Gardenology.org - Plant Encyclopedia and Gardening Wiki

Changes

Ephedrales (view source)

Revision as of 15:04, 1 November 2008

7,084 bytes added ,  15:04, 1 November 2008
no edit summary
Line 1: Line 1: −
If you have to do it, you might as well do it right
+
{{about|the genus Ephedra|the use of the plant in medicine|Ephedra}}
−
<a href="http://boards.sonypictures.com/boards//member.php?u=55698">buy xanax</a>
+
{{Taxobox
−
<a href="http://boards.sonypictures.com/boards//member.php?u=55694">viagra</a>
+
| name = ''Ephedra''
−
<a href="http://boards.sonypictures.com/boards//member.php?u=55697">buy tramadol</a>
+
| image = Ephedra distachya.jpg
−
<a href="http://boards.sonypictures.com/boards//member.php?u=55696">cheap phentermine</a>
+
| image_width = 240px
−
<a href="http://boards.sonypictures.com/boards//member.php?u=55695">cialis</a>
+
| image_caption = ''[[Ephedra distachya]]'' in France
 +
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
 +
| divisio = [[Gnetophyta]]
 +
| classis = [[Gnetophyta|Gnetopsida]]
 +
| ordo = '''Ephedrales'''
 +
| familia = '''Ephedraceae'''
 +
| genus = '''''Ephedra'''''
 +
| genus_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]
 +
| subdivision_ranks = Species
 +
| subdivision =
 +
See text.
 +
}}
 +
 
 +
'''''Ephedra''''' is a [[genus]] of [[gymnosperm]] [[shrub]]s, the only genus in the family '''Ephedraceae''' and order '''Ephedrales'''. These plants occur in dry climates over a wide area mainly in the [[northern hemisphere]], across southern [[Europe]], north [[Africa]], southwest and central [[Asia]], southwestern [[North America]], and, in the [[southern hemisphere]], in [[South America]] south to [[Patagonia]]. They are also called '''Joint-pine''', '''Jointfir''', or '''Mormon-tea'''. The [[China|Chinese]] name is 麻黄, ''má huáng'', which means "yellow hemp". Ephedra is also sometimes called sea grape (from the French ''raisin de mer''), although that is also a common name for ''[[Coccoloba uvifera]]''.
 +
 
 +
== Medical uses ==
 +
{{main|Ephedra}}
 +
Plants of the ''Ephedra'' genus, including ''[[Ephedra sinica|E. sinica]]'' and others, have traditionally been used by indigenous people for a variety of medicinal purposes, including treatment of [[asthma]], [[hay fever]], and the [[common cold]].<ref name=Abourashed_2003>{{cite journal |author=Abourashed E, El-Alfy A, Khan I, Walker L |title=Ephedra in perspective--a current review |journal=Phytother Res |volume=17 |issue=7 |pages=703–12 |year=2003 |pmid=12916063 |doi=10.1002/ptr.1337}}</ref> They have also been proposed as a candidate for the [[Soma]] plant of [[Indo-Iranian]] religion. The [[alkaloid]]s [[ephedrine]] and [[pseudoephedrine]] are active constituents of ''E. sinica'' and other members of the genus. These compounds are [[Sympathomimetic amine|sympathomimetics]] with [[stimulant]] and [[decongestant]] qualities and are related chemically to the [[amphetamine]]s.  ''[[Ephedra nevandensis]]'' contains ephedrine in its roots, stems and branches.<ref>
 +
{{cite web
 +
|url=http://sun.ars-grin.gov:8080/npgspub/xsql/duke/plantdisp.xsql?taxon=381
 +
|title=Species Information
 +
|publisher=sun.ars-grin.gov
 +
|accessdate=2008-04-17
 +
|last=
 +
|first=
 +
}}
 +
</ref>  ''[[Ephedra distachya]]'' contains up to 3% ephedrine in the entire plant.<ref>
 +
{{cite web
 +
|url=http://www.giftpflanzen.com/ephedra_distachya.html
 +
|title=Meerträubel (Ephedra distachya) im GIFTPFLANZEN.COMpendium - www.giftpflanzen.com
 +
|publisher=www.giftpflanzen.com
 +
|accessdate=2008-04-18
 +
|last=
 +
|first=
 +
}}
 +
</ref>  ''[[Ephedra sinica]]'' contains approximately 2.2% ephedrine.<ref>
 +
{{cite web
 +
|url=http://sun.ars-grin.gov:8080/npgspub/xsql/duke/plantdisp.xsql?taxon=382
 +
|title=Species Information
 +
|publisher=sun.ars-grin.gov
 +
|accessdate=2008-04-18
 +
|last=
 +
|first=
 +
}}
 +
</ref>
 +
 
