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[[Image:Daisy1web.jpg|right|thumb|This ''[[Osteospermum]]'' 'Pink Whirls' is a successful cultivar.]]
A '''cultivar''' is a cultivated [[plant]] that has received a name under the ''[[International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants]]'' (the ''[[ICNCP]]'', commonly known as the "Cultivated Plant Code"). For this, it must be distinct from other cultivars and it must be possible to [[plant propagation|propagate]] it reliably, in the manner prescribed for that particular cultivar. Status as a cultivar is a quite limited one, with nomenclatural consequences only; it offers no legal protection.
The word ''cultivar'' is a [[portmanteau]] coined by Liberty Hyde Bailey from "'''culti'''vated" and "'''var'''iety" but is not interchangeable with the botanical rank of [[variety (biology)|variety]], nor with the legal term "[[variety (plant)|plant variety]]".
==Definition==
Article 2.1 of the ''International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants'' states that a cultivar is the "primary category of cultivated plants whose nomenclature is governed by this ''Code''." and defines a cultivar as "an assemblage of plants that has been selected for a particular attribute or combination of attributes, and that is clearly distinct, uniform and stable in its characteristics and that, when propagated by appropriate means, retains those characteristics" (Art. 2.2).
==Nature of a cultivar==
A cultivar is a particular variety of a plant [[species]] or [[hybrid]] that is being cultivated and/or is recognised as a cultivar under the ''ICNCP''. The concept of cultivar is driven by pragmatism, and serves the practical needs of [[horticulture]], [[agricultural science|agriculture]], [[forestry]], etc.
There is not necessarily a relationship between any cultivar and any particular [[genome]]. The ''ICNCP'' emphasizes that different cultivated plants may be accepted as different cultivars, even if they have the same genome, while cultivated plants with different genomes may be a single cultivar. In some cultivars, the human involvement was limited to making a selection among plants growing in the wild. Other cultivars are strictly artificial: the plants must be made anew every time, as in the case of an [[F1 hybrid]] between two plant lines. It is not required that a cultivar can reproduce itself. The "appropriate means of propagation" vary from cultivar to cultivar. This may range from propagation by seed which was the result of natural pollination to laboratory propagation. Many cultivars are [[Cloning| clone]]s propagated by cuttings, grafting, etc.
==Cultivar names==
Cultivars are identified by uniquely distinguishing names. Names of cultivars are regulated by the ''International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants'', are registered with an [[International Cultivar Registration Authority]] (ICRA) and conform to the rules of the ISHS (International Society for Horticultural Science) Commission for Nomenclature and Cultivar Registration. There are separate registration authorities for different plant-groups. In addition, cultivars may get a [[trademark]] name, protected by law (see [[#Trade Designations and "Selling Names"|Trade Designations and "Selling Names", below]]).
A '''cultivar name''' consists of a [[botanical name]] (of a genus, [[species]], infraspecific [[taxon]], interspecific [[hybrid]] or intergeneric hybrid) followed by a cultivar [[epithet]]. The cultivar epithet is capitalised and put between single quotes: preferably it should not be italicized. Cultivar epithets published before [[1 January]] [[1959]] were often given a [[Latin]] form and can be readily confused with the [[specific epithet]]s in botanical names: after that date, newly coined cultivar epithets must be in a modern vernacular language to distinguish them from botanical epithets.
:''Cryptomeria japonica'' 'Elegans'
:''Chamaecyparis lawsoniana'' 'Aureomarginata' (pre-1959 name, [[Latin]] in form)
:''Chamaecyparis lawsoniana'' 'Golden Wonder' (post-1959 name, [[English language]])
:''Pinus densiflora'' 'Akebono' (post-1959 name, [[Japanese
language]])
:Some '''incorrect''' examples:
::''Cryptomeria japonica'' "Elegans" (double quotes are unacceptable)
::''Berberis thunbergii'' cv. 'Crimson Pygmy' (this once-common usage is now unacceptable, as it is no longer correct to use "cv." in this context; ''Berberis thunbergii'' 'Crimson Pygmy' is correct)
::''Rosa'' cv. 'Peace' (this is now incorrect for two reasons: firstly, the use of "cv."; secondly, "Peace" is a trade designation or "selling name" for the cultivar ''R.'' 'Madame A. Meilland' and should therefore be printed in a different typeface from the rest of the name, without any quote marks, for example: ''Rosa''<tt> Peace</tt>.)
