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Fraxinus (ancient Latin name). Oleaceae. Ash. Interesting trees grown chiefly for their handsome pinnate leaves and some species also for the conspicuous panicles of white flowers.

Fraxinus (ancient Latin name). Oleaceae. Ash. Interesting trees grown chiefly for their handsome pinnate leaves and some species also for the conspicuous panicles of white flowers.

The ashes grow in almost any moderately moist soil, F. nigra being somewhat more moisture-loving, while F. oxycarpa, F. ornus, F. syriaca and F. cuspidata grow well even in drier situations. They are usually readily transplanted and grow rapidly when young. Propagation is by seeds gathered in fall and sown immediately, or stratified and sown in spring, covered with about 1 inch of good soil; sometimes they remain dormant until the second year. The varieties and rarer kinds are budded in late summer or grafted in spring on the seedlings of any of the common species.

The ashes grow in almost any moderately moist soil, F. nigra being somewhat more moisture-loving, while F. oxycarpa, F. ornus, F. syriaca and F. cuspidata grow well even in drier situations. They are usually readily transplanted and grow rapidly when young. Propagation is by seeds gathered in fall and sown immediately, or stratified and sown in spring, covered with about 1 inch of good soil; sometimes they remain dormant until the second year. The varieties and rarer kinds are budded in late summer or grafted in spring on the seedlings of any of the common species.

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==Cultivation==

 

| color = lightgreen

===Propagation===

| name = Ash

{{edit-prop}}<!--- Type propagation info below this line, then delete this entire line -->

| image = Fraxinus excelsior.jpg

| image_width = 240px

| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]

| classis = [[Magnoliopsida]]

| ordo = [[Lamiales]]

| familia = [[Oleaceae]]

| genus = '''''Fraxinus'''''

| genus_authority = [[Joseph Pitton de Tournefort|Tourn.]] ex [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]

}}

[[Image:NarrowleafAsh.jpg|thumb|Narrow-leafed Ash (''Fraxinus angustifolia'') shoot with leaves]]

[[Image:Koeh-062.jpg|thumb|19th century illustration of Manna Ash (''Fraxinus ornus'')]]

An '''ash''' can be any of four different tree [[genus|genera]] from four very distinct [[family (biology)|families]] (see end of page for disambiguation), but originally and most commonly refers to trees of the genus ''Fraxinus'' in the [[olive]] family [[Oleaceae]]. The ashes are usually medium to large [[tree]]s, mostly [[deciduous]] though a few subtropical species are [[evergreen]]. The [[leaf|leaves]] are opposite (rarely in whorls of three), and mostly pinnately-compound, simple in a few [[species]]. The [[seed]]s, popularly known as ''keys'', are a type of [[fruit]] known as a '''[[samara (fruit)|samara]]'''. The tree's common English name goes back to the Old English æsc.

===Pests and diseases===

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==Selected species==

==Species==

Selected species{{wp}}:

;Ashes of eastern [[North America]]

;Ashes of eastern [[North America]]

* ''[[Fraxinus americana]]'' White Ash

* ''[[Fraxinus americana]]'' White Ash

* ''[[Fraxinus xanthoxyloides]]'' Afghan Ash

* ''[[Fraxinus xanthoxyloides]]'' Afghan Ash

==Threats==

The [[emerald ash borer]] ''Agrilus planipennis'', a wood-boring [[beetle]] accidentally introduced to North America from eastern Asia with ash wood products in about [[1998]], has killed millions of trees in southeast [[Michigan]], adjacent [[Ontario]], and some isolated smaller areas on eastern North America. It threatens some 7 billion ash trees in North America. Ash is also used as a food plant by the [[larva]]e of some [[Lepidoptera]] species - see [[list of Lepidoptera which feed on Ashes]].

