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| | + | __NOTOC__{{Plantbox |
| | + | | name = ''Sapindaceae'' |
| | + | | common_names = Soapberry family |
| | + | | color = IndianRed |
| | + | | image = Dimocarpus longan males F 070203 035 ime ed.jpg |
| | + | | image_width = 240px <!--- leave as 240px if horizontal orientation photo, or change to 180px if vertical --> |
| | + | | image_caption = Longan fruits |
| | + | | regnum = Plantae |
| | + | | divisio = Magnoliophyta |
| | + | | classis = Magnoliopsida |
| | + | | ordo = Sapindales |
| | + | | familia = Sapindaceae |
| | + | }} |
| | {{Inc| | | {{Inc| |
| | Sapindaceae (from the genus Sapindus, a contraction of the Latin sapo-indicus, Indian soap). Soap-Berry Family. Fig. 35. Trees or shrubs, rarely herbs, often climbing: leaves usually alternate, mostly compound, sometimes ternately, sometimes pinnately decompound: flowers unisexual or polygamous, regular or irregular (i.e. obliquely unsymmetrical), small; sepals 4-5, imbricated or rarely valvate; petals 4-5, small or wanting, usually with scales or hairs at the base inside: disk well developed, situated between the petals and the stamens (extrastaminal) ; stamens usually 10 in 2 whorls, more or less united at the base; ovary superior, mostly 3-celled and deeply 3-lobed; ovules typically 1 in each cell; style 1: fruit very diverse, a firm or bladdery capsule, a berry, nut, or winged fruit; seeds without endosperm. | | Sapindaceae (from the genus Sapindus, a contraction of the Latin sapo-indicus, Indian soap). Soap-Berry Family. Fig. 35. Trees or shrubs, rarely herbs, often climbing: leaves usually alternate, mostly compound, sometimes ternately, sometimes pinnately decompound: flowers unisexual or polygamous, regular or irregular (i.e. obliquely unsymmetrical), small; sepals 4-5, imbricated or rarely valvate; petals 4-5, small or wanting, usually with scales or hairs at the base inside: disk well developed, situated between the petals and the stamens (extrastaminal) ; stamens usually 10 in 2 whorls, more or less united at the base; ovary superior, mostly 3-celled and deeply 3-lobed; ovules typically 1 in each cell; style 1: fruit very diverse, a firm or bladdery capsule, a berry, nut, or winged fruit; seeds without endosperm. |
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| | There are 15 or more genera of true Sapindaceae grown in America. Koelreuteria (Varnish Tree) is hardy and ornamental. Cardiospermum (Balloon Vine) is a tender annual with queer fruit. Xanthoceras is a hardy ornamental tree. Paullinia is a greenhouse climbing shrub. The following are grown only in the southern states or California: Greyia; Melicocca (Spanish Lime); Blighia (Akee Tree); Dodonaea; Ungnadia (Mexican or Spanish Buckeye); Sapindus (Soapberry). | | There are 15 or more genera of true Sapindaceae grown in America. Koelreuteria (Varnish Tree) is hardy and ornamental. Cardiospermum (Balloon Vine) is a tender annual with queer fruit. Xanthoceras is a hardy ornamental tree. Paullinia is a greenhouse climbing shrub. The following are grown only in the southern states or California: Greyia; Melicocca (Spanish Lime); Blighia (Akee Tree); Dodonaea; Ungnadia (Mexican or Spanish Buckeye); Sapindus (Soapberry). |
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| − | The following cultivated genera are now referred to other families: Melianthus (Melianthaceae); Aesculus (Hippocastanaceae); Acer (Aceraceae); Ptaeroxylon (Meliaceae); Staphylea (Staphyleaceae); Euscaphis (Staphyleaceae) ; Turpinia (Staphyleaceae). | + | The following cultivated genera are now referred to other families: Melianthus (Melianthaceae); Aesculus (Hippocastanaceae); Acer (Aceraceae); Ptaeroxylon (Meliaceae); Staphylea (Staphyleaceae); Euscaphis (Staphyleaceae) ; Turpinia (Staphyleaceae).{{SCH}} |
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| − | {{SCH}} | |
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| − | {{Taxobox
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| − | | color = lightgreen
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| − | | name = Soapberry family
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| − | | image = Lychee.jpg
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| − | | image_width = 240px
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| − | | image_caption = ''Litchi chinensis'' leaves and fruit
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| − | | regnum = [[Plant]]ae
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| − | | divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
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| − | | classis = [[Magnoliopsida]]
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| − | | ordo = [[Sapindales]]
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| − | | type_genus = ''[[Sapindus]]''
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| − | | type_genus_authority= [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]
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| − | | familia = '''Sapindaceae'''
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| − | | familia_authority = [[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu|Juss.]]
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| − | | subdivision_ranks = Genera
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| − | | subdivision = Over a hundred, see [[List of Sapindaceae genera]]
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| | }} | | }} |
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| − | '''Sapindaceae''', also known as the '''soapberry family''', is a [[family (biology)|family]] of [[flowering plant]]s in the order [[Sapindales]]. There are about 140-150 genera with 1400-2000 species.
| + | ==Genera== |
| | + | See: [[List of Sapindaceae genera]] |
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| − | Sapindaceae members occur in temperate to tropical regions throughout the world. Many are lactiferous, i.e. they contain milky sap, and many contain mildly [[toxic]] [[saponin]]s ([[alkaloid]]s with [[soap]]-like qualities) in either the foliage and/or the seeds. The largest genera are ''[[Serjania]]'', ''[[Paullinia]]'', ''[[Maple|Acer]]'' and ''[[Allophyllus]]''.
