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Bromeliad (view source)

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{{Taxobox
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__NOTOC__{{Plantbox
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| color = lightgreen
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| name = ''Bromeliad''
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| common_names =    <!--- if multiple, list all, if none, leave blank -->
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| name = Bromeliaceae
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| color = IndianRed
 
| image = Pineapple1.JPG
 
| image = Pineapple1.JPG
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| image_width = 250px
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| image_width = 180px    <!--- leave as 240px if horizontal orientation photo, or change to 180px if vertical -->
 
| image_caption = [[Pineapple]], one member of the Bromeliaceae family  
 
| image_caption = [[Pineapple]], one member of the Bromeliaceae family  
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| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
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| regnum = Plantae
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| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
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| divisio = Magnoliophyta
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| classis = [[Liliopsida]]
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| classis = Liliopsida
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| ordo = [[Poales]]
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| ordo = Poales
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| familia = '''Bromeliaceae'''
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| familia = Bromeliad
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| familia_authority = [[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu|Juss.]]
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| subdivision_ranks = Subfamiles
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| subdivision =
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* [[Bromelioideae]]
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* [[Pitcairnioideae]]
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* [[Tillandsioideae]]
   
}}
 
}}
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{{Inc|
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Bromeliaceae (from the genus Bromelia, in honor of Olaus Bromel, a Swedish botanist). Pineapple Family. Fig. 10. Herbs or subshrubs, mostly epiphytic: leaves usually basal, alternate, linear, trough-like, sheathing at the base, mostly stiff and spiny-serrate, usually covered in part or all over with peltate scale-like hairs or glands: flowers in spikes, racemes, panicles or heads, often in the axils of imbricated, highly colored, bracts, usually bisexual, regular, epigynous or hypogynous; perianth of 6 parts, definitely differentiated into calyx and corolla; parts free or united; stamens 6, often borne on the perianth; anthers introse; ovary inferior or superior, 3-celled; ovules many; style 1; stigmas 3: fruit a berry or capsule, more or less surrounded by the persistent perianth; seeds albuminous.
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'''Bromeliaceae''' (the '''bromeliads''') is a large family of [[flowering plant]]s native to the tropical and warm temperate [[New World]]. The family includes both [[epiphyte]]s, such as [[Spanish moss]] ''Tillandsia usneoides'', and ground ([[Terrestrial plant|terrestrial]]) plants, such as the [[Pineapple]] ''Ananas comosus''. Christopher Columbus was the first European to come into contact with the pineapple and took it back to Europe after his first voyage. Many bromeliads are able to store [[water]] in a "tank" formed by their tightly-overlapping [[leaf]] bases. However, the family is diverse enough to include the tank bromeliads, grey-leaved epiphytic ''[[Tillandsia]]'' species which gather water only from leaf structures called [[trichome]]s, and a large number of desert-dwelling [[succulent]]s.
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The family has 40 genera and about 900 species, almost exclusively of tropical and subtropical America. Tillandsia usneoides reaches Florida and Texas.
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The largest bromeliad is ''[[Puya raimondii]]'', which reaches 3–4 m tall in vegetative growth with a flower spike 9–10 m tall, and the smallest is probably Spanish moss.
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Tillandsia is the largest genus with 120 species. The family is closely related to the Liliaceae and Amaryllidaceae. The peculiar stiff leaves, the conspicuous bracts, the herbaceous calyx, the mealy endosperm, and, in general, the epiphytic habit, are distinctive. There are few families more easily recognized than this.
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==History==
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The most important economic species is the pineapple (Ananas sativus), the fruit of which is an important article of commerce. Its unripe juice is used as a vermifuge and diuretic. Florida or Spanish moss (Tillandsia usneoides) is used in the preparation of a stiptic ointment. It is also used to stuff mattresses, under the name of vegetable hair. Billbergia tinctoria is the source of a dye. The leaves of pineapple yield a beautiful fiber. Bromelia Pinguin is a vermifuge employed in the West Indies.
