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Stanhopea (view source)

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__NOTOC__{{Plantbox
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| name = ''Stanhopea''
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| common_names =    <!--- if multiple, list all, if none, leave blank -->
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| growth_habit = ?  <!--- tree, shrub, herbaceous, vine, etc -->
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| high = ?  <!--- 1m (3 ft) -->
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| wide =    <!--- 65cm (25 inches) -->
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| origin = ?  <!--- Mexico, S America, S Europe, garden, etc -->
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| poisonous =    <!--- indicate parts of plants which are known/thought to be poisonous -->
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| lifespan = perennial
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| exposure = ?  <!--- full sun, part-sun, semi-shade, shade, indoors, bright filtered (you may list more than 1) -->
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| water = ?  <!--- frequent, regular, moderate, drought tolerant, let dry then soak -->
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| features =    <!--- flowers, fragrance, fruit, naturalizes, invasive -->
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| hardiness =    <!--- frost sensitive, hardy, 5°C (40°F), etc -->
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| bloom =    <!--- seasons which the plant blooms, if it is grown for its flowers -->
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| usda_zones = ?  <!--- eg. 8-11 -->
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| sunset_zones =    <!--- eg. 8, 9, 12-24, not available -->
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| color = IndianRed
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| image = Stanhopea insignis Orchi 001.jpg
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| image_width = 180px    <!--- leave as 240px if horizontal orientation photo, or change to 180px if vertical -->
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| image_caption = ''Stanhopea insignis''
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| regnum = Plantae
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| divisio = Magnoliophyta
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| classis = Liliopsida
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| ordo = Asparagales
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| familia = Orchidaceae
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| subfamilia = Epidendroideae
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| tribus = Maxillarieae
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| subtribus = Stanhopeinae
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| genus = Stanhopea
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}}
 
{{Inc|
 
{{Inc|
 
Stanhopea (named for the Earl of Stanhope, president of the Medico-Botanical Society, London). Orchidaceae. Epiphytic orchids easily grown and very interesting, but the fugacious character of their flowers has been unfavorable to their extensive cultivation.
 
Stanhopea (named for the Earl of Stanhope, president of the Medico-Botanical Society, London). Orchidaceae. Epiphytic orchids easily grown and very interesting, but the fugacious character of their flowers has been unfavorable to their extensive cultivation.
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Pseudobulbs clustered on the short rhizome, sheathed with scales and each bearing a single large plaited lf. contracted to a petiole at the base: fls. produced on thick scapes, which bore their way through the material in which they are planted and emerge from the bottom of the basket, large, fragrant, and curiously formed; sepals and petals usually reflexed, subequal or the petals narrower; labellum remarkably transformed, basal part or hypochil boat-shaped or saccate, often with two horns on the upper margin, passing gradually into the mesochil, which consists of a fleshy central part and two lateral horns; the terminal lobe or epichil firmly or movably joined to the mesochil, usually fleshy and keeled but not saccate, base of the labellum continuous with the long-winged column. — About 50 species inhabiting Trop. Amer. from Mex. to Brazil. The fls. expand with a perceptible sound early in the morning.
 
