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{{Taxobox
| color = lightgreen
| name = ''Aconitum napellus''
| image = Aconitum napellus 230705.jpg
| image_width = 240px
| image_caption = Plant in flower, Austria
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
| classis = [[Magnoliopsida]]
| ordo = [[Ranunculales]]
| familia = [[Ranunculaceae]]
| genus = ''[[Aconitum]]''
| species = '''''A. napellus'''''
| binomial = ''Aconitum napellus''
| binomial_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]
}}
'''''Aconitum napellus''''' (Monkshood, "aconite", "Wolf's Bane", ''Fuzi'', and "Monk's Blood") is a species of ''[[Aconitum]]'' in the family [[Ranunculaceae]], native and [[endemic (ecology)|endemic]] to western and central [[Europe]].
It is a [[herbaceous]] [[perennial plant]] growing to 1 m tall, with hairless stems and leaves. The [[leaf|leaves]] are rounded, 5-10 cm diameter, palmately divided into five to seven deeply lobed segments. The [[flower]]s are dark purple to bluish-purple, narrow oblong helmet-shaped, 1-2 cm tall.
Nine [[subspecies]] are accepted by the ''Flora Europaea'':
*''Aconitum napellus'' subsp. ''napellus''. Southwest England.
*''Aconitum napellus'' subsp. ''corsicum'' (Gáyer) W.Seitz. Corsica.
*''Aconitum napellus'' subsp. ''firmum'' (Rchb.) Gáyer. Central and eastern Europe.
*''Aconitum napellus'' subsp. ''fissurae'' (Nyár.) W.Seitz. Balkans to southwest Russia.
*''Aconitum napellus'' subsp. ''hians'' (Rchb.) Gáyer. Central Europe.
*''Aconitum napellus'' subsp. ''lusitanicum'' Rouy. Southwest Europe.
*''Aconitum napellus'' subsp. ''superbum'' (Fritsch) W.Seitz. Western Balkans.
*''Aconitum napellus'' subsp. ''tauricum'' (Wulfen) Gáyer. Eastern Alps, southern Carpathians.
*''Aconitum napellus'' subsp. ''vulgare'' (DC.) Rouy & Foucaud. Alps, Pyrenees, northern Spain.
Plants native to Asia and North America formerly listed as ''A. napellus'' are now regarded as separate species.
Plants are grown in gardens in temperate zones for their spike-like inflorescences that are showy in early-mid summer and their attractive foliage. There are white and rose colored forms in cultivation too.
===Uses===
''Aconitum nepellus'' is grown in gardens for its attractive spike like inflorescences and showy blue flowers.<ref>Datta, Subhash Chandra. 1988. ''Systematic botany.'' New Delhi: Wiley Eastern Ltd.</ref> It is a cut flower [[crop]] used for fresh cutting material and sometimes used as dried material. The species has a low natural propagation rate under cultivation and is propagated by [[seed]] or by removing offsets which are generated each year from the rootstock's and the use of [[micropropagation]] protocols have been studied.<ref> A. A. Watad, M. Kochba, A. Nissim and V. Gaba ''Improvement of Aconitum napellus micropropagation by liquid culture on floating membrane rafts''
Journal Plant Cell Reports
Publisher Springer Berlin / Heidelberg
ISSN 0721-7714 (Print) 1432-203X (Online)
Issue Volume 14, Number 6 / March, 1995
DOI 10.1007/BF00238594
Pages 345-348</ref> This species has been crossed with other Aconitums to produce attractive [[hybrid]]s for garden use, including ''Aconitum x cammarum'' <ref>Armitage, A. M. 2000. ''Armitage's garden perennials a color encyclopedia''. Portland, Or: Timber Press. Pages 19-20.</ref>
Like other species in the genus, ''A. napellus'' contains several [[poison]]ous compounds, including enough [[cardiac]] poison that it was used on spears and arrows for hunting and battle in ancient times.<ref>J Ethnopharmacol. 1981 Nov;4(3):247-336. ''Arrow poisons in China. Part II. Aconitum--botany, chemistry, and pharmacology''.
Bisset NG.</ref> ''A. napellus'' has a long history of use as a poison, with cases going back thousands of years.<ref>
Toxicology in the Old Testament: Did the High Priest Alcimus Die of Acute Aconitine Poisoning?
