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{{Taxobox
| color = lightgreen
| name = Strawberry
| image = StrawberryWatercolor.jpg
| image_width = 240px
| image_caption =
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
| classis = [[Magnoliopsida]]
| ordo = [[Rosales]]
| familia = [[Rosaceae]]
| subfamilia = [[Rosoideae]]
| genus = '''''Fragaria'''''
| genus_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]
| subdivision_ranks = [[Species]]
| subdivision =
''20+ species; see text''
}}
The '''strawberry''' (''Fragaria'') is a genus of [[plant]]s in the family ''[[Rosaceae]]'', and the [[fruit]] of these plants. There are more than 20 named [[species]] and many hybrids and [[cultivar]]s. The most common strawberries grown commercially are cultivars of the [[Garden strawberry]], ''Fragaria'' × ''ananassa''. Strawberries are a valuable source of [[vitamin C]]. See [[Garden Strawberry]] for information about the fruit as a food.
==Morphology==
The strawberry is an [[accessory fruit]]; that is, the fleshy part is derived not from the ovaries which are the "seeds" (actually [[achene]]s) but from the peg at the bottom of the [[hypanthium]] that held the ovaries. So from a technical standpoint, the seeds are the actual fruits of the plant, and the flesh of the strawberry is modified receptacle tissue. It is Whitish-Green as it develops and in most species turns red when ripe.
==History==
The typical modern strawberry, of species fragaria, comes from the [[Americas]], and is a hybrid of both north and south american varieties. Ironically, the crossbreeding was done in Europe to correct a mistake; the European [[horticulturist]]s had only brought female South American plants, and were forced to cross them with the North American variety in order to get fruit and seeds.
Fragaria comes from "fragans", meaning odorous, an allusion to the perfumed flesh of the fruit. Madam [[Thérésa Tallien|Tallien]], a great figure of the [[French Revolution]], who was nicknamed Our Lady of [[Thermidorian Reaction|Thermidor]], used to take baths full of strawberries to keep the full radiance of her skin.
[[Bernard le Bovier de Fontenelle|Fontenelle]], centenarian writer and gourmet of the 18th century, considered his long life was due to the strawberries he used to eat.
==Classification==
There are more than 20 different ''Fragaria'' species worldwide. Key to the classification of strawberry species is recognizing that they vary in the number of [[chromosomes]]. There are seven basic ''types'' of chromosomes that they all have in common. However, they exhibit different [[polyploidy]]. Some species are diploid, having two sets of the seven chromosomes (14 chromosomes total). Others are tetraploid (four sets, 28 chromosomes total), hexaploid (six sets, 42 chromosomes total), octoploid (eight sets, 56 chromosomes total), or decaploid (ten sets, 70 chromosomes total).
As a rough rule (with exceptions), strawberry species with more chromosomes tend to be more robust and produce larger plants with larger berries (Darrow).
;Diploid species
[[Image:Fragaria_vesca_2.jpg|thumb|right|[[Woodland Strawberry]], ''Fragaria vesca'']]
*''[[Fragaria daltoniana]]''
*''[[Fragaria iinumae]]''
*''[[Fragaria nilgerrensis]]''
*''[[Fragaria nipponica]]''
*''[[Fragaria nubicola]]''
*[[Woodland Strawberry|''Fragaria vesca'']] (Woodland Strawberry)
*''[[Fragaria viridis]]''
*''[[Fragaria yezoensis]]''
;Tetraploid species
*''[[Fragaria moupinensis]]''
*''[[Fragaria orientalis]]''
;Hexaploid species
*[[Musk Strawberry|''Fragaria moschata'']] (Musk Strawberry)
;Octoploid species and hybrids
*[[Garden Strawberry|''Fragaria x ananassa'']] (Garden Strawberry)
*[[Beach Strawberry|''Fragaria chiloensis'']] (Beach Strawberry)
*[[Iturup Strawberry|''Fragaria iturupensis'']] (Iturup Strawberry)
*[[Virginia Strawberry|''Fragaria virginiana'']] (Virginia Strawberry)
;Decaploid species and hybrids
*[[Fragaria × Potentilla hybrids]]
*''[[Fragaria × vescana]]''
Numerous other species have been proposed. Some are now recognized as subspecies of one of the above species (see GRIN taxonomy database).
The [[Mock Strawberry]] and [[Barren Strawberry]], which both bear resemblance to ''Fragaria'', are closely related species in the genus ''[[Potentilla]]''. The [[Strawberry tree]] is an unrelated species.