Where several very similar cultivars exist, these are termed '''Cultivar Groups'''; the name is in normal type and capitalised as in a single cultivar, but ''not'' in single quotes, and followed by "Group" (or its equivalent in other languages)
:''Brassica oleracea'' Capitata Group (the group of cultivars including all typical [[cabbage]]s)
:''Brassica oleracea'' Botrytis Group (the group of cultivars including all typical [[cauliflower]]s)
:''Hydrangea macrophylla'' Groupe Hortensis (in French) = ''Hydrangea macrophylla'' Hortensia Group (in English)
Where cited with a cultivar name the Cultivar Group should be enclosed in parentheses, as follows:
:''Hydrangea macrophylla'' (Hortensia Group) 'Ayesha'
Some cultivars and Cultivar Groups are so well "fixed" or established that they "come true from seed", meaning that the plants from a seed sowing (rather than vegetatively propagated) will show very little variation. In the past, such plants were often called by the terms "variety", "selection" or "strain"; these terms (particularly "variety", which has a very different botanical meaning – see below) are best avoided with cultivated plants. Normally, however, plants grown from seed taken from a cultivar can be very variable and such seeds or seedling plants should ''never'' be labelled with, or sold under, the parent cultivar's name (See [http://www.rhs.org.uk/learning/publications/plantsman/0605/opinion.asp] an article by [[Tony Lord (photographer)|Tony Lord]] of ''The [[Royal Horticultural Society|RHS]] Plant Finder'').
==Trade designations and "selling names"==
Cultivars that are still being developed and not yet ready for release to retail sale are often coded with letters and/or numbers before being assigned a name. It is common for this code name to be quoted alongside the new cultivar name or '''trade designation''' when the plant is made available commercially (for example ''Rosa'' <tt>Fascination</tt> = 'Poulmax') and this may continue, in books or magazines and on plant labels, for several years after the plant was released. Because a name that is attractive in one language may have less appeal in another country, a plant may be given different '''selling names''' from country to country. Quoting the code allows the correct identification of cultivars around the world and helps to avoid the once-common situation where the same plant might, confusingly, be sold under several different names in one country, having been imported under different [[pseudonym|alias]]es.
Another form of what the ''Cultivated Plant Code'' (''ICNCP'') calls a '''trade designation''' is the plant [[variety (plant)|"variety"]], as defined in the [[UPOV]] Convention. Not to be confused with the botanical rank of [[variety (biology)|variety]].
== Cultivars in the natural world==
Some cultivars are "naturalized" in gardening, in other words they are planted out and largely left to their own devices. With pollination and regrowth from seed, true natural processes, the distinct cultivars will disappear over time. The cultivar's genetic material however may become part of the gene pool of a population, where it will be largely but not completely swamped.
==Legal points==
The practice of patenting, (or legally protecting) living plants is considered unethical by some people. To most is considered an essential tool to encourage the developement of new useful cultivars. "Cultivars" are the result o
f deliberate [[Plant breeding|breeding program]]and selection activity by nurserymen or plant breeders and are often the result of years of dedicated work involving painstaking trialling and selection. "Plant patents" and "plant breeder' rights" (which is itself expensive to obtain) allows the inventor to obtain some financial reward for their work, normally for a limited period and geographical area.
With plants produced by [[genetic engineering]] becoming more and more widely used, it is important to note that the companies producing these plants (or plants produced by traditional means) often claim a [[patent]] on their [[product (business)|product]]. Thus the notion that "letting seed [[Germination|germinate]] and grow into a crop is the most natural thing in the world" is no longer appropriate; it can be illegal to harvest seeds (even in one's own fields) from a patented "variety" (which may or may not also be a cultivar) except for personal use. Such plants are often labelled "PBR", which stands for "[[plant breeders' rights]]", or "PVR", which stands for "plant variety rights").
== External links ==
* Sale point of the [http://www.ishs.org/sci/icracpco.htm Latest Edition (February 2004)] of ''The International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants''
* [http://www.ishs.org/sci/icralist/icralist.htm International Cultivar Registration Authorities]
* [http://www.hcs.ohio-state.edu/hcs/TMI/HORT234/Nomenclature.html The Language of Horticulture]
* [http://www.rhs.org.uk/learning/publications/plantsman/0605/opinion.asp Opinion piece by Tony Lord] (from ''[[The Plantsman (journal)|The Plantsman]]'' magazine)
* [http://www.fao.org/hortivar HORTIVAR - The FAO Horticulture Cultivars Performance Database]
[[Category: botanical nomenclature]]
[[Category: Horticulture]]
[[Category: Agriculture]]
[[Category: Forestry]]
A '''cultivar''' is a cultivated [[plant]] that has received a name under the ''[[International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants]]'' (the ''[[ICNCP]]'', commonly known as the "Cultivated Plant Code"). For this, it must be distinct from other cultivars and it must be possible to [[plant propagation|propagate]] it reliably, in the manner prescribed for that particular cultivar. Status as a cultivar is a quite limited one, with nomenclatural consequences only; it offers no legal protection.
