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| − | {{Taxobox | + | __NOTOC__{{Plantbox |
| − | | color = lightgreen | + | | name = ''Malus domestica'' |
| − | | name = Apple | + | | common_names = Apple |
| | + | | growth_habit = tree |
| | + | | high = 3 to 12 metres (9.8 to 39 ft){{wp}} |
| | + | | wide = <!--- 65cm (25 inches) --> |
| | + | | origin = C Asia |
| | + | | poisonous = <!--- indicate parts of plants which are known/thought to be poisonous --> |
| | + | | lifespan = perennial |
| | + | | exposure = full sun |
| | + | | water = regular while fruit develop |
| | + | | features = <!--- flowers, fragrance, fruit, naturalizes, invasive --> |
| | + | | hardiness = <!--- frost sensitive, hardy, 5°C (40°F), etc --> |
| | + | | bloom = <!--- seasons which the plant blooms, if it is grown for its flowers --> |
| | + | | usda_zones = <!--- eg. 8-11 --> |
| | + | | sunset_zones = vary by variety |
| | + | | color = IndianRed |
| | | image = Koeh-108.jpg | | | image = Koeh-108.jpg |
| − | | image_width = 240px | + | | image_width = 200px |
| | | image_caption = Apple tree (''Malus domestica'') | | | image_caption = Apple tree (''Malus domestica'') |
| − | | regnum = [[Plant]]ae | + | | regnum = Plantae |
| − | | divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]] | + | | divisio = Magnoliophyta |
| − | | classis = [[Dicotyledon|Magnoliopsida]] | + | | classis = Magnoliopsida |
| − | | ordo = [[Rosales]] | + | | ordo = Rosales |
| − | | familia = [[Rosaceae]] | + | | familia = Rosaceae |
| − | | subfamilia = [[Maloideae]] | + | | subfamilia = Maloideae |
| − | | genus = ''[[Malus]]'' | + | | genus = Malus |
| − | | species = '''''M. domestica''''' | + | | species = domestica |
| − | | binomial = ''Malus domestica'' | + | | subspecies = |
| − | | binomial_authority = [[Moritz Balthasar Borkhausen|Borkh.]] | + | | cultivar = |
| | }} | | }} |
| | + | The '''apple''' is a fruiting [[tree]], of the [[species]] ''Malus domestica''. Now widely cultivated and immensely variable, the apple is grown in every temperate climate, and is probably the most important commercial pomological fruit. |
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| − | The '''apple''' is a [[tree]] and its [[pome|pomaceous]] [[fruit]], of the [[species]] ''Malus domestica'' in the [[rose]] family [[Rosaceae]]. It is one of the most widely [[Cultivation|cultivated]] tree fruits. It is a small [[deciduous]] tree reaching 5-12 m tall, with a broad, often densely twiggy crown. The [[leaf|leaves]] are [[leaf arrangement|alternately]] arranged, simple oval with an acute tip and serrated margin, slightly downy below, 5-12 cm long and 3-6 cm broad on a 2-5 cm petiole. The [[flower]]s are produced in spring with the leaves, white, usually tinged pink at first, 2.5-3.5 cm diameter, with five [[petal]]s. The fruit matures in [[autumn]], and is typically 5-9 cm diameter (rarely up to 15 cm). The centre of the fruit contains five [[carpel]]s arranged star-like, each carpel containing one or two (rarely three) [[seed]]s.
| + | :''More information about this species can be found on the [[Malus|genus page]].'' |
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| − | </div>
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| − | ==Commerce and uses== | + | ==Cultivation== |
| − | [[Image:Apples.jpg|thumb|right|A display of different apples]]
| + | {{monthbox |
| − | 45 million tons of apples were grown worldwide in 2002, with a value of about 10 billion USD. [[China]] produced almost half of this total. [[Argentina]] is the second leading producer, with more than 15% of the world production. The [[United States]] is the third leading producer, accounting for 7.5% of world production. [[Turkey]] is also a leading producer. [[France]], [[Italy]], [[South Africa]] and [[Chile]] are among the leading apple exporters.