==Pests==
A number of species of [[Lepidoptera]] feed on strawberry plants; for details see [[list of Lepidoptera which feed on Strawberry plants|this list]].
===Diseases===
{{Main|List of strawberry diseases}}
==Etymology==
The name is derived from [[Old English language|Old English]] ''[[wiktionary:streawberige|strēawberiġe]]'' which is a compound of ''streaw'' meaning "straw" and ''berige'' meaning "berry". The reason for this is unclear. It may derive from the strawlike appearance of the runners, or from an obsolete denotation of straw, meaning "chaff", referring to the scattered appearance of the achenes.
Interestingly, in other Germanic countries there is a tradition of collecting wild strawberries by threading them on straws. In those countries people find ''straw-berry'' to be an easy word to learn considering their association with straws.
There is an alternative theory that the name derives from the Anglo-Saxon verb for "strew" (meaning to spread around) which was streabergen (Strea means "strew" and Bergen means "berry" or "fruit") and thence to streberie, straiberie, strauberie, straubery, strauberry, and finally, "strawberry", the word which we use today. The name might have come from the fact that the fruit and various runners appear "strewn" along the ground.
[[Popular etymology]] has it that it comes from gardeners' practice of [[mulch|mulching]] strawberries with [[straw]] to protect the fruits from rot (a pseudoetymology that can be found in non-linguistic sources such as the [[Old Farmer's Almanac]] 2005). However, there is no evidence that the Anglo-Saxons ever grew strawberries, and even less that they knew of this practice.<!--see talk page for some discussion on this claim-->
==Gallery==
<center><gallery>
Image:Strawberry surface closeup.jpg|Closeup of the surface of a strawberry
Image:Strawberry flower.jpg|Strawberry flowers and developing fruit
Image:Strawberries picked.jpg|Harvested strawberries
Image:Whole_wild_strawberry_plant_UK_2006.JPG|A wild strawberry plant, showing characteristic shape
Image:Strawberrypollination2102.JPG|Strawberry farms generally add hives of [[Western honey bee|honeybees]] to [[pollination management|improve pollination]]
Image:Giant_strawberry.JPG|A large strawberry.
Image:ChocolateCoveredStrawberries.jpg|Assorted chocolate strawberries
Image:Strawberry farm in DaHu Taiwan.JPG|Strawberry farm in DaHu, [[Taiwan]]
</gallery>
</center>
==Trivia==
*The Norwegian municipalities of [[Norddal]] and [[Kvæfjord]] have strawberries in their coat-of-arms.
*The strawberry is the state fruit of [[Louisiana]].
*Strawberry Music is a retailer of music in the United States
*Strawberry is a clothing store in The Mall at the World Trade Center that survived the collapse, the store was next to New Balance and Tie Rack, and across Casual Corner
*Strawberry was one of the fruits offered for bonus points in the game [[PacMan]].
==See also==
{{commons|Strawberry}}
*[[Garden Strawberry]]
*[[Epigynous berry]]
<br clear="both" />
==References and external links==
<!-- ----------------------------------------------------------
See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Footnotes for a
discussion of different citation methods and how to generate
footnotes using the <ref>, </ref> and <reference /> tags
----------------------------------------------------------- -->
<div class="references-small">
*Darrow, George M. The Strawberry: History, Breeding and Physiology. New York. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1966. [http://www.nalusda.gov/pgdic/Strawberry/darpubs.htm Available online].
*[http://www.ars-grin.gov/cor/fragaria/frainfo.html List of Fragaria resources, USDA]
*[http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/tax_search.pl?Fragaria GRIN Fragaria Taxonomy Database] Listing of ''Fragaria'' species, also from a USDA website
*[http://www.armeniapedia.org/index.php?ti
tle=Fragraria_vesca Medicinal uses of strawberries in Armenia]
*[http://www.chilebosque.cl/herb/fchilo.html ''Fragaria chiloensis'' pictures from ''Chilebosque'']
*[[b:A Wikimanual of Gardening Volume 4/Strawberry|A wikimanual of Gardening: Strawberry]]
*[http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/selectnewpest.strawberry.html Strawberry pest management guidelines]
*[http://physics.bu.edu/~larcy/Fragaria/index.html Crossing of cv. 'Mieze Schindler' with cv. 'Elsanta']
<references />
</div>
{{citations missing|date=February 2007}}
[[Category:Fragaria| ]]
[[Category:Accessory fruit]]
| color = lightgreen
| name = Strawberry
| image = StrawberryWatercolor.jpg
| image_width = 240px
| image_caption =
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
| classis = [[Magnoliopsida]]
| ordo = [[Rosales]]
| familia = [[Rosaceae]]
| subfamilia = [[Rosoideae]]
| genus = '''''Fragaria'''''
| genus_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]
| subdivision_ranks = [[Species]]
| subdivision =
''20+ species; see text''
}}
The '''strawberry''' (''Fragaria'') is a genus of [[plant]]s in the family ''[[Rosaceae]]'', and the [[fruit]] of these plants. There are more than 20 named [[species]] and many hybrids and [[cultivar]]s. The most common strawberries grown commercially are cultivars of the [[Garden strawberry]], ''Fragaria'' × ''ananassa''. Strawberries are a valuable source of [[vitamin C]]. See [[Garden Strawberry]] for information about the fruit as a food.