The word ''cultivar'' is a [[portmanteau]] coined by Liberty Hyde Bailey from "'''culti'''vated" and "'''var'''iety" but is not interchangeable with the botanical rank of [[variety (biology)|variety]], nor with the legal term "[[variety (plant)|plant variety]]".
==Definition==
Article 2.1 of the ''International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants'' states that a cultivar is the "primary category of cultivated plants whose nomenclature is governed by this ''Code''." and defines a cultivar as "an assemblage of plants that has been selected for a particular attribute or combination of attributes, and that is clearly distinct, uniform and stable in its characteristics and that, when propagated by appropriate means, retains those characteristics" (Art. 2.2).
==Nature of a cultivar==
A cultivar is a particular variety of a plant [[species]] or [[hybrid]] that is being cultivated and/or is recognised as a cultivar under the ''ICNCP''. The concept of cultivar is driven by pragmatism, and serves the practical needs of [[horticulture]], [[agricultural science|agriculture]], [[forestry]], etc.
There is not necessarily a relationship between any cultivar and any particular [[genome]]. The ''ICNCP'' emphasizes that different cultivated plants may be accepted as different cultivars, even if they have the same genome, while cultivated plants with different genomes may be a single cultivar. In some cultivars, the human involvement was limited to making a selection among plants growing in the wild. Other cultivars are strictly artificial: the plants must be made anew every time, as in the case of an [[F1 hybrid]] between two plant lines. It is not required that a cultivar can reproduce itself. The "appropriate means of propagation" vary from cultivar to cultivar. This may range from propagation by seed which was the result of natural pollination to laboratory propagation. Many cultivars are [[Cloning| clone]]s propagated by cuttings, grafting, etc.
==Cultivar names==
Cultivars are identified by uniquely distinguishing names. Names of cultivars are regulated by the ''International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants'', are registered with an [[International Cultivar Registration Authority]] (ICRA) and conform to the rules of the ISHS (International Society for Horticultural Science) Commission for Nomenclature and Cultivar Registration. There are separate registration authorities for different plant-groups. In addition, cultivars may get a [[trademark]] name, protected by law (see [[#Trade Designations and "Selling Names"|Trade Designations and "Selling Names", below]]).
A '''cultivar name''' consists of a [[botanical name]] (of a genus, [[species]], infraspecific [[taxon]], interspecific [[hybrid]] or intergeneric hybrid) followed by a cultivar [[epithet]]. The cultivar epithet is capitalised and put between single quotes: preferably it should not be italicized. Cultivar epithets published before [[1 January]] [[1959]] were often given a [[Latin]] form and can be readily confused with the [[specific epithet]]s in botanical names: after that date, newly coined cultivar epithets must be in a modern vernacular language to distinguish them from botanical epithets.
:''Cryptomeria japonica'' 'Elegans'
:''Chamaecyparis lawsoniana'' 'Aureomarginata' (pre-1959 name, [[Latin]] in form)
:''Chamaecyparis lawsoniana'' 'Golden Wonder' (post-1959 name, [[English language]])
:''Pinus densiflora'' 'Akebono' (post-1959 name, [[Japanese
language]])
:Some '''incorrect''' examples:
::''Cryptomeria japonica'' "Elegans" (double quotes are unacceptable)
::''Berberis thunbergii'' cv. 'Crimson Pygmy' (this once-common usage is now unacceptable, as it is no longer correct to use "cv." in this context; ''Berberis thunbergii'' 'Crimson Pygmy' is correct)
::''Rosa'' cv. 'Peace' (this is now incorrect for two reasons: firstly, the use of "cv."; secondly, "Peace" is a trade designation or "selling name" for the cultivar ''R.'' 'Madame A. Meilland' and should therefore be printed in a different typeface from the rest of the name, without any quote marks, for example: ''Rosa''<tt> Peace</tt>.)