| + | | color = IndianRed |
| | + | | name = <!--- type name of plant just to the right of the equal sign on the left --> |
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| | + | }} |
| | + | The best results in apple-growing are to be expected in general when the land is tilled. The reasons for tilling the orchard are those that apply to other crops,— to make plant-food available, to extend the area in which the roots can grow, to conserve moisture. It is especially important, in our hot and sunny country, that the roots extend deep enough to escape the disastrous effects of drought. 1 he ideal treatment of orchard land is to fit the ground deep before the trees are planted, to plow deep for a year or two or three in order to force the roots down and thoroughly to ameliorate the soil, and to practise shallow tillage to conserve moisture. Since trees make most of their growth early in the season, the tillage should be begun as soon as the land is fit in spring; and it may be discontinued by midsummer or August. This cessation of the tillage allows of the growing of some cover-crop or catch-crop late in the season, in order to provide humus and to improve the physical texture of the soil. If the land is well handled in the first few years, it will not be necessary to turn a furrow in the orchard frequently thereafter, but merely to loosen the surface in the spring with a spading-harrow, spring-tooth harrow, or other tool, to reestablish the surface mulch. The only reasons for turning a furrow will occur when the land is so hard that the surface tools cannot mellow the surface, or when it is desirable to turn under a green-manure crop. Even hard lands may be got in such condition, by means of tillage and green-manures, that they may be worked up with harrow tools when the orchard comes into bearing. Plowing the orchard, therefore, has two legitimate objects: to mellow and ameliorate the land to a considerable depth, so that the roots may forage deep; to turn under a cover-crop. The former purpose should not be necessary after the first few plowings. An incidental object of plowing is to facilitate the making of the annual surface mulch; and this mulch is to save the moisture. |
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| − | In the [[United States]], more than 60% of all the apples sold commercially are grown in [[Washington]] state. Imported apples from [[New Zealand]] and other more temperate areas are competing with US production and increasing each year.
| + | On good lands in which there is a sufficient natural supply of moisture, the sod-mulch treatment may take the place of tillage. This procedure keeps the land in sod, and the grass is mown and allowed to remain on the ground or is spread under the trees. |
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| − | Apples can be canned, juiced, and optionally fermented to produce [[apple juice]], [[cider]], [[vinegar]], and [[pectin]]. Distilled apple cider produces the [[alcoholic beverage|spirits]] [[applejack]] and [[Calvados (spirit)|Calvados]]. [[Apple wine]] can also be made. They make a popular lunchbox fruit as well.
| + | The apple thrives in a variety of soils. Lands that yield good crops of wheat and corn may be expected to be good apple lands, if other conditions are right. Rolling, inclined, or somewhat elevated lands are generally considered to be most desirable. Their value lies in the better drainage of water and air. The trees may be set in either fall or spring. Forty feet apart each way is the standard distance for apple trees; but some varieties, as the Wagener and the crabs, may be set closer. In the South and on the plains, trees may be set closer, as they do not attain such great size as in the northeastern states. In general, it is best to devote the land to apples alone; but persons who are willing to give the plantation the best of care may plant other trees between the apples as fillers. The more diverse the kinds of trees which are planted together, the more difficult it is to give the proper care to each. Some of the shorter-lived varieties of apples make excellent fillers in the apple orchard; and in special cases dwarf apples may be used. |
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| − | Apples are an important ingredient in many winter [[dessert]]s, for example [[apple pie]], apple [[crumble]], [[apple crisp]] and [[apple cake]]. They are often eaten [[baked]] or [[stewed]], and they can also be dried and eaten or re-constituted (soaked in water, alcohol or some other liquid) for later use. Puréed apples are generally known as [[apple sauce]]. Apples are also made into [[apple butter]] and apple jelly. They are also used cooked in meat dishes.