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Bromeliads are one of the more recent plant groups to have emerged, presumed to have evolved at the close of the [[Cretaceous]], over 65 million years ago.  Fossilized bromeliads have been dated to 30 million years ago.  The greatest number of primitive species reside in the [[Andean]] highlands of [[South America]] suggesting a beginning there.  The species ''[[Pitcairnia feliciana]]'', found on the western coast of [[Africa]] is the only bromeliad not endemic to the Americas.  It is supposed that this species originated in South America and was transplanted to the African continent before or during the break-up of [[Gondwana]]. 
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There are several genera grown in America, all for ornamental purposes except the pineapple. Among these are: Aechmea; Ananas (Pineapple); Billbergia; Bromelia (Pinguin of Jamaica, Wild Pine); Cryptanthus; Dyckia; Guzmannia; Nidularium; Pitcairnia; Tillandsia (Spanish Moss, Florida Moss, Long Moss); Vriesia.{{SCH}}
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}}
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[[Humans]] have been using bromeliads for thousands of years.  The [[Inca]]s, [[Aztecs]], [[Maya]] and others used them extensively for food, protection, fiber and ceremony, just as they are still used today.  European interest began when [[Spanish Empire|Spanish]] [[conquistadors]] returned with [[pineapple]] which became so popular as an exotic food, that the image of the pineapple was quickly adapted into European art and sculpture. In [[1776]], the species ''[[Guzmania lingulata]]'' was introduced to Europe, causing a sensation among gardeners unfamiliar to such a plant.  In [[1828]], ''[[Aechmea fasciata]]'' was brought to Europe, followed by ''[[Vriesea splendens]]'' in [[1840]].  These transplants were successful enough that they are still among the most widely grown bromeliad varieties.
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In the 1800's breeders in [[Belgium]], [[France]] and the [[Netherlands]] started hybridizing plants for wholesale trade.  Many exotic varieties were produced up until the [[First World War]] which halted breeding programs and led to the loss of some species.  The plants experienced a resurgence of popularity after [[World War II]].  Since then, [[Netherlands|Dutch]], [[Belgian]] and [[North America]]n nurseries have largely expanded bromeliad production.
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==Description==
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[[Image:Bromeliad3.jpg|left|225px]]
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Like most living groups, bromeliads are a widely varied group of organisms, adapted to a number of climates.  Foliage takes many different shapes, from needle thin to broad and flat, symmetrical to irregular, spiky and soft. The foliage, which usually grows in a rosette, is the most widely patterned and colored of any plant in the world.  Leaf colors range from maroon, through various shades of green, to gold, with many colors in between.  Many varieties have variegated leaves with red, yellow, white and cream variegations.  Others may be spotted with purple
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, red, or cream, while others have different colors on the tops and bottoms of the leaves. 
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The [[inflorescence]] produced by bromeliads are also regarded as considerably more diverse than any other plant family.  Some flower spikes may reach 10 meters tall while others only measure 2–3 mm across.  Upright stalks may be branched or simple with spikes retaining their color from two weeks up to twelve months, depending on species.  In some species the flower remains unseen, growing deep in the vase of the plants. 
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Root systems vary according to plant type.  Terrestrial bromeliad species have complex root systems which gather [[water]] and nutrients while [[epiphytic]] bromeliads only grow hard, wiry roots to attach themselves to trees and rocks.
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Some bromeliads are faintly scented while others are heavily perfumed.  Blooms from the species ''[[Tillandsia cyanea]]'' resemble the smell of clove spice.
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==Distribution==
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[[Image:Bromeliad2.jpg|right|225px]]
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Plants in the '''Bromeliaceae''' family are widely represented in their natural climates across the Americas.  They can be found at altitudes from sea level to 4200 meters, from rainforests to deserts.  Approximately half the species are [[epiphytes]], some are [[lithophytes]], and some are terrestrial.  Accordingly, these plants can be found in the [[Andean]] highlands, from northern [[Chile]] to [[Colombia]], in the [[Peruvian]] coastal deserts, in the [[cloud forest]] regions of South and Central America, and in the tropical climate region of [[Florida]].
      