F. angustifolia, Vahl. Closely related to F. oxycarpa. Lfts. 7-13, elliptic-lanceolate to lanceolate, serrate, ½ - 1 ½ in. long: fr. obtuse at the base. S. Eu., N. Afr., W. Asia. Var. auttralis, Schncid. (F. australis, Gay). Lfts. below and rachia hairy. — F. argtntea, Loisel., is a variety of F. Ornus, not in cult., but in gardens often other ashes, especially variegated forms, are cult, under this name. — F . australis, Gay=F. angustifolia var. australis. — F. Berlandieriana, DC. Allied to F. lanceolata. Tree, to 70 ft. : lfts. 3-6, ovate or obovate, serrate, downy along the veins beneath, to 4 in. long. Texas to Mex.S.S. 6:273.— F. bracteata, Hemsl.=F. Griffithii. — F . coriacea, Wats. Allied to F. velutina. Tree, to 30 ft. : lfts. 5, sub-coriaceous, ovate to oblong, acute, broadly cuneate or rounded at the base, glabrous or pubescent below. S.Calif, to Utah, Ariz., Nev. S.S. 14:713. F. dimorpha, Coss. A Dur.=F. xanthoxyloides var. dimorpha. — F . dipetala, Hook. A Arn. Allied to F. cuspidata. Shrub: lfts. 5-7. elliptic or ovate, serrate or entire, ½  - 2 in. long: fls. with 2 obovate petals. Calif., Men. S.S. 6:261. Tender. — F. floribunda, Wall. Allied to F. longicuspis. Tree, to 40 ft.: Ifts. 5-7, ovate- lanceolate, serrate, reticulate beneath, 2-4 in. long: panicles large, to 10 in. long; petals oblong. Himalayas. Tender. — F. floridana, Sarg.=F. pauciflora. — F. Greggii, Gray. Allied to F. cuspidata. Small tree: lfts. 3-7, oblong-obovate, crenately serrate, or entire, ½ -1 in. long: fr. linear-oblong, emarginate. 8.8.6:262. G.F. 2:451.— F. Griffithii, Clarke (F. bracteata, Hemsl.). Allied to F. mariesii. Tree, to 40 ft.: lfts. 5-7, subcoriaceous, elliptic to ovate- lanceolate, lustrous above, bright green below and pubescent on the veins, 2—1 in. long: infl. 6-8 in. high, with persistent lanceolate bracts; petals 4: fr. spatulate. Cent. China, Himalayas, Java. — F. hololricha. Koehne. Allied to F. potamophila. Tree: lfts. 9-13, ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, pubescent on both sides, 1 ½ -3 in, long: fls. in 10-fld. racemes; ovary pubescent. Origin unknown. — F. hybrida, Lingelsh. =F. pauciflora. — F. pauciflora, Nutt. (F. floridana, Sarg. F. hybrida, Lingelsh.). Allied to F. caroliniana. Tree, to 40 ft.: lfts. 3-5, oblong, acuminate, cuneate at the base, tomentose below: fr. oblong-lanceolate, rounded or emarginate at the apex. Ga. to Fla. S.S. 14:717.— F. paxidna, Lingelsh. Allied to F. longicuspis. Tree, to 40 ft.: lfts. 7-0. sessile, ovate, crenulate, 4-7 in. long: panicle large and dense: fr. 1-1 ¼ in. long, 1/5 in. broad. Cent. China, Himalayas. — F. platypoda, Oliver. Allied to F. americana. Tree: petioles enlarged and winged at the base; lfts. 5-7, ovate-lanceolate, finely serrate, hairy along the midrib below, 2-4 in.: fr. narrow-oblong, acute. Cent. China. H.I. 20:1929. — F. pro/Undo, Bush. Allied to F. pennsylvanica. Lfts. 7-9, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, entire, 3-6 in. long, tomentose beneath: fr. 2-2 ½ in., with decurrent wing. Ind., Ark., to Fla. S.S. 14:714-5. — F. pubinersis. Blume. Allied to F. longicuspis. Lfts, usually 9, ovate to oblong-ovate, serrate with incurved teeth, pubescent on the veins below, 3-5 in. long: fr. oblanceolate. Japan.—F. raibocarpa, Regel. Shrub; lfts. 3-7, oblong or oblong-obovate, usually entire, obtuse, 1-2 in. long: fr. strongly falcate with obovate not decurrent wing. Turkestan, Bukhar.—F. retusa, Champ. Allied to F. mariesii. Tree: lfts. about 5, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, glabrous, reticulate, 2-3 in. long. Hongkong. Var. Henryana, Oliver. Shrub or tree, to 35 ft.: lfta. slender-stalked, oblong to lanceolate, serrulate, 3-5 in. long: panicle dense, 4-6 in. long: ¼ - 1 in. long, emarginate. Cent. China. H.I. 20:1930. Only the variety is in cult.—F. sogdiana, Bunge. Allied to F. potamophila. Lfts. 7-11, ovate-lanceolate, bright green: fr. 1 ¼  in. long, obtuse or emarginate. Turkestan.—F. texensis. Sarg. Allied to F. americana. Tree, to 40 ft.: lfts. 5, broadly oval or ovate, rounded or acute at the apex. 1 ½ - 2 ½ in. long. Texas. S.S. 6:270.—F. theophrastii, Nouv. Duh., is a variety of F. ornus, but in gardens other forms are sometimes cult, under this name.—F. xanthoxyloides, Wrall. Shrub or small tree, to 25 ft.:

glabrous, ½ - 1 ½ in. long: fls. from axillary leafless buds, usually perfect, with calyx: fr. oblong. Himalayas. Var. dimorpha, Lingelsh. (F. dimorpha, Coss. A Dur.). Lfts. sessile, roundish oval to oblong, pubescent on the midrib below. N. Afr. Var. dumosa, Lingelsh. (F. dimorpha var. dumosa, Carr.). A low shrubby form of the preceding variety, with small lfts.—This species belongs to the section Sciadanthus, having perfect apetalous fls. with calyx.

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The [[wood]] is hard (a [[hardwood]]), tough and very strong but elastic, extensively used for making [[bow (weapon) |bows]], [[tool]] handles, quality wooden [[baseball bat]]s, [[hurley (stick)|hurley sticks]] and other uses demanding high strength and resilience. It is also used as material for the bodies of guitars, known for its bright, cutting tone and sustaining quality. It also makes excellent [[wood fuel#Firewood|firewood]]. The two most economically important species for wood production are White Ash in eastern North America, and European Ash in Europe. The Green Ash is widely planted as a street tree in the United States. The inner bark of the Blue Ash has been used as a source for a blue [[dye]].

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The cortex (bark) of ''Fraxinus rhynchophylla'' HANCE (Chinese: Ku li bai la shu), ''Fraxinus chinensis'' ROXB. (Chinese: Bai la shu), ''Fraxinus szaboana'' English (Chinese: Jian ye bai la shu) and ''Fraxinus stylosa'' English (Chinese: su zhu bai la shu)are used in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) for diarrhea, dysenteric disorder, and vaginal discharge. It is also good for the eyes where there is symptoms of redness, swelling, and pain. The dosage is 6-12 grams.

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==Cultural aspects==

==References==

In [[Norse mythology]], the World Tree [[Yggdrasil]] is commonly held to be an ash tree, and the first man, [[Ask and Embla|Ask]], was formed from an ash tree (the first woman was made from [[elm]]).  Elsewhere in Europe, [[snake]]s were said to be repelled by ash leaves or a circle drawn by an ash branch.  Irish folklore claims that shadows from an ash tree damage crops. In [[Cheshire]], it is said that ash could be used to cure warts or rickets. See also [[Æ|the letter ash]].

*[[Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture]], by L. H. Bailey, MacMillan Co., 1963

<!--- xxxxx  *Flora: The Gardener's Bible, by Sean Hogan. Global Book Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0881925381 -->

<!--- xxxxx  *American Horticultural Society: A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants, by Christopher Brickell, Judith D. Zuk. 1996. ISBN 0789419432  -->

<!--- xxxxx *Sunset National Garden Book. Sunset Books, Inc., 1997. ISBN 0376038608  -->

In [[North America]], the name "Mountain ash" is applied to species of the genus ''[[Sorbus]]'', more commonly known in the UK as [[Rowan]]s and [[Whitebeam]]s, and the name "[[Prickly ash]]" is applied to ''[[Zanthoxylum]] americanum''. In [[Australia]], many common [[eucalyptus]] species are called ''ash'' because they too produce hard, fine-grained timber. The best known of these is the [[Eucalyptus regnans|Mountain Ash]], the tallest [[angiosperm|broadleaf]] tree in the world..

[[Category:Categorize]]

[[Category:Oleaceae]]

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