| + | Although it should be the general purpose to till the apple orchard throughout its life, whenever the trees seem to be growing too rapidly, the plantation may be seeded down for a time. That is, tillage is the general practice; seeding down and sod-mulching are the special practices. For the first few years, annual crops may be grown in the apple orchard; but every year a more open space should be left about the trees. As often as the land becomes crusted it should be tilled. On strong lands which are well handled, it is rarely necessary to apply concentrated fertilizers until the trees are old enough to bear. What fertilizers are then ; needed, and how much ; to apply, are to be determined by the behavior of the trees. If the trees are making insufficient growth, and the foliage lacks color, one or all of three things may be the trouble: the trees may need water; they may be suffering from insects or disease; they may lack nitrogen. If it is thought that they lack nitrogen, this material may be supplied in the form of nitrate of soda, sulfate of ammonia, or the unburned animal substances, as blood and tankage. Two to three hundred pounds to the acre of the nitrate of soda or sulfate of ammonia are liberal applications on well-tilled lands. If the trees are making vigorous growth, the probability is that they are not in need of more nitrogen. Potash and phosphoric acid may then be applied. Three hundred pounds of muriate of potash, or other concentrated material, should be sufficient for an acre, under ordinary conditions. As a rule, all orchards in full bearing should have a liberal annual application of fertilizing materials. In the East, apple trees should be in profitable bearing at twelve years from planting, and should continue for thirty years. In recent years, lime has been applied in many cases with good results, about 1,000 pounds to the acre every four or five years. |
| − | *In the UK, a [[toffee apple]] is a traditional confection made by coating an apple in hot [[toffee]] and allowing it to cool. Similar treats in the US are [[candy apple]]s (coated in a hard shell of crystallised sugar syrup), and [[caramel apples]], coated with cooled [[caramel]].
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| − | *Apples are eaten with honey at the Jewish New Year of [[Rosh Hashanah]] to symbolise a sweet new year.
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| − | *Farms with apple orchards may open them to the public, so consumers may themselves pick the apples they will buy.
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| − | ==Health benefits==
| + | The two staple enemies of the apple are the apple-worm (the larva of the codlin- moth), and the apple- scab. These are readily held in check by spraying,—with arsenical poisons for the worm, and with lime - sulfur or bordeaux mixture for the scab. See Spraying. Spraying for the worm should be performed as soon as the last petals fall; for the scab as soon as the buds are well burst. In badly infected regions and on very susceptible varieties, it may be necessary to spray first for the scab before the buds swell. Since there are insects (as canker-worms, case-bearers, bud-moth) that appear before the flowers open, it is advisable to add arsenical poison to the fungicide at the early spraying. The number of times to spray depends on the thoroughness of the work, the pests to be combated, and the season; but it is a good rule to expect to spray with the combined fungicide and insecticide mixture when the buds burst, and again when the petals have fallen. In the plains country, less spraying may be necessary for the fungous diseases. |
| − | {{nutritionalvalue | name=Apples, with skin (edible parts) | kJ=218 | protein=0.26 g | fat=0.17 g | carbs=13.81 g | fiber=2.4 g | | sugars=10.39 g | iron_mg=0.12 | calcium_mg=6 | magnesium_mg=5 | phosphorus_mg=11 | potassium_mg=107 | zinc_mg=0.04 | vitC_mg=4.6 | pantothenic_mg=0.061 | vitB6_mg=0.041 | folate_ug=3 | thiamin_mg=0.017 | riboflavin_mg=0.026 | niacin_mg=0.091 | right=1 | source_usda=1 }}
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| − | {{Details|Nutritional information about the apple}}
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| − | An old [[proverb]] attests to the health benefits of the fruit: "''An apple a day keeps the doctor away.''" Research suggests that apples may reduce the risk of [[colon cancer]], [[prostate cancer]] and [[lung cancer]].<ref>[http://cancer.stanford.edu/information/nutritionAndCancer/reduceRisk/ Information about cancer], from Stanford comprehensive cancer center.</ref> Like many fruits, apples contain [[Vitamin C]] as well as a host of other [[antioxidant]] compounds, which may reduce the risk of cancer by preventing [[DNA]] damage. The fibre content, while less than in most other fruits, helps regulate bowel movements and may thus reduce the risk of colon cancer. They may also help with [[heart disease]], [[weight loss]] and controlling [[cholesterol]], as they do not have any cholesterol, have fibre (which reduces cholesterol by preventing reabsorption), and are bulky for their caloric content like most fruits and vegetables.