Where several very similar cultivars exist, these are termed '''Cultivar Groups'''; the name is in normal type and capitalised as in a single cultivar, but ''not'' in single quotes, and followed by "Group" (or its equivalent in other languages)
:''Brassica oleracea'' Capitata Group (the group of cultivars including all typical [[cabbage]]s)
:''Brassica oleracea'' Botrytis Group (the group of cultivars including all typical [[cauliflower]]s)
:''Hydrangea macrophylla'' Groupe Hortensis (in French) = ''Hydrangea macrophylla'' Hortensia Group (in English)
Where cited with a cultivar name the Cultivar Group should be enclosed in parentheses, as follows:
:''Hydrangea macrophylla'' (Hortensia Group) 'Ayesha'
Some cultivars and Cultivar Groups are so well "fixed" or established that they "come true from seed", meaning that the plants from a seed sowing (rather than vegetatively propagated) will show very little variation. In the past, such plants were often called by the terms "variety", "selection" or "strain"; these terms (particularly "variety", which has a very different botanical meaning – see below) are best avoided with cultivated plants. Normally, however, plants grown from seed taken from a cultivar can be very variable and such seeds or seedling plants should ''never'' be labelled with, or sold under, the parent cultivar's name (See [http://www.rhs.org.uk/learning/publications/plantsman/0605/opinion.asp] an article by [[Tony Lord (photographer)|Tony Lord]] of ''The [[Royal Horticultural Society|RHS]] Plant Finder'').
==Trade designations and "selling names"==
Cultivars that are still being developed and not yet ready for release to retail sale are often coded with letters and/or numbers before being assigned a name. It is common for this code name to be quoted alongside the new cultivar name or '''trade designation''' when the plant is made available commercially (for example ''Rosa'' <tt>Fascination</tt> = 'Poulmax') and this may continue, in books or magazines and on plant labels, for several years after the plant was released. Because a name that is attractive in one language may have less appeal in another country, a plant may be given different '''selling names''' from country to country. Quoting the code allows the correct identification of cultivars around the world and helps to avoid the once-common situation where the same plant might, confusingly, be sold under several different names in one country, having been imported under different [[pseudonym|alias]]es.
Another form of what the ''Cultivated Plant Code'' (''ICNCP'') calls a '''trade designation''' is the plant [[variety (plant)|"variety"]], as defined in the [[UPOV]] Convention. Not to be confused with the botanical rank of [[variety (biology)|variety]].
== Cultivars in the natural world==
Some cultivars are "naturalized" in gardening, in other words they are planted out and largely left to their own devices. With pollination and regrowth from seed, true natural processes, the distinct cultivars will disappear over time. The cultivar's genetic material however may become part of the gene pool of a population, where it will be largely but not completely swamped.
==Legal points==
The practice of patenting, (or legally protecting) living plants is considered unethical by some people. To most is considered an essential tool to encourage the developement of new useful cultivars. "Cultivars" are the result o
f deliberate [[Plant breeding|breeding program]]and selection activity by nurserymen or plant breeders and are often the result of years of dedicated work involving painstaking trialling and selection. "Plant patents" and "plant breeder' rights" (which is itself expensive to obtain) allows the inventor to obtain some financial reward for their work, normally for a limited period and geographical area.
With plants produced by [[genetic engineering]] becoming more and more widely used, it is important to note that the companies producing these plants (or plants produced by traditional means) often claim a [[patent]] on their [[product (business)|product]]. Thus the notion that "letting seed [[Germination|germinate]] and grow into a crop is the most natural thing in the world" is no longer appropriate; it can be illegal to harvest seeds (even in one's own fields) from a patented "variety" (which may or may not also be a cultivar) except for personal use. Such plants are often labelled "PBR", which stands for "[[plant breeders' rights]]", or "PVR", which stands for "plant variety rights").
== External links ==
* Sale point of the [http://www.ishs.org/sci/icracpco.htm Latest Edition (February 2004)] of ''The International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants''
* [http://www.ishs.org/sci/icralist/icralist.htm International Cultivar Registration Authorities]
* [http://www.hcs.ohio-state.edu/hcs/TMI/HORT234/Nomenclature.html The Language of Horticulture]
* [http://www.rhs.org.uk/learning/publications/plantsman/0605/opinion.asp Opinion piece by Tony Lord] (from ''[[The Plantsman (journal)|The Plantsman]]'' magazine)
* [http://www.fao.org/hortivar HORTIVAR - The FAO Horticulture Cultivars Performance Database]
[[Category: botanical nomenclature]]
[[Category: Horticulture]]
[[Category: Agriculture]]
[[Category: Forestry]]