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{{Taxobox
| color = lightgreen
| name = ''Stanhopea''
| image = Stanhopea insignis Orchi 001.jpg
| image_width = 250px
| image_caption = ''Stanhopea insignis''
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
| classis = [[Liliopsida]]
| ordo = [[Asparagales]]
| familia = [[Orchidaceae]]
| subfamilia = [[Epidendroideae]]
| tribus = [[Maxillarieae]]
| subtribus = [[Stanhopeinae]]
| genus = '''''Stanhopea'''''
| genus_authority = [[John Frost (Botanist)|J. Frost]] ex [[William Jackson Hooker|Hook.]] 1829
| subdivision_ranks = [[Species]]
| subdivision =
See text.
}}
'''''Stanhopea''''' ([[John Frost (Botanist)|J. Frost]] ex [[William Jackson Hooker|Hook.]] 1829) is a genus of the orchid family ([[Orchidaceae]]) from Central and South America. The abbreviation used in horticultural trade is ''Stan.'' The genus is named for the 4th [[Earl Stanhope|Earl of Stanhope]] (Philip Henry Stanhope) (1781-1855), president of the Medico-Botanical Society of London (1829-1837). These [[epiphyte|epiphytic]], but occasionally [[terrestrial plant |terrestrial]] orchids can be found in damp forests from [[Mexico]] to NW [[Argentine]]. Their ovate [[pseudobulb]]s carry from the top one long, plicate, elliptic [[leaf]].
It is noted for its complex and usually fragrant [[flower]]s that are generally spectacular and short-lived. Their pendant [[inflorescence]]s are noted for flowering out of the bottom of the containers in which they grow, lending themselves to culture in baskets that have enough open space for the infloresence push through. They are sometimes called aptly upside-down orchids.
'''Primitive Stanhopeas''' Most ''Stanhopea'' flowers flash prominent, elegant horns on the epichile. The exception are the species; ''[[S. annulata]]'', ''[[S. avicula]]'', ''[[S. cirrhata]]'', ''[[S. ecornuta]]'' and ''[[S. pulla]]''. A second group have short or truncated horns, they include the species; ''[[S. candida]]'', ''[[S. grandiflora]]'', ''[[S. reichenbachiana]]'', ''[[S. tricornis]]'' and the natural hybrid ''[[S. x herrenhusana]]''. The structure of the labellum of this group is in general, not as complex as other members of the genus.
With most Stanhopea flowers lasting three days or less, the blooms must attract pollinators very quickly. These chemical attractants are generated in the hypochile, attracting the male euglossine bees to the flower. When the bee touches down on the flower, a great effort is made to collect chemical scent - he eventually slides on the waxy surface of the hypochile, gliding down on the slippery lip to exit the flower. The long [[column (botany)|column]] is touched in the process, resulting in the bee taking up [[pollinium|pollinia]] at the very tip of the column. When a the bee slides down another flower, the pollinia are deposited on the sticky surface of the [[carpel|stigma]].
The majority of species are robust plants that grow readily in cultivation. For relatives of Stanhopea see [[Stanhopeinae]] and the closely sister subtribe ''[[Coeliopsidinae]]''..
==Species==
[[Image:Stanhopea tigrina.jpg|thumb|right|250px|''Stanhopea tigrina'']]
[[Image:Stanhopea-grandiflora.jpg|thumb|right|250px|''Stanhopea oculata'']]
[[Image:Stanhopea.graveolens.web.jpg|thumb|right|250px|''Stanhopea graveolens'']]
The representative species is ''[[Stanhopea insignis]]''.
*''[[Stanhopea anfracta|S. anfracta]]'' (SE. Ecuador to Bolivia).
*''[[Stanhopea annulata|S. annulata]]'' (S. Colombia to Ecuador).
*''[[Stanhopea avicula|S. avicula]]'' (Panama).
*''[[Stanhopea candida|S. candida]]'' (S. Trop. America).
*''[[Stanhopea carchiensis|S. carchiensis]]'' (Colombia to Ecuador).
*''[[Stanhopea cirrhata|S. cirrhata]]'' (C. America)
*''[[Stanhopea confusa|S. confusa]]'' G.Gerlach & Beeche (2004) (Costa Rica)
*''[[Stanhopea connata|S. connata]]'' (Colombia to Peru).
*''[[Stanhopea costaricensis|S. costaricensis]]'' (C. America)
*''[[Stanhopea deltoidea|S. deltoidea]]'' (Peru to Bolivia).