Pseudobulbs clustered on the short rhizome, sheathed with scales and each bearing a single large plaited lf. contracted to a petiole at the base: fls. produced on thick scapes, which bore their way through the material in which they are planted and emerge from the bottom of the basket, large, fragrant, and curiously formed; sepals and petals usually reflexed, subequal or the petals narrower; labellum remarkably transformed, basal part or hypochil boat-shaped or saccate, often with two horns on the upper margin, passing gradually into the mesochil, which consists of a fleshy central part and two lateral horns; the terminal lobe or epichil firmly or movably joined to the mesochil, usually fleshy and keeled but not saccate, base of the labellum continuous with the long-winged column. — About 50 species inhabiting Trop. Amer. from Mex. to Brazil. The fls. expand with a perceptible sound early in the morning.
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Stanhopeas enjoy a shady, moist location. A temperature of 60 to 65° F. at night and 70 to 75° during the day should be maintained in winter, with a gradual advance of 10° toward midsummer. They should be grown suspended from the roof in orchid cabins or terra cotta baskets with large openings at the bottom, and if drainage is used it should be placed in such a manner that it will not interfere with the exit of the pendulous flower-scapes. Equal parts chopped sphagnum and peat fiber forms a good compost. By severing the rhizome here and there between the old pseudobulbs, new growths will be sent up and thus the stock may be increased.  
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Stanhopeas enjoy a shady, moist location. A temperature of 60 to 65° F. at night and 70 to 75° during the day should be maintained in winter, with a gradual advance of 10° toward midsummer. They should be grown suspended from the roof in orchid cabins or terra cotta baskets with large openings at the bottom, and if drainage is used it should be placed in such a manner that it will not interfere with the exit of the pendulous flower-scapes. Equal parts chopped sphagnum and peat fiber forms a good compost. By severing the rhizome here and there between the old pseudobulbs, new growths will be sent up and thus the stock may be increased.
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{{SCH}}
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S. Amesiana, Hort.-S. Lowii. —S. bellaerensis –S. insignis x S. oculata. R.H. 1896:232. — S. convoluta, Rolfe. Sepals and petals ivory-white, the latter with buff tips, the sepals elliptic-oblong, spreading, 2 1/2 - 3 in. long, 1 1/4 – 1 3/4 in. wide, the petals connivent, inclosing column, about 2 in. long, 1 1/4 in. wide; lip buff-yellow, with the interior of hypochil orange, over 1 1/2 in. long, 3-lobed; hypochil subglobose; epichil oblong, truncate. Colombia. B.M. 8507. — S. costaricensis, Reichb. f. Fls. 4 1/2 - 5 in. across, pale yellow, densely purple-dotted; lip with 2 prominent keels on each side; column with small triangular wing at apex. Costa Rica.— S. elegantula, Rolfe. Fls. primose-yellow, with base of petals and hypochil of lip orange, sparsely dotted with brown. Hab. (?). — S. florida, Reichb. f. Infl. dense, about 7-fld.: fls. white, the inside of sepals and petals spotted with purple; lip with numerous small purple dots, the hypochil with a large blotch on each side. S. Amer. G.C. II. 16:561, 565; III. 19:265.—S. graveolens, Lindl. Fls. ample; sepals greenish white flushed yellowish; petals pale yellow, oblong-ligulate, undulate, shortly acuminate; lip with the hypochil apricot; mesochil white; epichil entire, oval, pointed, white, purple-dotted. Guatemala. G.W. 3, p. 472. C.O. 4. — S. Haseloviana, Reichb. f. Fls. 6 in. across; sepals and petals dull gray on back, dull yellowish on surface, covered with annular pale rose spots; lip spotted with dark purple; hypochil quadrate; epichil 3-parted. Peru. B.M. 7452. — S. inodora, Lodd. Lateral sepals ovate-oblong; hypochil subcompressed, short, saccate; epichil orbicular-ovate, entire; fls. pale flushed with yellow. Mex. B.R. 31:65. G.M. 57:54. G.W. 7, p. 27. — S. Langlasseana, Cogn. Lip erect, rigid, closely pressed against the erect column; petals ascending, pressed against the column: sepals extended horizontally . Trop. Amer. — S. Lowii, Rolfe. Sepals and petals creamy buff, the latter brown-dotted; lip ivory-white, the hypochil branded with dull maroon. Colombia. G.M. 36:352. G.C III. 14:689. J.H. III. 45:193.— S. Madouxiana, Cogn. Fls. fragrant, 5-7 in. across; sepals and petals cream-white, with large spots of carmine-rose, the sepals triangular-oval, obtuse, the petals broadly oblong, obtuse, undulate: lip fleshy, in color like sepals and petals, the inside of hypochil tinged with violet-black; epichil oval, pointed. Colombia. G.C. III. 24: 135. C.O. 1. — S. nigripes, Rolfe. Sepals and petals yellow, with numerous small purple blotches, the sepals elliptic-oblong, acute, the petals linear-oblong, acute, undulate; lip yellowish white, purple-spotted at base and on epichil, the hypochil with a dark black-purple eye-like spot on each side, the inside the same color, the epichil ovate-orbicular. Origin unknown. — S. peruviana, Rolfe. Fls. golden yellow; sepals obtuse, the dorsal oblong, the lateral obliquely and broadly ovate; petals linear-oblong, revolute; lip with the hypochil suffused dark purple on sides; epichil orbicular-ovate, purple-spotted. Peru. B.M. 8417. —S. Randii, Rolfe. Fls. ivory-white, faintly shaded yellow on lip; sepals elliptic-oblong, acute; petals lanceolate-oblong, acute, lip with the hypochil papillate inside, the epichil triangular, acute. Brazil. — S. Rodigasiana, Claes. Fls. about 6 in. across; sepals spreading, oblong-ovate, purple-marbled below, maroon-blotched above; petals triangular-lanceolate, attenuate above, pale green; lip very fleshy, the hypochil suffused with maroon-purple below, the remainder blotched; epichil reticulated, triangular, obtuse, spotted with dull purple. Colombia. B.M. 7702. G.M. 41:492. G.C. III. 24:31.—S. Ruckeri, Lindl. Resembles S. Wardii in color, but paler; hypochil obovate; epichil stained pink. Mex. A.F. 6:631. — S. stenochila, F. C. Lehm. A Kranzl, Sepals pure white; petals apricot-colored, with purplish blotches; lip ivory-white at base, middle and interior parts yellow. Colombia. — S. Wolteriana, Kranzl. -S. Martiana x S. tigrina. Fls. dull straw-color or pale orange; sepals obscurely marked with wine-red, the spots on the petals larger. G.C. III. 38: 102.
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}}
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{{Taxobox
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| color = lightgreen
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| name = ''Stanhopea''
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| image = Stanhopea insignis Orchi 001.jpg
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| image_width = 250px
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| image_caption = ''Stanhopea insignis''
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| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
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| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
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| classis = [[Liliopsida]]
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| ordo = [[Asparagales]]
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| familia = [[Orchidaceae]]
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| subfamilia = [[Epidendroideae]]
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| tribus = [[Maxillarieae]]
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| subtribus = [[Stanhopeinae]]
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| genus = '''''Stanhopea'''''
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| genus_authority = [[John Frost (Botanist)|J. Frost]] ex [[William Jackson Hooker|Hook.]] 1829
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| subdivision_ranks = [[Species]]
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| subdivision =
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See text.
   
