name]]s have been formally published to date. Presumed hybrids are identified by their intermediate features; for example those with ''[[Banksia paludosa|B. paludosa]]'' (Swamp Banksia), known from [[Jervis Bay Territory|Jervis Bay]] and [[Green Cape]] on the coast of southern New South Wales, have a smaller habit, longer, thinner flower spikes, and persistent old flowers on old "cones", which are otherwise bare on pure ''B. integrifolia''.<ref name="Liber 2005">{{cite journal | author = Liber, C. | year = 2005 | title = ''Banksia paludosa paludosa'' in the Jervis Bay Area | journal = Banksia Study Group Newsletter | volume = 6 | issue = 2 | pages = 4–5 | url = http://asgap.org.au/banksSG/banksiasg-6-2.pdf | format = PDF | accessdate = 2006-10-31}}</ref><ref name="Salkin 1979">{{cite journal | author = Salkin, Alf I. | year = 1979 | title = Variation in ''Banksia'' in Eastern Australia | version = Thesis | publisher = Monash University}}</ref><ref name="Liber 2004b">{{cite journal | author = Liber, C. | year = 2004 | title = ''Banksia integrifolia'' x ''paludosa'' hybrids at Green Cape | journal = Banksia Study Group Newsletter| volume = 6 | pages = 8–9 | url = http://asgap.org.au/banksSG/banksiasg-6-1.pdf | format = PDF | accessdate = 2006-10-31}}</ref>
Presumed natural [[Hybrid (biology)|hybrids]] have been reported between ''B. integrifolia'' and other members of [[Banksia ser. Salicinae|''Banksia'' ser. ''Salicinae'']], although no [[hybrid name]]s have been formally published to date. Presumed hybrids are identified by their intermediate features; for example those with ''[[Banksia paludosa|B. paludosa]]'' (Swamp Banksia), known from [[Jervis Bay Territory|Jervis Bay]] and [[Green Cape]] on the coast of southern New South Wales, have a smaller habit, longer, thinner flower spikes, and persistent old flowers on old "cones", which are otherwise bare on pure ''B. integrifolia''.<ref name="Liber 2005">{{cite journal | author = Liber, C. | year = 2005 | title = ''Banksia paludosa paludosa'' in the Jervis Bay Area | journal = Banksia Study Group Newsletter | volume = 6 | issue = 2 | pages = 4–5 | url = http://asgap.org.au/banksSG/banksiasg-6-2.pdf | format = PDF | accessdate = 2006-10-31}}</ref><ref name="Salkin 1979">{{cite journal | author = Salkin, Alf I. | year = 1979 | title = Variation in ''Banksia'' in Eastern Australia | version = Thesis | publisher = Monash University}}</ref><ref name="Liber 2004b">{{cite journal | author = Liber, C. | year = 2004 | title = ''Banksia integrifolia'' x ''paludosa'' hybrids at Green Cape | journal = Banksia Study Group Newsletter| volume = 6 | pages = 8–9 | url = http://asgap.org.au/banksSG/banksiasg-6-1.pdf | format = PDF | accessdate = 2006-10-31}}</ref>
Presumed hybrids with ''[[Banksia marginata|B. marginata]]'' (Silver Banksia) occur on [[Wilsons Promontory]] in Victoria; these are found in localities where both species co-occur, and have features intermediate between the two.<ref name="George 1981"/> Another purported hybrid with ''B. marginata'', thought to be from [[Cape Paterson, Victoria|Cape Paterson]] on Victoria's south coast, was first described by Alf Salkin and is commercially available in small quantities. It forms an attractive hardy low-growing plant to 1 metre.<ref name="Salkin 1986">{{cite journal | author = Salkin, Alf | year = 1986 | title = Banksia Cultivars | journal = Banksia Study Report | issue = 7 | pages = 17–19 | publisher = [[ASGAP]] | issn = 0728-2893}}</ref>
Presumed hybrids with ''[[Banksia marginata|B. marginata]]'' (Silver Banksia) occur on [[Wilsons Promontory]] in Victoria; these are found in localities where both species co-occur, and have features intermediate between the two.<ref name="George 1981"/> Another purported hybrid with ''B. marginata'', thought to be from [[Cape Paterson, Victoria|Cape Paterson]] on Victoria's south coast, was first described by Alf Salkin and is commercially available in small quantities. It forms an attractive hardy low-growing plant to 1 metre.<ref name="Salkin 1986">{{cite journal | author = Salkin, Alf | year = 1986 | title = Banksia Cultivars | journal = Banksia Study Report | issue = 7 | pages = 17–19 | publisher = [[ASGAP]] | issn = 0728-2893}}</ref>
==Gallery==
==Gallery==