Authors: Moog F.P.1; Karenberg A.1
Source: Adverse Drug Reactions & Toxicological Reviews (now known as Toxicological Reviews), Volume 21, Number 3, 2002 , pp. 151-156(6) Publisher: Adis International
</ref> During the ancient Roman period of European history the plant was often used to eliminate criminals and enemies, and by the end of the period it was banned and any one growing ''A. napellus'' could have been legally sentenced to death.<ref>Roberts, M. F., and Michael Wink. 1998. ''Alkaloids biochemistry, ecology, and medicinal applications''. New York: Plenum Press. Page 18.</ref> Chemicals derived from the plant, which include the highly toxic alkaloids aconitine, mesaconitine, hypaconitine and jesaconitine, have been used more recently in murder plots.<ref>http://md1.csa.com/partners/viewrecord.php?requester=gs&collection=ENV&recid=4297677&q=Aconitine+murder+&uid=792020396&setcookie=yes</ref>
[[Aconite]] produced from the roots of a number of different species of ''Aconitum'' is used [[ethnomedical]]ly in [[Traditional Chinese Medicine]] (TCM), to treat "coldness", general debility, and "Yang deficiency." Such use has been shown in some cases to negatively affect the [[cardiovascular]] and central nervous systems including documented instances of [[poison]]ing and death.<ref>
Fatovich, D M ''Aconite: a lethal Chinese herb''.
Citation:Ann-Emerg-Med. 1992 Mar; 21(3): 309-11 http://grande.nal.usda.gov/ibids/index.php?mode2=detail&origin=ibids_references&therow=202451</ref><ref> Vet Hum Toxicol. 1994 Oct;36(5):452-5.Links
''Aconitine poisoning due to Chinese herbal medicines: a review''.
Chan TY, Tomlinson B, Tse LK, Chan JC, Chan WW, Critchley JA</ref><ref>''Severe Acute Poisoning with Homemade Aconitum napellus Capsules: Toxicokinetic and Clinical Data''
Authors: Fabienne Moritz a; Patricia Compagnon b; Isabelle Guery Kaliszczak a; Yann Kaliszczak c; Valérie Caliskan a; Christophe Girault d
DOI: 10.1080/15563650500357594 Clinical Toxicology, Volume 43, Issue 7 December 2005 , pages 873 - 876
</ref>
==References==
{{Reflist}}
*[http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/cgi-bin/nph-readbtree.pl/feout?FAMILY_XREF=&GENUS_XREF=Aconitum+&SPECIES_XREF=napellus&TAXON_NAME_XREF=&RANK= Flora Europaea: ''Aconitum napellus'']
*http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/circulationaha;102/23/2907
*http://www.henriettesherbal.com/eclectic/felter/aconitum-nape.html
*http://library.thinkquest.org/C007974/1_1com.htm
<gallery>
Image:AconitumNapellusByKoehler1887.jpg|19th century illustration
</gallery>
{{commons|Aconitum napellus}}
[[Category:Ranunculaceae]]
==External links==
* [http://www.sandmountainherbs.com/aconite.html Aconite, ''Aconitum napellus''] - Resource for aconitum napellus seed & information
| color = lightgreen
| name = ''Aconitum napellus''
| image = Aconitum napellus 230705.jpg
| image_width = 240px
| image_caption = Plant in flower, Austria
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
| classis = [[Magnoliopsida]]
| ordo = [[Ranunculales]]
| familia = [[Ranunculaceae]]
| genus = ''[[Aconitum]]''
| species = '''''A. napellus'''''
| binomial = ''Aconitum napellus''
| binomial_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]
}}
'''''Aconitum napellus''''' (Monkshood, "aconite", "Wolf's Bane", ''Fuzi'', and "Monk's Blood") is a species of ''[[Aconitum]]'' in the family [[Ranunculaceae]], native and [[endemic (ecology)|endemic]] to western and central [[Europe]].
It is a [[herbaceous]] [[perennial plant]] growing to 1 m tall, with hairless stems and leaves. The [[leaf|leaves]] are rounded, 5-10 cm diameter, palmately divided into five to seven deeply lobed segments. The [[flower]]s are dark purple to bluish-purple, narrow oblong helmet-shaped, 1-2 cm tall.
Nine [[subspecies]] are accepted by the ''Flora Europaea'':
*''Aconitum napellus'' subsp. ''napellus''. Southwest England.
*''Aconitum napellus'' subsp. ''corsicum'' (Gáyer) W.Seitz. Corsica.
*''Aconitum napellus'' subsp. ''firmum'' (Rchb.) Gáyer. Central and eastern Europe.
*''Aconitum napellus'' subsp. ''fissurae'' (Nyár.) W.Seitz. Balkans to southwest Russia.
*''Aconitum napellus'' subsp. ''hians'' (Rchb.) Gáyer. Central Europe.
*''Aconitum napellus'' subsp. ''lusitanicum'' Rouy. Southwest Europe.
*''Aconitum napellus'' subsp. ''superbum'' (Fritsch) W.Seitz. Western Balkans.
*''Aconitum napellus'' subsp. ''tauricum'' (Wulfen) Gáyer. Eastern Alps, southern Carpathians.
*''Aconitum napellus'' subsp. ''vulgare'' (DC.) Rouy & Foucaud. Alps, Pyrenees, northern Spain.
Plants native to Asia and North America formerly listed as ''A. napellus'' are now regarded as separate species.
Plants are grown in gardens in temperate zones for their spike-like inflorescences that are showy in early-mid summer and their attractive foliage. There are white and rose colored forms in cultivation too.