}}
 
}}
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'''''Stanhopea''''' ([[John Frost (Botanist)|J. Frost]] ex [[William Jackson Hooker|Hook.]] 1829) is a genus of the orchid family ([[Orchidaceae]]) from Central and South America. The abbreviation used in horticultural trade is ''Stan.'' The genus is named for the 4th [[Earl Stanhope|Earl of Stanhope]] (Philip Henry Stanhope) (1781-1855), president of the Medico-Botanical Society of London (1829-1837). These [[epiphyte|epiphytic]], but occasionally [[terrestrial plant |terrestrial]]  orchids can be found in damp forests from [[Mexico]] to NW [[Argentine]]. Their ovate [[pseudobulb]]s carry from the top one long, plicate, elliptic [[leaf]].
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==Cultivation==
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{{edit-cult}}<!--- Type cultivation info below this line, then delete this entire line -->
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It is noted for its complex and usually fragrant [[flower]]s that are generally spectacular and short-lived. Their pendant [[inflorescence]]s are noted for flowering out of the bottom of the containers in which they grow, lending themselves to culture in baskets that have enough open space for the infloresence push through. They are sometimes called aptly upside-down orchids.
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===Propagation===
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{{edit-prop}}<!--- Type propagation info below this line, then delete this entire line -->
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'''Primitive Stanhopeas''' Most ''Stanhopea'' flowers flash prominent, elegant horns on the epichile. The exception are the species; ''[[S. annulata]]'', ''[[S. avicula]]'', ''[[S. cirrhata]]'', ''[[S. ecornuta]]'' and ''[[S. pulla]]''. A second group have short or truncated horns, they include the species; ''[[S. candida]]'', ''[[S. grandiflora]]'', ''[[S. reichenbachiana]]'', ''[[S. tricornis]]'' and the natural hybrid ''[[S. x herrenhusana]]''. The structure of the labellum of this group is in general, not as complex as other members of the genus.
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===Pests and diseases===
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{{edit-pests}}<!--- Type pest/disease info below this line, then delete this entire line -->
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With most Stanhopea flowers lasting three days or less, the blooms must attract pollinators very quickly. These chemical attractants are generated in the hypochile, attracting the male euglossine bees to the flower. When the bee touches down on the flower, a great effort is made to collect chemical scent - he eventually slides on the waxy surface of the hypochile, gliding down on the slippery lip to exit the flower. The long [[column (botany)|column]] is touched in the process, resulting in the bee taking up [[pollinium|pollinia]] at the very tip of the column. When a the bee slides down another flower, the pollinia are deposited on the sticky surface of the [[carpel|stigma]].
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The majority of species are robust plants that grow readily in cultivation. For relatives of Stanhopea see [[Stanhopeinae]] and the closely sister subtribe ''[[Coeliopsidinae]]''..
      
==Species==
 
==Species==
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*''[[Stanhopea xytriophora|S. xytriophora]]'' (Peru to Bolivia).
 
