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Spermatophyte (view source)

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The '''spermatophytes''' (also known as '''phanerogams''') comprise those [[plant]]s that produce [[seed]]s. They are a subset of the [[embryophyte]]s or land plants. The living spermatophytes form five groups:
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__NOTOC__{{Plantbox
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| name = ''Spermatophyte''
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| common_names =    <!--- if multiple, list all, if none, leave blank -->
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| color = IndianRed
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| image = Upload.png  <!--- Freesia.jpg -->
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| image_width = 240px    <!--- leave as 240px if horizontal orientation photo, or change to 180px if vertical -->
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| image_caption =    <!--- eg. Cultivated freesias -->
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| regnum = Plantae
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| divisio = Spermatophyte
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| classis =    <!--- Class -->
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| ordo =    <!--- Order -->
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| familia =    <!--- Family -->
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}}
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[[Division]] (phyllum) of the [[plant]] kingdom.{{SCH}}
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*[[cycad]]s, a subtropical and tropical group of plants with a large crown of compound leaves and a stout trunk,
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DIVISION [[Spermatophyte|SPERMATOPHYTA or SIPHONOGAMIA]] (PHANEROGAMIA)
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*''[[Ginkgo]]'', a single species of [[tree]],
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*[[conifers]], cone-bearing trees and [[shrub]]s,
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*[[gnetae]], [[woody plant]]s in the genera ''[[Gnetum]]'', ''[[Welwitschia]]'', and ''[[Ephedra (genus)|Ephedra]]'', and
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*[[angiosperms]], the flowering plants, a large group including many familiar plants in a wide variety of habitats.
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===Relationships and nomenclature===
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:Subdivision: [[Gymnospermae|GYMNOSPERMAE]]
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Seed-bearing plants were traditionally divided into [[angiosperm]]s, or flowering plants, and [[gymnosperm]]s, which includes the gnetae, cycads, ginkgo, and conifers. Angiosperms are now thought to have evolved from a gymnosperm ancestor, which would make gymnosperms a [[paraphyletic]] group if it includes extinct taxa. Although not a [[monophyletic]] taxonomic unit, "gymnosperm" is still widely used to distinguish the four taxa of non-flowering, seed-bearing plants from the angiosperms.
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::::Order: [[Cycadales]]
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:::::Family: [[Cycadaceae]]
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::::Order: [[Ginkgoales]]
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:::::Family: [[Ginkgoaceae]]
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::::Order: [[Coniferales]]
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:::::Family: [[Taxaceae]]
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:::::Family: [[Pinaceae]]
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::::::Sub-family: [[Cupressineae]]
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::::::Sub-family: [[Abietineae]]
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::::Order: [[Gnetales]]
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:::::Family: [[Gnetaceae]]
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[[Molecular phylogeny|Molecular phylogenies]] have conflicted with [[Morphology (biology)|morphologically]]-based evidence as to whether extant gymnosperms comprise a monophyletic group. Some morphological data suggests that the Gnetophytes are the sister-group to angiosperms, but molecular phylogenies have generally shown a gymnosperm clade that includes the Gnetophytes as sister-group to the conifers.
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:Subdivision: [[Angiospermae|ANGIOSPERMAE]]
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A traditional classification grouped put all the seed plants in a single [[division (biology)|division]], with [[class (taxonomy)|class]]es for our five groups:
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::CLASS: [[Monocotyledoneae|MONOCOTYLEDONEAE]]
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*Division '''Spermatophyta'''
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::::Order: [[Pandanales]]
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**'''[[Cycad|Cycadopsida]]''', the cycads
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:::::Family: [[Typhaceae]]
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**'''[[Ginkgo|Ginkgoopsida]]''', the ginkgo
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:::::Family: [[Pandanaceae]]
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**'''[[Pinopsida]]''', the conifers, ("Coniferopsida")
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::::Order: [[Helobiae]]
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**'''[[Gnetae|Gnetopsida]]''', the gnetae
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:::::Family: [[Naiadaceae]]
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**'''[[Magnoliopsida]]''', the [[flowering plant]]s, or '''Angiospermopsida'''
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:::::Family: [[Aponogetonaceae]]
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:::::Family: [[Alismaceae]]
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:::::Family: [[Butomaceae]]
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:::::Family: [[Hydrocharitaceae]]
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::::Order: [[Glumiflorae]]
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:::::Family: [[Gramineae]]
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:::::Family: [[Cyperaceae]]
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::::Order: [[Principes]]
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:::::Family: [[Palmaceae]]
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::::Order: [[Synanthae]]
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:::::Family: [[Cyclanthaceae]]
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::::Order: [[Spathiflorae]]
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:::::Family: [[Araceae]]
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:::::Family: [[Lemnaceae]]
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::::Order: [[Farinosae]]
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:::::Family: [[Bromeliaceae]]
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:::::Family: [[Commelinaceae]]
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:::::Family: [[Pontederiaceae]]
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::::Order: [[Liliflorae]]
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:::::Family: [[Juncaceae]]
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:::::Family: [[Liliaceae]]
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:::::Family: [[Amaryllidaceae]]
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:::::Family: [[Taccaceae]]
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:::::Family: [[Dioscoreaceae]]
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:::::Family: [[Iridaceae]]
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::::Order: [[Scitamineae]]
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:::::Family: [[Musaceae]]
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:::::Family: [[Zingiberaceae]]
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:::::Family: [[Cannaceae]]
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:::::Family: [[Marantaceae]]
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::::Order: [[Microspermae]]
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:::::Family: [[Orchidaceae]]
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:::::::Group: [[Diandrae]]
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:::::::Group: [[Monandrae]]
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In addition to the taxa listed above, the fossil record contains evidence of many [[extinct]] taxa of seed plants. The so-called "seed ferns" ([[Pteridospermae]]) were one of the earliest successful groups of land plants, and forests dominated by seed ferns were prevalent in the late [[Paleozoic]]. ''[[Glossopteris]]'' was the most prominent [[tree]] [[genus]] in the ancient southern [[supercontinent]] of [[Gondwana]] during the [[Permian]] period. By the [[Triassic]] period, seed ferns had declined in ecological importance, and representatives of modern gymnosperm groups were abundant and dominant through the end of the [[Cretaceous]], when angiosperms radiated.