===Uses===
''Aconitum nepellus'' is grown in gardens for its attractive spike like inflorescences and showy blue flowers.<ref>Datta, Subhash Chandra. 1988. ''Systematic botany.'' New Delhi: Wiley Eastern Ltd.</ref> It is a cut flower [[crop]] used for fresh cutting material and sometimes used as dried material. The species has a low natural propagation rate under cultivation and is propagated by [[seed]] or by removing offsets which are generated each year from the rootstock's and the use of [[micropropagation]] protocols have been studied.<ref> A. A. Watad, M. Kochba, A. Nissim and V. Gaba ''Improvement of Aconitum napellus micropropagation by liquid culture on floating membrane rafts''
Journal Plant Cell Reports
Publisher Springer Berlin / Heidelberg
ISSN 0721-7714 (Print) 1432-203X (Online)
Issue Volume 14, Number 6 / March, 1995
DOI 10.1007/BF00238594
Pages 345-348</ref> This species has been crossed with other Aconitums to produce attractive [[hybrid]]s for garden use, including ''Aconitum x cammarum'' <ref>Armitage, A. M. 2000. ''Armitage's garden perennials a color encyclopedia''. Portland, Or: Timber Press. Pages 19-20.</ref>
Like other species in the genus, ''A. napellus'' contains several [[poison]]ous compounds, including enough [[cardiac]] poison that it was used on spears and arrows for hunting and battle in ancient times.<ref>J Ethnopharmacol. 1981 Nov;4(3):247-336. ''Arrow poisons in China. Part II. Aconitum--botany, chemistry, and pharmacology''.
Bisset NG.</ref> ''A. napellus'' has a long history of use as a poison, with cases going back thousands of years.<ref>
Toxicology in the Old Testament: Did the High Priest Alcimus Die of Acute Aconitine Poisoning?
Authors: Moog F.P.1; Karenberg A.1
Source: Adverse Drug Reactions & Toxicological Reviews (now known as Toxicological Reviews), Volume 21, Number 3, 2002 , pp. 151-156(6) Publisher: Adis International
</ref> During the ancient Roman period of European history the plant was often used to eliminate criminals and enemies, and by the end of the period it was banned and any one growing ''A. napellus'' could have been legally sentenced to death.<ref>Roberts, M. F., and Michael Wink. 1998. ''Alkaloids biochemistry, ecology, and medicinal applications''. New York: Plenum Press. Page 18.</ref> Chemicals derived from the plant, which include the highly toxic alkaloids aconitine, mesaconitine, hypaconitine and jesaconitine, have been used more recently in murder plots.<ref>http://md1.csa.com/partners/viewrecord.php?requester=gs&collection=ENV&recid=4297677&q=Aconitine+murder+&uid=792020396&setcookie=yes</ref>
[[Aconite]] produced from the roots of a number of different species of ''Aconitum'' is used [[ethnomedical]]ly in [[Traditional Chinese Medicine]] (TCM), to treat "coldness", general debility, and "Yang deficiency." Such use has been shown in some cases to negatively affect the [[cardiovascular]] and central nervous systems including documented instances of [[poison]]ing and death.<ref>
Fatovich, D M ''Aconite: a lethal Chinese herb''.
Citation:Ann-Emerg-Med. 1992 Mar; 21(3): 309-11 http://grande.nal.usda.gov/ibids/index.php?mode2=detail&origin=ibids_references&therow=202451</ref><ref> Vet Hum Toxicol. 1994 Oct;36(5):452-5.Links
''Aconitine poisoning due to Chinese herbal medicines: a review''.
Chan TY, Tomlinson B, Tse LK, Chan JC, Chan WW, Critchley JA</ref><ref>''Severe Acute Poisoning with Homemade Aconitum napellus Capsules: Toxicokinetic and Clinical Data''
Authors: Fabienne Moritz a; Patricia Compagnon b; Isabelle Guery Kaliszczak a; Yann Kaliszczak c; Valérie Caliskan a; Christophe Girault d
DOI: 10.1080/15563650500357594 Clinical Toxicology, Volume 43, Issue 7 December 2005 , pages 873 - 876
</ref>
==References==
{{Reflist}}
*[http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/cgi-bin/nph-readbtree.pl/feout?FAMILY_XREF=&GENUS_XREF=Aconitum+&SPECIES_XREF=napellus&TAXON_NAME_XREF=&RANK= Flora Europaea: ''Aconitum napellus'']
*http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/circulationaha;102/23/2907
*http://www.henriettesherbal.com/eclectic/felter/aconitum-nape.html
*http://library.thinkquest.org/C007974/1_1com.htm
<gallery>
Image:AconitumNapellusByKoehler1887.jpg|19th century illustration
</gallery>
{{commons|Aconitum napellus}}
[[Category:Ranunculaceae]]
==External links==
* [http://www.sandmountainherbs.com/aconite.html Aconite, ''Aconitum napellus''] - Resource for aconitum napellus seed & information