*''[[Stanhopea xytriophora|S. xytriophora]]'' (Peru to Bolivia).
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==Natural hybrids==
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{{Inc|
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S. Amesiana, Hort.-S. Lowii. —S. bellaerensis –S. insignis x S. oculata. R.H. 1896:232. — S. convoluta, Rolfe. Sepals and petals ivory-white, the latter with buff tips, the sepals elliptic-oblong, spreading, 2 1/2 - 3 in. long, 1 1/4 – 1 3/4 in. wide, the petals connivent, inclosing column, about 2 in. long, 1 1/4 in. wide; lip buff-yellow, with the interior of hypochil orange, over 1 1/2 in. long, 3-lobed; hypochil subglobose; epichil oblong, truncate. Colombia. B.M. 8507. — S. costaricensis, Reichb. f. Fls. 4 1/2 - 5 in. across, pale yellow, densely purple-dotted; lip with 2 prominent keels on each side; column with small triangular wing at apex. Costa Rica.— S. elegantula, Rolfe. Fls. primose-yellow, with base of petals and hypochil of lip orange, sparsely dotted with brown. Hab. (?). — S. florida, Reichb. f. Infl. dense, about 7-fld.: fls. white, the inside of sepals and petals spotted with purple; lip with numerous small purple dots, the hypochil with a large blotch on each side. S. Amer. G.C. II. 16:561, 565; III. 19:265.—S. graveolens, Lindl. Fls. ample; sepals greenish white flushed yellowish; petals pale yellow, oblong-ligulate, undulate, shortly acuminate; lip with the hypochil apricot; mesochil white; epichil entire, oval, pointed, white, purple-dotted. Guatemala. G.W. 3, p. 472. C.O. 4. — S. Haseloviana, Reichb. f. Fls. 6 in. across; sepals and petals dull gray on back, dull yellowish on surface, covered with annular pale rose spots; lip spotted with dark purple; hypochil quadrate; epichil 3-parted. Peru. B.M. 7452. — S. inodora, Lodd. Lateral sepals ovate-oblong; hypochil subcompressed, short, saccate; epichil orbicular-ovate, entire; fls. pale flushed with yellow. Mex. B.R. 31:65. G.M. 57:54. G.W. 7, p. 27. — S. Langlasseana, Cogn. Lip erect, rigid, closely pressed against the erect column; petals ascending, pressed against the column: sepals extended horizontally . Trop. Amer. — S. Lowii, Rolfe. Sepals and petals creamy buff, the latter brown-dotted; lip ivory-white, the hypochil branded with dull maroon. Colombia. G.M. 36:352. G.C III. 14:689. J.H. III. 45:193.— S. Madouxiana, Cogn. Fls. fragrant, 5-7 in. across; sepals and petals cream-white, with large spots of carmine-rose, the sepals triangular-oval, obtuse, the petals broadly oblong, obtuse, undulate: lip fleshy, in color like sepals and petals, the inside of hypochil tinged with violet-black; epichil oval, pointed. Colombia. G.C. III. 24: 135. C.O. 1. — S. nigripes, Rolfe. Sepals and petals yellow, with numerous small purple blotches, the sepals elliptic-oblong, acute, the petals linear-oblong, acute, undulate; lip yellowish white, purple-spotted at base and on epichil, the hypochil with a dark black-purple eye-like spot on each side, the inside the same color, the epichil ovate-orbicular. Origin unknown. — S. peruviana, Rolfe. Fls. golden yellow; sepals obtuse, the dorsal oblong, the lateral obliquely and broadly ovate; petals linear-oblong, revolute; lip with the hypochil suffused dark purple on sides; epichil orbicular-ovate, purple-spotted. Peru. B.M. 8417. —S. Randii, Rolfe. Fls. ivory-white, faintly shaded yellow on lip; sepals elliptic-oblong, acute; petals lanceolate-oblong, acute, lip with the hypochil papillate inside, the epichil triangular, acute. Brazil. — S. Rodigasiana, Claes. Fls. about 6 in. across; sepals spreading, oblong-ovate, purple-marbled below, maroon-blotched above; petals triangular-lanceolate, attenuate above, pale green; lip very fleshy, the hypochil suffused with maroon-purple below, the remainder blotched; epichil reticulated, triangular, obtuse, spotted with dull purple. Colombia. B.M. 7702. G.M. 41:492. G.C. III. 24:31.—S. Ruckeri, Lindl. Resembles S. Wardii in color, but paler; hypochil obovate; epichil stained pink. Mex. A.F. 6:631. — S. stenochila, F. C. Lehm. A Kranzl, Sepals pure white; petals apricot-colored, with purplish blotches; lip ivory-white at base, middle and interior parts yellow. Colombia. — S. Wolteriana, Kranzl. -S. Martiana x S. tigrina. Fls. dull straw-color or pale orange; sepals obscurely marked with wine-red, the spots on the petals larger.
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{{SCH}}
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}}
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===Natural hybrids===
 