*''[[Stanhopea dodsoniana|S. dodsoniana]]'' (NC. & S. Mexico).
*''[[Stanhopea ecornuta|S. ecornuta]]'' (C. America).
*''[[Stanhopea embreei|S. embreei]]'' (Ecuador).
*''[[Stanhopea florida|S. florida]]'' (Ecuador to Peru).
*''[[Stanhopea frymirei|S. frymirei]]'' (Ecuador).
*''[[Stanhopea gibbosa|S. gibbosa]]'' (C. America).
*''[[Stanhopea grandiflora|S. grandiflora]]'' (Trinidad to S. Trop. America).
*''[[Stanhopea graveolens|S. graveolens]]'' (Mexico to C. America, Brazil to NW. Argentina).
*''[[Stanhopea greeri|S. greeri]]'' (Peru).
*''[[Stanhopea haseloviana|S. haseloviana]]'' (N. Peru).
*''[[Stanhopea hernandezii|S. hernandezii]]'' (C. & SW. Mexico).
*''[[Stanhopea impressa|S. impressa]]'' (Colombia to Ecuador).
*''[[Stanhopea inodora|S. inodora]]'' (Mexico - Chiapas) to C. America).
*''[[Stanhopea intermedia|S. intermedia]]'' (SW. Mexico).
*''[[Stanhopea jenischiana|S. jenischiana]]'' (W. South America).
*''[[Stanhopea lowii|S. lowii]]'' (Colombia).
*''[[Stanhopea maculosa|S. maculosa]]'' (W. Mexico).
*''[[Stanhopea madouxiana|S. madouxiana]]'' (Colombia).
*''[[Stanhopea maduroi|S. maduroi]]'' (Panama)
*''[[Stanhopea manriquei|S. manriquei]]'' Jenny & Nauray (2004) (Peru)
*''[[Stanhopea martiana|S. martiana]]'' (SW. Mexico).
*''[[Stanhopea napoensis|S. napoensis]]'' (Ecuador)
*''[[Stanhopea naurayi|S. naurayi]]'' Jenny (2005) (Peru)
*''[[Stanhopea nigripes|S. nigripes]]'' (Peru).
*''[[Stanhopea novogaliciana|S. novogaliciana]]'' (Mexico - Nayarit, Jalisco).
*''[[Stanhopea oculata|S. oculata]]'' (Mexico to Colombia, SE. Brazil)
*''[[Stanhopea ospinae|S. ospinae]]'' (Colombia).
*''[[Stanhopea panamensis|S. panamensis]]'' (Panama).
*''[[Stanhopea peruviana|S. peruviana]]'' (Peru).
*''[[Stanhopea platyceras|S. platyceras]]'' (Colombia)
*''[[Stanhopea posadae|S. posadae]]'' (Jenny et Braem 2004) (Colombia).
*''[[Stanhopea pozoi|S. pozoi]]'' (Ecuador to Peru).
*''[[Stanhopea pseudoradiosa|S. pseudoradiosa]]'' (SW. Mexico).
*''[[Stanhopea pulla|S. pulla]]'' (Costa Rica to Colombia).
*''[[Stanhopea quadricornis|S. quadricornis]]'' (Guatemala).
*''[[Stanhopea radiosa|S. radiosa]]'' (W. Mexico).
*''[[Stanhopea reichenbachiana|S. reichenbachiana]]'' (Colombia).
*''[[Stanhopea ruckeri|S. ruckeri]]'' (Mexico to C. America).
*''[[Stanhopea saccata|S. saccata]]'' (Mexico -Chiapas to C. America).
*''[[Stanhopea schilleriana|S. schilleriana]]'' (C. America).
*''[[Stanhopea shuttleworthii|S. shuttleworthii]]'' (Colombia).
*''[[Stanhopea stevensonii|S. stevensonii]]'' (Colombia).
*''[[Stanhopea tigrina|S. tigrina]]'' (Mexico).
*''[[Stanhopea tigrina var nigroviolacea|S. tigrina var nigroviolacea]]'' (Mexico)
*''[[Stanhopea tricornis|S. tricornis]]'' (W. South America).
*''[[Stanhopea wardii|S. wardii]]'' (C. America to Venezuela).
*''[[Stanhopea warszewicziana|S. warszewicziana]]'' (Costa Rica).
*''[[Stanhopea xytriophora|S. xytriophora]]'' (Peru to Bolivia).