 +
== Species ==
 +
*''[[Ephedra alata]]'' Decne
 +
*''[[Ephedra altissima]]'' Desf.
 +
*''[[Ephedra americana]]'' Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.<ref name=grin>
 +
{{cite web
 +
|url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?4296
 +
|title=Species in GRIN for genus
 +
|publisher=www.ars-grin.gov
 +
|accessdate=2008-05-03
 +
|last=
 +
|first=
 +
}}
 +
</ref>
 +
*''[[Ephedra antisyphilitica]]'' Berl. ex C.A.Meyer - Clapweed, Erect Ephedra
 +
*''[[Ephedra aspera]]'' Engelm. ex S.Wats. - Boundary Ephedra, Pitamoreal
 +
*''[[Ephedra californica]]'' S.Wats. - California Ephedra, California Jointfir
 +
*''[[Ephedra campylopoda]]'' C. A. Mey.<ref name=grin/>
 +
*''[[Ephedra chilensis]]'' C. Presl<ref name=grin/>
 +
*''[[Ephedra ciliata]]'' Fisch. ex C. A. Mey.<ref name=grin/>
 +
*''[[Ephedra coryi]]'' E.L.Reed - Cory's Ephedra
 +
*''[[Ephedra cutleri]]'' Peebles - Navajo Ephedra, Cutler's Ephedra, Cutler Mormon-tea, Cutler's Jointfir
 +
*''[[Ephedra distachya]]'' L. - Joint-pine, Jointfir
 +
**''Ephedra distachya'' L. subsp. ''distachya''<ref name=grin/>  
 +
**''Ephedra distachya'' subsp. ''helvetica'' (C.A.Meyer) Aschers. & Graebn.
 +
**''Ephedra distachya'' L. subsp. ''monostachya'' (L.) Riedl<ref name=grin/>
 +
*''[[Ephedra equisetina]]'' Bunge - Ma huang
 +
*''[[Ephedra fasciculata]]'' A.Nels. - Arizona Ephedra, Arizona Jointfir, Desert Mormon-tea [http://seinet.asu.edu/images/vasc_herbarium_images/Ephedraceae/herbarium_sheets/EPFA_143777_M.jpg Photo]
 +
*''[[Ephedra fedtschenkoae]]'' Pauls.
 +
*''[[Ephedra foliata]]'' Boiss. ex C.A.Mey.
 +
*''[[Ephedra fragilis]]'' Desf.
 +
**''Ephedra fragilis'' subsp. ''campylopoda'' (C.A.Meyer) Aschers. & Graebn.
 +
*''[[Ephedra frustillata]]'' Miers - Patagonian Ephedra
 +
*''[[Ephedra funerea]]'' Coville & Morton - Death Valley Ephedra, Death Valley Jointfir
 +
*''[[Ephedra gerardiana]]'' Wallich ex C.A.Meyer - Gerard's Jointfir, Shan Ling Ma Huang
 +
*''[[Ephedra holoptera]]'' Riedl
 +
*''[[Ephedra intermedia]]'' Schrenk ex C.A.Meyer
 +
*''[[Ephedra lepidosperma]]'' C.Y.Cheng[[Image:Illustration Ephedra distachya0.jpg|thumb|''Ephedra distachya'']]
 +
*''[[Ephedra likiangensis]]'' Florin
 +
*''[[Ephedra lomatolepis]]'' Shrenk
 +
*''[[Ephedra macedonica]]'' Kos.
 +
*''[[Ephedra major]]'' Host
 +
**''Ephedra major'' subsp. ''procera'' Fischer & C.A.Meyer
 +
*''[[Ephedra minuta]]'' Florin
 +
*''[[Ephedra monosperma]]'' C.A.Meyer
 +
*''[[Ephedra multiflora]]'' Phil. ex Stapf
 +
*''[[Ephedra nevadensis]]'' S.Wats. - Nevada Ephedra, Nevada Jointfir, Nevada Mormon-tea
 +
*''[[Ephedra pachyclada]]'' Boiss.<ref name=grin/>
 +
*''[[Ephedra pedunculata]]'' Engelm. ex S.Wats. - Vine Ephedra, Vine Jointfir
 +
*''[[Ephedra procera]]'' Fisch. & C. A. Mey.<ref name=grin/>
 +
*''[[Ephedra przewalskii]]'' Stapf
 +
**''Ephedra przewalskii'' var. ''kaschgarica'' (B.Fedtsch. & Bobr.) C.Y.Cheng
 +
*''[[Ephedra regeliana]]'' Florin - Xi Zi Ma Huang
 +
*''[[Ephedra saxatilis]]'' (Stapf) Royle ex Florin
 +
*''[[Ephedra sinica]]'' Stapf - Cao Ma Huang, Chinese ephedra
 +
*''[[Ephedra strobilacea]]'' Bunge<ref name=grin/>
 +
*''[[Ephedra torreyana]]'' S.Wats. - Torrey's Ephedra, Torrey's Jointfir, Torrey's Mormon-tea, Cañutillo
 +
*''[[Ephedra trifurca]]'' Torrey ex S.Wats. - Longleaf Ephedra, Longleaf Jointfir, Longleaf Mormon-tea, Popotilla, Teposote
 +
*''[[Ephedra viridis]]'' Coville - Green Ephedra, Green Mormon-tea
 +
 