==Genera==
 
==Genera==
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*''[[Abromeitiella]]'' <small>[[Carl Christian Mez|Mez]]</small>
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*''[[Abromeitiella]]''
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*''[[Acanthostachys]]'' <small>[[Klotzsch]] </small>
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*''[[Acanthostachys]]''  
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*''[[Aechmea]]'' <small>[[Ruiz]] & [[Pav.]]</small>
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*''[[Aechmea]]''  
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*''[[Alcantarea]]'' </small>
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*''[[Alcantarea]]''
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*''[[Ananas]]'' <small>[[Mill.]]</small> - Includes the [[pineapple]].
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*''[[Ananas]]'' - Includes the [[pineapple]].
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*''[[Andrea (genus)|Andrea]]'' <small>[[Carl Christian Mez|Mez]]</small>
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*''[[Andrea (genus)|Andrea]]''  
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*''[[Androlepis]]'' <small>[[Brongn]] ex [[Houllet]] </small>
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*''[[Androlepis]]''  
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*''[[Araeococcus]]'' <small>[[Brongn]]</small>
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*''[[Araeococcus]]''  
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*''[[Ayensua]]'' <small>[[L.B.Sm.]] </small>
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*''[[Ayensua]]''
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*''[[Billbergia]]'' <small>[[Thunb.]]</small>
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*''[[Billbergia]]''
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*''[[Brewcaria]]'' <small>[[L.B.Sm.]], [[Steyerm.]] & [[H.Rob]]</small>
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*''[[Brewcaria]]''
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*''[[Brocchinia]]'' <small>[[Schult.f.]]</small>
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*''[[Brocchinia]]''
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*''[[Bromelia]]'' <small>[[L.]]</small>
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*''[[Bromelia]]''
 
*''[[Canistropsis]]''
 
*''[[Canistropsis]]''
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*''[[Canistrum]]'' <small>[[E.Morren]]</small>
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*''[[Canistrum]]''  
 
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*''[[Catopsis]]'' <small>[[Griseb.]]</small>
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*''[[Catopsis]]''  
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*''[[Connellia]]'' <small>[[N.E.Br.]]</small>
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*''[[Connellia]]''  
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*''[[Cottendorfia]]'' <small>[[Schult.f.]]</small>
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*''[[Cottendorfia]]''
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*''[[Cryptanthus]]'' <small>[[Otto]] & [[A.Dietr.]]</small>
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*''[[Cryptanthus]]''
 
*''[[Deinacanthon]]''
 
*''[[Deinacanthon]]''
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*''[[Deuterocohnia]]'' <small>[[Carl Christian Mez|Mez]]</small>
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*''[[Deuterocohnia]]''
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*''[[Disteganthus]]'' <small>[[Lem.]]</small>
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*''[[Disteganthus]]''  
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*''[[Dyckia]]'' <small>[[Schult.f.]]</small>
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*''[[Dyckia]]''  
 
*''[[Edmundoa]]''
 
*''[[Edmundoa]]''
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*''[[Encholirium]]'' <small>[[Mart.]] ex [[Schult.f.]]</small>
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*''[[Encholirium]]''  
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*''[[Fascicularia]]'' <small>[[Carl Christian Mez|Mez]]</small>
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*''[[Fascicularia]]''  
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*''[[Fernseea]]'' <small>[[Baker]]</small>
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*''[[Fernseea]]''
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*''[[Fosterella]]'' <small>[[L.B.Sm.]]</small>
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*''[[Fosterella]]''
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*''[[Glomeropitcairnia]]'' <small>[[Carl Christian Mez|Mez]]</small>
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*''[[Glomeropitcairnia]]''  
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*''[[Greigia]]'' <small>[[Regel]]</small>
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*''[[Greigia]]''  
 
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*''[[Guzmania]]'' <small>[[Ruiz]] & [[Pav.]]</small>
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*''[[Guzmania]]''  
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*''[[Hechtia]]'' <small>[[Klotzsch]]</small>
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*''[[Hechtia]]''  
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*''[[Hohenbergia]]'' <small>[[Schult.f.]]</small>
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*''[[Hohenbergia]]''
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*''[[Hohenbergiopsis]]''<small> [[L.B.Sm.]] & [[Read (botanical)|Read]] </small>
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*''[[Hohenbergiopsis]]''
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*''[[Lindmania]]'' <small>[[Carl Christian Mez|Mez]]</small>
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*''[[Lindmania]]''
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*''[[Lymania]]'' <small>[[Read (botanical)|Read]]</small>
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*''[[Lymania]]''
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*''[[Mezobromelia]]'' <small>[[L.B.Sm]]</small>
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*''[[Mezobromelia]]''  
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*''[[Navia (bromeliad)|Navia]]'' <small>[[Schult.f.]]</small>
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*''[[Navia (bromeliad)|Navia]]''
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*''[[Neoglaziovia]]'' <small>[[Carl Christian Mez|Mez]]</small>
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*''[[Neoglaziovia]]''
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*''[[Neoregelia]]'' <small>[[L.B.Sm.]] </small>
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*''[[Neoregelia]]''  
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*''[[Nidularium]]'' <small>[[Lem.]]</small>
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*''[[Nidularium]]''  
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*''[[Ochagavia]]'' <small>[[Phil.]]</small>
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*''[[Ochagavia]]''
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*''[[Orthophytum]]'' <small>[[Beer]]</small>
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*''[[Orthophytum]]''
 