==Natural hybrids==
*''Stanhopea × fowlieana'' (''Stanhopea costaricensis'' × ''Stanhopea ecornuta'') (Costa Rica)
*''Stanhopea × herrenhusana'' (''Stanhopea reichenbachiana'' × ''Stanhopea tricornis'') (Colombia)
*''Stanhopea × horichiana'' (''Stanhopea ecornuta'' × ''Stanhopea wardii'') (Costa Rica)
*''Stanhopea × lewisae'' (''Stanhopea ecornuta'' × ''Stanhopea inodora'') (Guatemala)
*''Stanhopea × thienii'' (''Stanhopea annulata'' × ''Stanhopea impressa'') (Ecuador)
== Intergeneric hybrids ==
* ''Aciopea'' (''Acineta'' × ''Stanhopea''). Aciopea Guillermo Gaviria (Acineta erythroxantha x Stanhopea wardii) was registered Nov-Dec 2004 by Guillermo Gaviria-Correa (Colombia). Aciopea is abbreviated Aip..
* ''Cirrhopea'' (''Cirrhaea'' × ''Stanhopea'')
* ''Coryhopea'' (''Coryanthes'' × ''Stanhopea'')
* ''Stangora'' (''Gongora'' × ''Stanhopea'')
* ''Stanhocycnis'' (''Polycycnis'' × ''Stanhopea'')
== Gallery ==
=== Species ===
<gallery>
Image:Stanhopea anfracta Orchi 001.jpg|''Stanhopea anfracta''
Image:Stanhopea annulata Orchi 001.jpg|''Stanhopea annulata''
Image:Stanhopea candida Orchi 001.jpg|''Stanhopea candida''
Image:Stanhopea cirrhata Orchi 001.jpg|''Stanhopea cirrhata''
Image:Stanhopea connata Orchi 001.jpg|''Stanhopea connata''
Image:Stanhopea costaricensis Orchi 001.jpg|''Stanhopea costaricensis''
Image:Stanhopea ecornuta Orchi 001.jpg|''Stanhopea ecornuta''
Image:Stanhopea embreei Orchi 001.jpg|''Stanhopea embreei''
</gallery>
=== Natural Hybrids: ===
<gallery>
Image:Stanhopea x horichiana Orchi 01.jpg|''Stanhopea × horichiana''
</gallery>
==References==
*Rudolf Jenny (Dec 1993) "The Genus Stanhopea," in: Orchids 62(12):1270-1277
*Rudolf Jenny (Dec. 2003) "The Genus Stanhopea. Part 1: S. anfracta to S. napoensis," in: Caesiana no. 21, Supplement. 200 color photos, 160 p.
*Jenny, R. (2004) "The genus Stanhopea : 2nd part, S. nigripes to S. xytriophora" Caesiana no. 22: 146-291.
*{{cite journal | quotes=no|author=Gerlach, G.|year= 2004|title=Die Subtribus Stanhopeinae. 6. Stanhopea|journal= J. Orchideenfreund|volume= 11|issue=1|pages= 53-76}} (in German)
==External links==
{{commons|Stanhopea|''Stanhopea''}}
{{Wikispecies|Stanhopea}}
* [http://www.houstonorchidsociety.org/Stanhopea The Stanhopea Pages website].
[[Category:Orchid genera]]
| color = lightgreen
| name = ''Stanhopea''
| image = Stanhopea insignis Orchi 001.jpg
| image_width = 250px
| image_caption = ''Stanhopea insignis''
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
| classis = [[Liliopsida]]
| ordo = [[Asparagales]]
| familia = [[Orchidaceae]]
| subfamilia = [[Epidendroideae]]
| tribus = [[Maxillarieae]]
| subtribus = [[Stanhopeinae]]
| genus = '''''Stanhopea'''''
| genus_authority = [[John Frost (Botanist)|J. Frost]] ex [[William Jackson Hooker|Hook.]] 1829
| subdivision_ranks = [[Species]]
| subdivision =
See text.
}}
'''''Stanhopea''''' ([[John Frost (Botanist)|J. Frost]] ex [[William Jackson Hooker|Hook.]] 1829) is a genus of the orchid family ([[Orchidaceae]]) from Central and South America. The abbreviation used in horticultural trade is ''Stan.'' The genus is named for the 4th [[Earl Stanhope|Earl of Stanhope]] (Philip Henry Stanhope) (1781-1855), president of the Medico-Botanical Society of London (1829-1837). These [[epiphyte|epiphytic]], but occasionally [[terrestrial plant |terrestrial]] orchids can be found in damp forests from [[Mexico]] to NW [[Argentine]]. Their ovate [[pseudobulb]]s carry from the top one long, plicate, elliptic [[leaf]].