==Morphology==
The strawberry is an [[accessory fruit]]; that is, the fleshy part is derived not from the ovaries which are the "seeds" (actually [[achene]]s) but from the peg at the bottom of the [[hypanthium]] that held the ovaries. So from a technical standpoint, the seeds are the actual fruits of the plant, and the flesh of the strawberry is modified receptacle tissue. It is Whitish-Green as it develops and in most species turns red when ripe.
==History==
The typical modern strawberry, of species fragaria, comes from the [[Americas]], and is a hybrid of both north and south american varieties. Ironically, the crossbreeding was done in Europe to correct a mistake; the European [[horticulturist]]s had only brought female South American plants, and were forced to cross them with the North American variety in order to get fruit and seeds.
Fragaria comes from "fragans", meaning odorous, an allusion to the perfumed flesh of the fruit. Madam [[Thérésa Tallien|Tallien]], a great figure of the [[French Revolution]], who was nicknamed Our Lady of [[Thermidorian Reaction|Thermidor]], used to take baths full of strawberries to keep the full radiance of her skin.
[[Bernard le Bovier de Fontenelle|Fontenelle]], centenarian writer and gourmet of the 18th century, considered his long life was due to the strawberries he used to eat.
==Classification==
There are more than 20 different ''Fragaria'' species worldwide. Key to the classification of strawberry species is recognizing that they vary in the number of [[chromosomes]]. There are seven basic ''types'' of chromosomes that they all have in common. However, they exhibit different [[polyploidy]]. Some species are diploid, having two sets of the seven chromosomes (14 chromosomes total). Others are tetraploid (four sets, 28 chromosomes total), hexaploid (six sets, 42 chromosomes total), octoploid (eight sets, 56 chromosomes total), or decaploid (ten sets, 70 chromosomes total).
As a rough rule (with exceptions), strawberry species with more chromosomes tend to be more robust and produce larger plants with larger berries (Darrow).
;Diploid species
[[Image:Fragaria_vesca_2.jpg|thumb|right|[[Woodland Strawberry]], ''Fragaria vesca'']]
*''[[Fragaria daltoniana]]''
*''[[Fragaria iinumae]]''
*''[[Fragaria nilgerrensis]]''
*''[[Fragaria nipponica]]''
*''[[Fragaria nubicola]]''
*[[Woodland Strawberry|''Fragaria vesca'']] (Woodland Strawberry)
*''[[Fragaria viridis]]''
*''[[Fragaria yezoensis]]''
;Tetraploid species
*''[[Fragaria moupinensis]]''
*''[[Fragaria orientalis]]''
;Hexaploid species
*[[Musk Strawberry|''Fragaria moschata'']] (Musk Strawberry)
;Octoploid species and hybrids
*[[Garden Strawberry|''Fragaria x ananassa'']] (Garden Strawberry)
*[[Beach Strawberry|''Fragaria chiloensis'']] (Beach Strawberry)
*[[Iturup Strawberry|''Fragaria iturupensis'']] (Iturup Strawberry)
*[[Virginia Strawberry|''Fragaria virginiana'']] (Virginia Strawberry)
;Decaploid species and hybrids
*[[Fragaria × Potentilla hybrids]]
*''[[Fragaria × vescana]]''
Numerous other species have been proposed. Some are now recognized as subspecies of one of the above species (see GRIN taxonomy database).
The [[Mock Strawberry]] and [[Barren Strawberry]], which both bear resemblance to ''Fragaria'', are closely related species in the genus ''[[Potentilla]]''. The [[Strawberry tree]] is an unrelated species.