*''[[Pepinia]]''
 
*''[[Pepinia]]''
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*''[[Pitcairnia]]'' <small>[[L'Her.]]</small>
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*''[[Pitcairnia]]''
 
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*''[[Portea]]'' <small>[[K. Koch]]</small>
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*''[[Portea]]''  
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*''[[Pseudaechmea]]'' <small>[[L.B.Sm.]] & [[Read (botanical)|Read]]</small> 
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*''[[Pseudaechmea]]''  
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*''[[Pseudananas]]'' <small>[[Hassl.]] ex [[Harms]]</small>
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*''[[Pseudananas]]''
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*''[[Puya (genus)|Puya]]'' <small>[[Molina]]</small>
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*''[[Puya (genus)|Puya]]''
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*''[[Que
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*''[[Quesnelia]]''
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snelia]]'' <small>[[Gaudich.]]</small>
   
*''[[Racinaea]]''
 
*''[[Racinaea]]''
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*''[[Ronnbergia]]'' <small>[[E.Morren]] & [[Andre]]</small>
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*''[[Ronnbergia]]''  
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*''[[Steyerbromelia]]'' <small>[[L.B.Sm]]</small>
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*''[[Steyerbromelia]]''
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*''[[Streptocalyx]]'' <small>[[Beer]]</small>
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*''[[Streptocalyx]]''  
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*''[[Tillandsia]]'' <small>[[L.]]</small>
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*''[[Tillandsia]]''  
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*''[[Vriesia]]'' <small>[[Lindl.]]</small>
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*''[[Vriesia]]''  
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*''[[Werauhia]]'' <small>[[J.R.Grant]]</small>
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*''[[Werauhia]]''
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*''[[Wittrockia]]'' <small>[[Lindm.]]</small>
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*''[[Wittrockia]]''  
 
*''[[Ursulaea]]''
 
*''[[Ursulaea]]''
 
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==Gallery==
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==Images of bromeliads==
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<gallery>
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<center><gallery>
   
Image:Tillandsia usneoides04.jpg|''Tillandsia usneoides'' hanging from branches
 
Image:Tillandsia usneoides04.jpg|''Tillandsia usneoides'' hanging from branches
 
Image:Bromeliad spike.jpg|The flower of a ''Billbergia'' sp.
 
Image:Bromeliad spike.jpg|The flower of a ''Billbergia'' sp.
 
Image:Puya berteroana.jpg|''Puya berteroniana''
 
Image:Puya berteroana.jpg|''Puya berteroniana''
 
Image:Bromeliad-pink-flower-closeup.jpg|Flower close-up
 
Image:Bromeliad-pink-flower-closeup.jpg|Flower close-up
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</gallery></center>
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Image:Bromeliad2.jpg|Distribution in wild
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<br clear="all">
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Image:Bromeliad3.jpg|
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</gallery>
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==Cultivation and uses==
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==References==
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Only one bromeliad, the [[pineapple]] ''Ananas comosus'', is a commercially important food crop. Many other bromeliads are popular [[ornamental plant]]s, grown as both garden and house plants.
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*[[Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture]], by L. H. Bailey, MacMillan Co., 1963
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== External links ==
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==External links==
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* LUTHER, H. E. (2002) [http://www.selby.org/clientuploads/research/Bromeliaceae/Binomial_BSI_2002.pdf An Alphabetical List of Bromeliad Binomials] [http://www.selby.org The Marie Selby Botanical Gardens,] [[Sarasota]], [[Florida]], [[USA]]. Published by [http://www.bsi.org/ The Bromeliad Society International].
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*{{wplink}}
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* [http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/bromelia.htm Bromeliaceae] in [http://delta-intkey.com/angio/ L. Watson and M.J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards). The families of flowering plants: descriptions, illustrations, identification, information retrieval.] Published by [http://delta-intkey.com Delta-intkey] (2002-06-18)
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* [http://www.bsi.org/ The Bromeliad Society International]
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* [http://fcbs.org/butcher/Puya_raimondii.htm ''Puya raimondii'' photos]
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[[Category:Poales| Bromeliaceae]]
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{{stub}}
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[[Category:Categorize]]
 
[[Category:Plant families]]
 
[[Category:Plant families]]
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[[Category:Bromeliaceae| ]]
 
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