It is noted for its complex and usually fragrant [[flower]]s that are generally spectacular and short-lived. Their pendant [[inflorescence]]s are noted for flowering out of the bottom of the containers in which they grow, lending themselves to culture in baskets that have enough open space for the infloresence push through. They are sometimes called aptly upside-down orchids.
'''Primitive Stanhopeas''' Most ''Stanhopea'' flowers flash prominent, elegant horns on the epichile. The exception are the species; ''[[S. annulata]]'', ''[[S. avicula]]'', ''[[S. cirrhata]]'', ''[[S. ecornuta]]'' and ''[[S. pulla]]''. A second group have short or truncated horns, they include the species; ''[[S. candida]]'', ''[[S. grandiflora]]'', ''[[S. reichenbachiana]]'', ''[[S. tricornis]]'' and the natural hybrid ''[[S. x herrenhusana]]''. The structure of the labellum of this group is in general, not as complex as other members of the genus.
With most Stanhopea flowers lasting three days or less, the blooms must attract pollinators very quickly. These chemical attractants are generated in the hypochile, attracting the male euglossine bees to the flower. When the bee touches down on the flower, a great effort is made to collect chemical scent - he eventually slides on the waxy surface of the hypochile, gliding down on the slippery lip to exit the flower. The long [[column (botany)|column]] is touched in the process, resulting in the bee taking up [[pollinium|pollinia]] at the very tip of the column. When a the bee slides down another flower, the pollinia are deposited on the sticky surface of the [[carpel|stigma]].
The majority of species are robust plants that grow readily in cultivation. For relatives of Stanhopea see [[Stanhopeinae]] and the closely sister subtribe ''[[Coeliopsidinae]]''..
==Species==
[[Image:Stanhopea tigrina.jpg|thumb|right|250px|''Stanhopea tigrina'']]
[[Image:Stanhopea-grandiflora.jpg|thumb|right|250px|''Stanhopea oculata'']]
[[Image:Stanhopea.graveolens.web.jpg|thumb|right|250px|''Stanhopea graveolens'']]
The representative species is ''[[Stanhopea insignis]]''.
*''[[Stanhopea anfracta|S. anfracta]]'' (SE. Ecuador to Bolivia).
*''[[Stanhopea annulata|S. annulata]]'' (S. Colombia to Ecuador).
*''[[Stanhopea avicula|S. avicula]]'' (Panama).
*''[[Stanhopea candida|S. candida]]'' (S. Trop. America).
*''[[Stanhopea carchiensis|S. carchiensis]]'' (Colombia to Ecuador).
*''[[Stanhopea cirrhata|S. cirrhata]]'' (C. America)
*''[[Stanhopea confusa|S. confusa]]'' G.Gerlach & Beeche (2004) (Costa Rica)
*''[[Stanhopea connata|S. connata]]'' (Colombia to Peru).
*''[[Stanhopea costaricensis|S. costaricensis]]'' (C. America)
*''[[Stanhopea deltoidea|S. deltoidea]]'' (Peru to Bolivia).
*''[[Stanhopea dodsoniana|S. dodsoniana]]'' (NC. & S. Mexico).
*''[[Stanhopea ecornuta|S. ecornuta]]'' (C. America).
*''[[Stanhopea embreei|S. embreei]]'' (Ecuador).
*''[[Stanhopea florida|S. florida]]'' (Ecuador to Peru).
*''[[Stanhopea frymirei|S. frymirei]]'' (Ecuador).
*''[[Stanhopea gibbosa|S. gibbosa]]'' (C. America).
*''[[Stanhopea grandiflora|S. grandiflora]]'' (Trinidad to S. Trop. America).
*''[[Stanhopea graveolens|S. graveolens]]'' (Mexico to C. America, Brazil to NW. Argentina).
*''[[Stanhopea greeri|S. greeri]]'' (Peru).
*''[[Stanhopea haseloviana|S. haseloviana]]'' (N. Peru).
*''[[Stanhopea hernandezii|S. hernandezii]]'' (C. & SW. Mexico).
*''[[Stanhopea impressa|S. impressa]]'' (Colombia to Ecuador).
*''[[Stanhopea inodora|S. inodora]]'' (Mexico - Chiapas) to C. America).
*''[[Stanhopea intermedia|S. intermedia]]'' (SW. Mexico).
*''[[Stanhopea jenischiana|S. jenischiana]]'' (W. South America).
*''[[Stanhopea lowii|S. lowii]]'' (Colombia).
*''[[Stanhopea maculosa|S. maculosa]]'' (W. Mexico).