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::CLASS: [[Dicotyledoneae|DICOTYLEDONEAE]]
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:::Sub-class: [[Archichlamydeae]] (Choripetalae and Apetalae)
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::::Order: [[Verticillales]]
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:::::Family: [[Casuarinaceae]]
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::::Order: [[Piperales]]
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:::::Family: [[Saururaceae]]
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:::::Family: [[Piperaceae]]
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:::::Family: [[Chloranthaceae]]
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::::Order: [[Salicales]]
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:::::Family: [[Salicaceae]]
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::::Order: [[Myricales]]
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:::::Family: [[Myricaceae]]
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::::Order: [[Juglandales]]
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:::::Family: [[Juglandaceae]]
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::::Order: [[Fagales]]
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:::::Family: [[Betulaceae]]
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:::::Family: [[Fagaceae]]
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::::Order: [[Urticales]]
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:::::Family: [[Ulmaceae]]
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:::::Family: [[Moraceae]]
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:::::Family: [[Urticaceae]]
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A more modern classification ranks these groups as separate divisions (sometimes under the '''Superdivision Spermatophyta'''):
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*'''[[Cycad|Cycadophyta]]''', the cycads
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*'''[[Ginkgo|Ginkgophyta]]''', the ginkgo
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*'''[[Pinophyta]]''', the [[conifer]]s
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*'''[[Gnetae|Gnetophyta]]''', the gnetae
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*'''[[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]''', the [[flowering plant]]s
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== References ==
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TO BE CONTINUED
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*Bowe, L. Michelle, Gwénaële Coat, and Claude W. dePamphilis. 2000. Phylogeny of seed plants based on all three genomic compartments: Extant gymnosperms are monophyletic and Gnetales' closest relatives are conifers. ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences'' 97: 4092-4097.
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*Soltis, Douglas E., Pamela S. Soltis and Michael J. Zanis. 2002. Phylogeny of seed plants based on evidence from eight genes. ''American Journal of Botany'' 89: 1670-1681 (abstract [http://intl.amjbot.org/cgi/content/full/89/10/1670 here]).
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*Chaw, Shu-Miaw, Christopher L. Parkinson, Yuchang Cheng, Thomas M. Vincent, and Jeffrey D. Palmer. 2000. Seed plant phylogeny inferred from all three plant genomes: Monophyly of extant gymnosperms and origin of Gnetales from conifers. ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences'' 97: 4086-4091 (abstract [http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/abstract/97/8/4086 here]).
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[[Category:Plants| sort30 Spermatophyta]]
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:Subdivision: [[
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::CLASS: [[
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:::Sub-class: [[
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::::Order: [[
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:::::Family: [[
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::::::Sub-family: [[
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:::::::Group: [[
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Source: ''[[Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture]]''
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==Gallery==
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{{photo-sources}}<!-- remove this line if there are already 3 or more photos in the gallery  -->
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<gallery>
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Image:Upload.png| photo 1
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Image:Upload.png| photo 2
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Image:Upload.png| photo 3
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</gallery>
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==References==
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*[[Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture]], by L. H. Bailey, MacMillan Co., 1963
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<!--- xxxxx  *Flora: The Gardener's Bible, by Sean Hogan. Global Book Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0881925381  -->
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<!--- xxxxx  *American Horticultural Society: A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants, by Christopher Brickell, Judith D. Zuk. 1996. ISBN 0789419432  -->
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<!--- xxxxx  *Sunset National Garden Book. Sunset Books, Inc., 1997. ISBN 0376038608  -->
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==External links==
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*{{wplink}}
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{{stub}}
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[[Category:Categorize]]
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