*''Stanhopea × fowlieana'' (''Stanhopea costaricensis'' × ''Stanhopea ecornuta'') (Costa Rica)
 
*''Stanhopea × fowlieana'' (''Stanhopea costaricensis'' × ''Stanhopea ecornuta'') (Costa Rica)
 
*''Stanhopea × herrenhusana'' (''Stanhopea reichenbachiana'' × ''Stanhopea tricornis'') (Colombia)
 
*''Stanhopea × herrenhusana'' (''Stanhopea reichenbachiana'' × ''Stanhopea tricornis'') (Colombia)
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*''Stanhopea × thienii'' (''Stanhopea annulata'' × ''Stanhopea impressa'') (Ecuador)
 
*''Stanhopea × thienii'' (''Stanhopea annulata'' × ''Stanhopea impressa'') (Ecuador)
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== Intergeneric hybrids ==
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=== Intergeneric hybrids ===
 
* ''Aciopea'' (''Acineta'' × ''Stanhopea''). Aciopea Guillermo Gaviria (Acineta erythroxantha x Stanhopea wardii) was registered Nov-Dec 2004 by Guillermo Gaviria-Correa (Colombia). Aciopea is abbreviated Aip..
 
* ''Aciopea'' (''Acineta'' × ''Stanhopea''). Aciopea Guillermo Gaviria (Acineta erythroxantha x Stanhopea wardii) was registered Nov-Dec 2004 by Guillermo Gaviria-Correa (Colombia). Aciopea is abbreviated Aip..
 
* ''Cirrhopea'' (''Cirrhaea'' × ''Stanhopea'')
 
* ''Cirrhopea'' (''Cirrhaea'' × ''Stanhopea'')
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* ''Stanhocycnis'' (''Polycycnis'' × ''Stanhopea'')
 
* ''Stanhocycnis'' (''Polycycnis'' × ''Stanhopea'')
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== Gallery ==
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==Gallery==
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=== Species ===  
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{{photo-sources}}<!-- remove this line if there are already 3 or more photos in the gallery -->
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<gallery>
 
<gallery>
 
Image:Stanhopea anfracta Orchi 001.jpg|''Stanhopea anfracta''
 
Image:Stanhopea anfracta Orchi 001.jpg|''Stanhopea anfracta''
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</gallery>
 
</gallery>
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=== Natural Hybrids: ===
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Hybrids:
 
<gallery>
 
<gallery>
 
Image:Stanhopea x horichiana Orchi 01.jpg|''Stanhopea × horichiana''
 
Image:Stanhopea x horichiana Orchi 01.jpg|''Stanhopea × horichiana''
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==References==
 
==References==
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*Rudolf Jenny (Dec 1993) "The Genus Stanhopea," in: Orchids 62(12):1270-1277
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*[[Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture]], by L. H. Bailey, MacMillan Co., 1963
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*Rudolf Jenny (Dec. 2003) "The Genus Stanhopea. Part 1: S. anfracta to S. napoensis," in: Caesiana no. 21, Supplement. 200 color photos, 160 p.
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<!--- xxxxx  *Flora: The Gardener's Bible, by Sean Hogan. Global Book Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0881925381  -->
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*Jenny, R. (2004)  "The genus Stanhopea : 2nd part, S. nigripes to S. xytriophora" Caesiana no. 22: 146-291.
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<!--- xxxxx  *American Horticultural Society: A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants, by Christopher Brickell, Judith D. Zuk. 1996. ISBN 0789419432 -->
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*{{cite journal | quotes=no|author=Gerlach, G.|year= 2004|title=Die Subtribus Stanhopeinae. 6. Stanhopea|journal= J. Orchideenfreund|volume= 11|issue=1|pages= 53-76}} (in German)
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<!--- xxxxx  *Sunset National Garden Book. Sunset Books, Inc., 1997. ISBN 0376038608  -->
    
==External links==
 
==External links==
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{{commons|Stanhopea|''Stanhopea''}}
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*{{wplink}}
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{{Wikispecies|Stanhopea}}
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* [http://www.houstonorchidsociety.org/Stanhopea The Stanhopea Pages website].
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* [http://www.houstonorchidsociety.org/Stanhopea The Stanhopea Pages website].
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{{stub}}
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[[Category:Categorize]]
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[[Category:Orchid genera]]
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