| + | ==Gallery== |
| | + | {{photo-sources}}<!-- remove this line if there are already 3 or more photos in the gallery --> |
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| − | The largely temperate genera formerly separated in the families [[Aceraceae]] (''Acer'', ''[[Dipteronia]]'') and [[Hippocastanaceae]] (''[[Aesculus]]'', ''[[Billia]]'', ''[[Handeliodendron]]'') were included within a more broadly circumscribed Sapindaceae by the [[Angiosperm Phylogeny Group| APG]]. Recent research has confirmed the inclusion of these genera in Sapindaceae.<ref name="singh">{{cite book |last=Singh |first=Gurjaran |title=Plant Systematics: An Integrated Approach |year=2004 |publisher=Science Publishers |location=Enfield, New Hampshire |isbn=1-57808-342-7| pages=pp. 438-440}}</ref><ref name="harrington">{{cite journal |last=Harrington |first=Mark G. |coauthors=Karen J. Edwards, Sheila A. Johnson, Mark W. Chase & Paul A. Gadek |year=2005 |title=Phylogenetic inference in Sapindaceae ''sensu lato'' using plastid ''mat''K and ''rbc''L DNA sequences. |journal=Systematic Botany |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=366-382 |doi=10.1600/0363644054223549}}</ref>
| + | <gallery> |
| | + | Image:Lychee.jpg| Litchi chinensis leaves and fruit |
| | + | Image:Upload.png| photo 1 |
| | + | Image:Upload.png| photo 2 |
| | + | Image:Upload.png| photo 3 |
| | + | </gallery> |
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| − | ==Characteristics== | + | ==References== |
| | + | *[[Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture]], by L. H. Bailey, MacMillan Co., 1963 |
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| − | Plants of this family have a variety of habits, from [[tree]]s to [[herbaceous plant]]s or [[liana]]s. Their leaves usually spirally alternate, sometimes (in ''Acer, Aesculus'', and a few other genera) opposite. They are most often [[leaf shape|pinnately compound]], sometimes palmately, or just palmate (''Acer'', ''Aesculus''), with a [[petiole]] lacking [[stipule]]s, but having a swollen base.<ref name="singh"/>
| + | ==External links== |
| | + | *{{wplink}} |
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| − | [[Flower]]s are small and [[unisexual]], or functionally unisexual, though plants may be either [[dioecy|dioecious]] or monoecious. They are usually grouped in [[inflorescence|cyme]]s grouped in [[panicle]]s. They most often have four or five [[petal]]s and [[sepal]]s (petals are absent in ''[[Dodonaea]]''). The [[stamen]]s range from four to ten, usually on a [[nectar disc]] between the petals and stamen,their filaments are often hairy. The most frequent number is eight, in two rings of four. The [[gynoecium]] contains two or three [[carpel]]s, sometimes up to six. There is usually only one [[style]] with a lobed [[stigma]]. Most often [[pollination|pollinated]] by birds or insects,with a few species pollinated by wind.<ref name="singh"/>
| + | {{stub}} |
| − | | + | [[Category:Categorize]] |
| − | The [[fruit]]s are fleshy or dry,. They may be [[nut]]s, [[berries]], [[drupe]]s, [[schizocarp]]s, [[capsule (fruit)|capsule]]s (''[[Bridgesia]]''), or [[samara (fruit)|samara]]s (''Acer''). The embryos are bent or coiled, without [[endosperm]] in the seed, but frequently with an [[aril]].<ref name="singh"/>
| + | [[Category:Plant families]] |
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| − | ==Classification==
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| − | Sapindaceae are related to [[Rutaceae]], and both are usually placed in an order [[Sapindales]] or [[Rutales]], depending on whether they are kept separate and which name is used for the order.<ref name="singh"/> The most [[basal (phylogenetics)|basal]] member appears to be ''[[Xanthoceras]]''. Some authors maintain some or all of [[Hippocastanaceae]] and [[Aceraceae]], although this may result in [[paraphyly]].<ref name="singh"/><ref name="harrington"/> The former [[Ptaeroxylaceae]], now placed in Rutaceae, were sometimes placed in Sapindaceae.<ref>{{cite web|author=Watson, L., and Dallwitz, M.J.| year=2007| title=Sapindaceae Juss.|work=The families of flowering plants: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval |url= http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/sapindac.htm |accessdate=2007-08-27}}</ref> The family is divided in 5 or 6 subfamily depending on treatment.
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| − | ==Notable species==
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| − | {{seealso|List of Sapindaceae genera}} | |
| − | [[Image:Dimocarpus longan males F 070203 035 ime ed.jpg|thumb|right|Longan fruits.]] | |
| − | Sapindaceae includes many species of economically valuable tropical [[fruit]], including the [[lychee]], the [[longan]], the [[Talisia esculenta|pitomba]], the [[korlan]], the [[rambutan]], the [[mamoncillo]] and the [[ackee]]. Other products include [[Guarana]], [[Soapberry|soapberries]] and [[maple syrup]].
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| − | Some species of [[Maple]] and [[Buckeye]] are valued for their wood, while several other genera, such as ''[[Koelreuteria]]'', ''[[Cardiospermum]]'' and ''[[Ungnadia]]'', are popular ornamentals. ''[[Schleichera trijuga]]'' is the source of Indian [[macassar oil]].
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| − | ==References==
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| − | {{reflist}}
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| | [[Category:Sapindales]] | | [[Category:Sapindales]] |
| | [[Category:Sapindaceae| ]] | | [[Category:Sapindaceae| ]] |
| − | [[Category:Plant families]]
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