 +
==Gallery==
 +
<gallery>
 +
Image:Ephedra antisyphilitica branch.jpg|''[[Ephedra antisyphilitica]]''
 +
Image:Ephedra chilensis.jpg|Ephedra chilensis
 +
Image:Lumbar plant ephedra distachya.jpg|''[[Ephedra distachya]]''
 +
Image:Ephedra fragilis1 ies.jpg|''[[Ephedra fragilis]]''<br>Male plant with cones
 +
Image:Ephedra fragilis2 ies.jpg|''[[Ephedra fragilis]]''<br>Pollen cones
 +
Image:Ephedra-nevadensis-cones.jpg|''[[Ephedra nevadensis]]''
 +
Image:Ephedra regalia.JPG|''[[Ephedra regeliana]]'' with Canadian quarter for scale
 +
Image:Ephedra_viridis_1.jpg|''[[Ephedra viridis]]''<br>in western Nevada
 +
</gallery>
 +
===Seeds===
 +
<gallery>
 +
Image:Ephedra-ciliata-seed.jpg|''[[Ephedra ciliata]]''
 +
Image:Ephedra-nevadensis-seeds.jpg|''[[Ephedra nevadensis]]''
 +
Image:Ephedra trifurca seed.jpg|''[[Ephedra trifurca]]''
 +
Image:Ephedra-viridis-seeds.jpg|''[[Ephedra viridis]]''
 +
</gallery>
 +
 
 +
==References==
 +
*http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mormon_tea
 +
{{reflist}}
 +
 
 +
==External links==
 +
*[http://www.pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Ephedra%20viridis ''Ephedra viridis'' (Plants for a Future Database)]
 +
*[http://shen-nong.com/eng/herbal/index.html Usage in Chinese Medicine ]
 +
*[http://seinet.asu.edu/seinet/symbiota/taxa/taxaprofile.php?taxon=4586&cl=Arizona Ephedra Herbarium Specimens Arizona and Maps (seinet.asu.edu)]
 +
*[http://www.ephedra.nu/en/ The Ephedra Site]
Retrieved from "http://gardenology.mywikis.net/wiki/Special:MobileDiff/16077"