Changes

* [[Pteridophyta]]  (ferns)

* [[Pteridophyta]]  (ferns)

Other groups, which first appeared towards the end of the [[Paleozoic]] era, reproduce using [[desiccation]]-resistant capsules called [[seed]]s.  These groups are accordingly called [[spermatophyte]]s or seed plants. In these forms, the gametophyte is completely reduced, taking the form of single-celled [[pollen]] and [[ovum|ova]], while the sporophyte begins its life enclosed within the seed.  Some seed plants

Other groups, which first appeared towards the end of the [[Paleozoic]] era, reproduce using [[desiccation]]-resistant capsules called [[seed]]s.  These groups are accordingly called [[spermatophyte]]s or seed plants. In these forms, the gametophyte is completely reduced, taking the form of single-celled [[pollen]] and [[ovum|ova]], while the sporophyte begins its life enclosed within the seed.  Some seed plants may even survive in extremely arid conditions, unlike their more water-bound precursors.  The seed plants include the following extant groups:

may even survive in extremely arid conditions, unlike their more water-bound precursors.  The seed plants include the following extant groups:

* [[Cycad]]ophyta (Cycads)

* [[Cycad]]ophyta (Cycads)