| + | ===Propagation=== |
| | + | Grafting to reproduce cultivars. Seeds to produce rootstocks or new varieties. |
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| − | A group of chemicals in apples could protect the brain from the type of damage that triggers such [[neurodegenerative disease]]s as [[Alzheimer's]] and [[Parkinsonism]]. Chang Y. 'Cy' Lee of the [[Cornell University]] found that the apple [[phenolic]]s, which are naturally occurring [[antioxidants]] found in fresh apples, can protect [[nerve cell]]s from neurotoxicity induced by [[oxidative stress]]. The researchers used red delicious apples from New York State to provide the extracts to study the effects of [[phytochemicals]]. Lee said that all apples are high in the critical [[phytonutrient]]s and that the amount of phenolic compounds in the apple flesh and in the skin vary from year to year, season to season and from growing region to growing region (November/December 2004 issue of the Journal of Food Science). The predominant phenolic phytochemicals in apples are [[quercetin]], [[epicatechin]], and [[procyanidin]] B2 (PMID 14558772).
| + | ===Pests and diseases=== |
| | + | [[Mildew]], [[aphids]], [[apple scab]], [[fireblight]], ''[[Gymnosporangium]]'' [[rust]], and [[black spot]]. The soft bark on a young apple tree may be fed upon by pests like [[mice]] and [[deer]], especially in winter. |
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| − | The [[seed]]s are mildly poisonous, containing a small amount of [[amygdalin]], a [[cyanide|cyanogenic]] [[glycoside]], but a large amount would need to be chewed to have any toxic effect.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.rawveg.info/rawfoodtoxins.html | title=Raw Food Toxins | RawVeg.info | accessdate=2006-09-16}}</ref>
| + | ==Cultivars== |
| | + | There are more than 7,500 known cultivars of apple. |
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| − | [[Pesticide]] contamination is linked to an increasing number of diseases, and they are mostly found on the outside of fruits and vegetables. Washing or peeling before eating may reduce pesticide intake<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.foe.co.uk/resource/press_releases/toddlers_exposed_to_daily_29072004.html | title=Friends of the Earth: Press Releases: Toddlers Exposed to Daily Pesticide Threat | accessdate=2006-09-16}}</ref> but peeling will also reduce the intake of the beneficial nutrients.
| + | ==Gallery== |
| | + | {{photo-sources}}<!-- remove this line if there are already 3 or more photos in the gallery --> |
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| − | Apple consumption can help remove trapped food and clean between the teeth, but the [[malic acid]] contained within the fruit is also capable of eroding [[tooth enamel]] over time, and through excess consumption.
| + | <gallery> |
| − | | + | Image:Apples.jpg|A display of different apples |
| − | ==Cultural aspects==
| + | Image:Upload.png| photo 2 |
| − | ===Apples as symbols===
| + | Image:Upload.png| photo 3 |
| − | Apples appear in many [[World religions|religious traditions]], often as a mystical and [[forbidden fruit]]. Though the forbidden fruit in the book of ''[[Genesis]]'' is not identified, popular European [[Christianity|Christian]] tradition has held that it was an apple that [[Adam and Eve|Eve]] coaxed [[Adam and Eve|Adam]] to share with her. As a result, in the story of Adam and Eve the apple became a symbol for temptation, the fall of man into sin, and sin itself. In [[Latin]], the words for 'apple' and for '[[evil]]' are similar in the singular (''malus'' — apple, ''malum'' — evil) and identical in the plural (''mala''). This may be the reason that the apple was interpreted as the [[Bible|biblical]] 'forbidden fruit'. The [[larynx]] in the human throat has been called [[Adam's apple]] because of a notion that it was caused by the forbidden fruit sticking in the throat of Adam.