==Pests==
A number of species of [[Lepidoptera]] feed on strawberry plants; for details see [[list of Lepidoptera which feed on Strawberry plants|this list]].
===Diseases===
{{Main|List of strawberry diseases}}
==Etymology==
The name is derived from [[Old English language|Old English]] ''[[wiktionary:streawberige|strēawberiġe]]'' which is a compound of ''streaw'' meaning "straw" and ''berige'' meaning "berry". The reason for this is unclear. It may derive from the strawlike appearance of the runners, or from an obsolete denotation of straw, meaning "chaff", referring to the scattered appearance of the achenes.
Interestingly, in other Germanic countries there is a tradition of collecting wild strawberries by threading them on straws. In those countries people find ''straw-berry'' to be an easy word to learn considering their association with straws.
There is an alternative theory that the name derives from the Anglo-Saxon verb for "strew" (meaning to spread around) which was streabergen (Strea means "strew" and Bergen means "berry" or "fruit") and thence to streberie, straiberie, strauberie, straubery, strauberry, and finally, "strawberry", the word which we use today. The name might have come from the fact that the fruit and various runners appear "strewn" along the ground.
[[Popular etymology]] has it that it comes from gardeners' practice of [[mulch|mulching]] strawberries with [[straw]] to protect the fruits from rot (a pseudoetymology that can be found in non-linguistic sources such as the [[Old Farmer's Almanac]] 2005). However, there is no evidence that the Anglo-Saxons ever grew strawberries, and even less that they knew of this practice.<!--see talk page for some discussion on this claim-->
==Gallery==
<center><gallery>
Image:Strawberry surface closeup.jpg|Closeup of the surface of a strawberry
Image:Strawberry flower.jpg|Strawberry flowers and developing fruit
Image:Strawberries picked.jpg|Harvested strawberries
Image:Whole_wild_strawberry_plant_UK_2006.JPG|A wild strawberry plant, showing characteristic shape
Image:Strawberrypollination2102.JPG|Strawberry farms generally add hives of [[Western honey bee|honeybees]] to [[pollination management|improve pollination]]
Image:Giant_strawberry.JPG|A large strawberry.
Image:ChocolateCoveredStrawberries.jpg|Assorted chocolate strawberries
Image:Strawberry farm in DaHu Taiwan.JPG|Strawberry farm in DaHu, [[Taiwan]]
</gallery>
</center>
==Trivia==
*The Norwegian municipalities of [[Norddal]] and [[Kvæfjord]] have strawberries in their coat-of-arms.
*The strawberry is the state fruit of [[Louisiana]].
*Strawberry Music is a retailer of music in the United States
*Strawberry is a clothing store in The Mall at the World Trade Center that survived the collapse, the store was next to New Balance and Tie Rack, and across Casual Corner
*Strawberry was one of the fruits offered for bonus points in the game [[PacMan]].
==See also==
{{commons|Strawberry}}
*[[Garden Strawberry]]
*[[Epigynous berry]]
<br clear="both" />
==References and external links==
<!-- ----------------------------------------------------------
See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Footnotes for a
discussion of different citation methods and how to generate
footnotes using the <ref>, </ref> and <reference /> tags
----------------------------------------------------------- -->
<div class="references-small">
*Darrow, George M. The Strawberry: History, Breeding and Physiology. New York. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1966. [http://www.nalusda.gov/pgdic/Strawberry/darpubs.htm Available online].
*[http://www.ars-grin.gov/cor/fragaria/frainfo.html List of Fragaria resources, USDA]
*[http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/tax_search.pl?Fragaria GRIN Fragaria Taxonomy Database] Listing of ''Fragaria'' species, also from a USDA website
*[http://www.armeniapedia.org/index.php?ti
tle=Fragraria_vesca Medicinal uses of strawberries in Armenia]
*[http://www.chilebosque.cl/herb/fchilo.html ''Fragaria chiloensis'' pictures from ''Chilebosque'']
*[[b:A Wikimanual of Gardening Volume 4/Strawberry|A wikimanual of Gardening: Strawberry]]
*[http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/selectnewpest.strawberry.html Strawberry pest management guidelines]
*[http://physics.bu.edu/~larcy/Fragaria/index.html Crossing of cv. 'Mieze Schindler' with cv. 'Elsanta']
<references />
</div>
{{citations missing|date=February 2007}}
[[Category:Fragaria| ]]
[[Category:Accessory fruit]]