| + | </gallery> |
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| − | [[Image:Two Young Men, Crispin van den Broeck.jpg|thumb|right|240px|'''Two Young Men''' <br>In this painting modern interpreters have viewed the apple alternately as an ironic twist on Christian symbology intended by the painter as a sexual innuendo between two men [http://www.androphile.org/preview/Museum/Europe/deBroeck.htm], or as a ''[[memento mori]]'' [http://www.fitzmuseum.cam.ac.uk/pharos/collection_pages/northern_pages/PD_20_1961/TXT_SE-PD201961.html]. <br>[[Crispin van den Broeck]] (Dutch), ca. 1590; Oil on panel; Fitzwilliam Museum, [[Cambridge]].]]
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| − | This notion of the apple as a symbol of sin is reflected in artistic renderings of the fall from [[Eden]]. When held in Adam's hand, the apple symbolises sin. However, when [[Christ]] is portrayed holding an apple, he represents the Second Adam who brings life. This also reflects the evolution of the symbol in Christianity. In the [[Old Testament]] the apple was significant of the fall of man; in the [[New Testament]] it is an emblem of the redemption from that fall, and as such is also represented in pictures of [[the Madonna]] and [[Infant Jesus]].
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| − | There are several instances in the Old Testament where the apple is used in a more favourable light. The phrase 'the apple of your eye' comes from verses in Deuteronomy 32:10, Psalm 17:8 Proverbs 7:2, and Zechariah 2:8 implying an object or person greatly valued. In [[Book of Proverbs|Proverbs]] 25:11, the verse states, "''a word fitly spoken is like apples of gold in settings of silver''". In the love songs of the [[Song of Solomon]], the apple is used in a sensual context. I
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| − | n these latter instances the apple is used as a symbol for beauty. The apple appears again in Joel 1:12 in a verse with a sense of profound loss when the apple tree withers.
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| − | At times artists would co-opt the apple, as well as other religious symbology, whether for ironic effect or as a stock element of symbolic vocabulary. Thus, secular art as well made use of the apple as symbol of love and sexuality. It is often an attribute associated with [[Venus (mythology)|Venus]] who is shown holding it.
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| − | ===Apples in mythology===
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| − | [[Image:Durer Adam and Eve.jpg|thumb|right|180px|'''Adam and Eve'''<br>A classic depiction of the biblical tale showcasing the apple as a symbol of sin.<br>[[Albrecht Dürer]], 1507; Oil on panel; 209 x 81 cm (per panel); Museo Nacional del Prado, [[Madrid]].[http://www.ibiblio.org/wm/paint/auth/durer/].]]
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| − | The [[Greek hero]] [[Heracles]], as a part of his [[Heracles#The Twelve Labours|Twelve Labours]], was required to travel to the [[Hesperides#The Garden of the Hesperides|Garden of the Hesperides]] and pick the [[golden apple]]s off the [[Tree of Life]] growing at its center.
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| − | The Greek goddess of discord, [[Eris (mythology)|Eris]], became disgruntled after she was excluded from the wedding of [[Peleus]] and [[Thetis]]. In retaliation, she tossed a golden apple inscribed [[Kallisti]] ('For the most beautiful one'), into the wedding party. Three goddesses claimed the apple: [[Hera]], [[Athena]], and [[Aphrodite]]. [[Paris]] of [[Troy]] was appointed to select the recipient. After being bribed by both Hera and Athena, Aphrodite tempted him with the most beautiful woman in the world, [[Helen]] of [[Sparta]]. He awarded the apple to Aphrodite, thus indirectly causing the [[Trojan War]].
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| − | [[Atalanta]], also of Greek mythology, raced all her suitors in an attempt to avoid marriage. She outran all but [[Hippomenes]], who defeated her by cunning, not speed. Hippomenes knew that he could not win in a fair race, so he used three golden apples to distract Atalanta. It took all three apples and all of his speed, but Hippomenes was finally successful, winning the race and Atalanta's hand.
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| − | In [[Norse mythology]], the goddess [[Iðunn]] was the appointed keeper of apples that kept the [[Æsir]] young forever. Iðunn was abducted by [[Þjazi]] the [[Jotun|giant]], who used [[Loki]] to lure Iðunn and her apples out of [[Asgard|Ásgarðr]]. The Æsir began to age without Iðunn's apples, so they coerced Loki into rescuing her. After borrowing [[Freya|Freyja's]] falcon skin, Loki liberated Iðunn from Þjazi by transforming her into a nut for the flight back. Þjazi gave chase in the form of an eagle, where upon reaching Ásgarðr he was set aflame by a bonfire lit by the Æsir. With the return of Iðunn's apples, the Æsir regained their lost youth.
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| − | [[Celtic mythology]] includes a story about [[Conle]] who receives an apple which feeds him for a year but also gives him an irresistible desire for [[Fairyland]].{{Fact|date=February 2007}}
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| − | ===Legends, folklore, and traditions===
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| − | * Since [[1990]], [[Apple Day]] has been held across the UK and beyond, on [[October 21]]
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| − | *[[Switzerland|Swiss]] [[folklore]] holds that [[William Tell]] courageously shot an apple from his son's head with his crossbow, defying a tyrannical ruler and bringing freedom to his people.
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| − | *[[Ireland|Irish]] folklore claims that if an apple is peeled into one continuous ribbon and thrown behind a woman's shoulder, it will land in the shape of the future husband's initials.
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| − | *[[Denmark|Danish]] folklore says that apples wither around adulterers.{{Fact|date=February 2007}}
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| − | *Apples are said to increase a woman's chances of [[Fertilisation#Human fertilisation|conception]] as well as remove [[birthmarks]] when rubbed on the skin.{{Fact|date=February 2007}}
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| − | *According to a popular legend, [[Isaac Newton]], upon witnessing an apple fall from its tree, was inspired to conclude that a similar [[gravity|'universal gravitation']] attracted the moon toward the Earth as well (this legend is discussed in more detail in the article on Isaac Newton).
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| − | *In the European fairy tale ''[[Snow White]]'', the princess is killed, or sunk into a kind of coma with the appearance of death, by choking on a poisoned apple given to her by her stepmother. Later, the princess is jostled into coughing up the piece, miraculously returning her to life.
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| − | * In [[Matter of Britain|Arthurian legend]], the mythical isle of [[Avalon|Avalon's]] name is believed to mean 'isle of apples'.
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| − | *In some places, [[bobbing for apples]] is a traditional [[Halloween]] activity.<ref>[http://wilstar.com/holidays/hallown.htm History and customs of Halloween]</ref>
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| − | *In the [[United States]], [[Denmark]] and [[Sweden]], an apple (polished) is a traditional gift for a teacher. This stemmed from the fact that teachers during the 16th to 18th centuries were poorly paid, so parents would compensate the teacher by providing food. As apples were a very common crop, teachers would often be given baskets of apples by students. As wages increased, the quantity of apples was toned down to a single fruit.
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| − | * The [[Apple Wassail]] is a traditional form of [[wassailing]] practiced in [[cider]] [[orchards]] of [[South West England]] during the winter. The ceremony is said to 'bless' the apple trees to produce a good crop in the forthcoming season.
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| − | * In [[Ancient Greece]], a man throwing an apple to a woman was a proposal of marriage. Catching it meant she accepted {{Fact|date=February 2007}}.
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| − | ===Apple facts===
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| − | [[Image:Apple-logo.png|thumb|right|100px|Apple, Inc. logo]]
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| − | *The ancient [[Kazakhstan|Kazakh]] city of [[Almaty]], 'Father of Apples' ([[Turkic language]] alma, apple, + ata, father), owes its name to the forests of wild apples (''Malus sieversii'') found naturally in the area.
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| − | *The apple blossom is the [[state flower]] of [[Arkansas]] and [[Michigan]].
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| − | *The Norwegian municipality of [[Leikanger]] has apples in its coat-of-arms.
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| − | *The name of the Russian party [[Yabloko]] means 'apple'. Its logo represents an apple in the [[constructivism (art)|constructivist]] style.
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| − | *[[Apple Corps]] (including [[Apple Records]]) and [[Apple Inc.]] have also adopted the apple as logos for their companies.
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| − | * The 'fruit-bearing tree' referred to by [[Tacitus]] in his description of Norse [[Runes#Magic and Divination|runic divination]] may have been the apple.
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| − | *[[Johnny Appleseed]] was an [[United States|American]] pioneer orchardist; he earned his name by planting apple trees across large swaths of [[Ohio]], [[Indiana]], and [[Illinois]].
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| − | * One of the youngest apple varieties is Aurora Golden Gala (2003),<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.agr.gc.ca/cb/index_e.php?s1=n&s2=2003&page=n31002b | title=AAFC Online — Newsroom — News Releases | accessdate=2006-09-16}}</ref> a sweet yellow Canadian apple; while one of the oldest apples in the United States may be the Roxbury Russet (1640).<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.beardsleyscidermill.com/apple.html | title=Beardsley's Cider Mill | accessdate=2006-09-16}}</ref>
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| − | *There is a small amount of cyanide in apple seeds
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| − | *[[Cary Fowler]], executive secretary of the [[Global Crop Diversity Trust]], said in a statement:
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| − | :"''At the end of the 1800s, 7,000 named apple varieties were grown in the United States. Now, 6,800 of those are as extinct as the dinosaurs.''"<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.spacewar.com/2006/060619095826.cl6whipe.html | title=Work on biodiversity 'doomsday vault' begins in the Arctic | accessdate=2006-09-16}}</ref>
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| − | ==Apples as food==
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| − | Different cultivars of apples have a distinct different taste, and this can be separated into two separate factors of flavour and texture.
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| | ==See also== | | ==See also== |
| − | * [[Apple picking]]
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| − | * [[wikt:apple seed|Apple seed]]
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| − | * [[Cooking apple]]
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| | * [[Cider apple]] | | * [[Cider apple]] |
| | * [[Fruit tree propagation]] | | * [[Fruit tree propagation]] |
| | * [[Fruit tree pollination]] | | * [[Fruit tree pollination]] |
| | * [[Fruit tree forms]] | | * [[Fruit tree forms]] |
| − | * [[Herefordshire Pomona]]
| |
| | * [[List of apple cultivars]] | | * [[List of apple cultivars]] |
| − | * [[Nutritional information about the apple]]
| |
| | * [[Pruning fruit trees]] | | * [[Pruning fruit trees]] |
| | | | |
| | ==References== | | ==References== |
| − | <div class="references-small"> | + | <!--- xxxxx *Flora: The Gardener's Bible, by Sean Hogan. Global Book Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0881925381 --> |
| − | <references/> | + | <!--- xxxxx *American Horticultural Society: A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants, by Christopher Brickell, Judith D. Zuk. 1996. ISBN 0789419432 --> |
| − | </div> | + | <!--- xxxxx *Sunset National Garden Book. Sunset Books, Inc., 1997. ISBN 0376038608 --> |
| | | | |
| − | ==External links == | + | ==External links== |
| − | {{Wiktionary}} {{Commons|Apple}} {{Cookbook|Apple}} | + | *{{wplink}} |
| − | * [http://www.usapple.org/consumers/appleguide/guide.cfm#braeburnU.S Apple A
| |
| − | ssociation Guide] with some years and places of cultivar origins
| |
| − | * [http://www.ifr.bbsrc.ac.uk/public/FoodInfoSheets/applefacts.html Apple Facts] from the UK's [[Institute of Food Research]]
| |
| − | * [http://www.commonground.org.uk Common Ground (for Apple Day)]
| |
| | | | |
| − | {{Apples}} | + | {{stub}} |
| | + | [[Category:Categorize]] |
| | | | |
| − | [[Category:Apples| ]]
| + | <!-- in order to add all the proper categories, go to http://www.plants.am/wiki/Plant_Categories and copy/paste the contents of the page here, and then follow the easy instructions! --> |
| − | [[Category:Grocer's Encyclopedia]]
| |