*''[[Stanhopea madouxiana|S. madouxiana]]'' (Colombia).
*''[[Stanhopea maduroi|S. maduroi]]'' (Panama)
*''[[Stanhopea manriquei|S. manriquei]]'' Jenny & Nauray (2004) (Peru)
*''[[Stanhopea martiana|S. martiana]]'' (SW. Mexico).
*''[[Stanhopea napoensis|S. napoensis]]'' (Ecuador)
*''[[Stanhopea naurayi|S. naurayi]]'' Jenny (2005) (Peru)
*''[[Stanhopea nigripes|S. nigripes]]'' (Peru).
*''[[Stanhopea novogaliciana|S. novogaliciana]]'' (Mexico - Nayarit, Jalisco).
*''[[Stanhopea oculata|S. oculata]]'' (Mexico to Colombia, SE. Brazil)
*''[[Stanhopea ospinae|S. ospinae]]'' (Colombia).
*''[[Stanhopea panamensis|S. panamensis]]'' (Panama).
*''[[Stanhopea peruviana|S. peruviana]]'' (Peru).
*''[[Stanhopea platyceras|S. platyceras]]'' (Colombia)
*''[[Stanhopea posadae|S. posadae]]'' (Jenny et Braem 2004) (Colombia).
*''[[Stanhopea pozoi|S. pozoi]]'' (Ecuador to Peru).
*''[[Stanhopea pseudoradiosa|S. pseudoradiosa]]'' (SW. Mexico).
*''[[Stanhopea pulla|S. pulla]]'' (Costa Rica to Colombia).
*''[[Stanhopea quadricornis|S. quadricornis]]'' (Guatemala).
*''[[Stanhopea radiosa|S. radiosa]]'' (W. Mexico).
*''[[Stanhopea reichenbachiana|S. reichenbachiana]]'' (Colombia).
*''[[Stanhopea ruckeri|S. ruckeri]]'' (Mexico to C. America).
*''[[Stanhopea saccata|S. saccata]]'' (Mexico -Chiapas to C. America).
*''[[Stanhopea schilleriana|S. schilleriana]]'' (C. America).
*''[[Stanhopea shuttleworthii|S. shuttleworthii]]'' (Colombia).
*''[[Stanhopea stevensonii|S. stevensonii]]'' (Colombia).
*''[[Stanhopea tigrina|S. tigrina]]'' (Mexico).
*''[[Stanhopea tigrina var nigroviolacea|S. tigrina var nigroviolacea]]'' (Mexico)
*''[[Stanhopea tricornis|S. tricornis]]'' (W. South America).
*''[[Stanhopea wardii|S. wardii]]'' (C. America to Venezuela).
*''[[Stanhopea warszewicziana|S. warszewicziana]]'' (Costa Rica).
*''[[Stanhopea xytriophora|S. xytriophora]]'' (Peru to Bolivia).
==Natural hybrids==
*''Stanhopea × fowlieana'' (''Stanhopea costaricensis'' × ''Stanhopea ecornuta'') (Costa Rica)
*''Stanhopea × herrenhusana'' (''Stanhopea reichenbachiana'' × ''Stanhopea tricornis'') (Colombia)
*''Stanhopea × horichiana'' (''Stanhopea ecornuta'' × ''Stanhopea wardii'') (Costa Rica)
*''Stanhopea × lewisae'' (''Stanhopea ecornuta'' × ''Stanhopea inodora'') (Guatemala)
*''Stanhopea × thienii'' (''Stanhopea annulata'' × ''Stanhopea impressa'') (Ecuador)
== Intergeneric hybrids ==
* ''Aciopea'' (''Acineta'' × ''Stanhopea''). Aciopea Guillermo Gaviria (Acineta erythroxantha x Stanhopea wardii) was registered Nov-Dec 2004 by Guillermo Gaviria-Correa (Colombia). Aciopea is abbreviated Aip..
* ''Cirrhopea'' (''Cirrhaea'' × ''Stanhopea'')
* ''Coryhopea'' (''Coryanthes'' × ''Stanhopea'')
* ''Stangora'' (''Gongora'' × ''Stanhopea'')
* ''Stanhocycnis'' (''Polycycnis'' × ''Stanhopea'')
== Gallery ==
=== Species ===
<gallery>
Image:Stanhopea anfracta Orchi 001.jpg|''Stanhopea anfracta''
Image:Stanhopea annulata Orchi 001.jpg|''Stanhopea annulata''
Image:Stanhopea candida Orchi 001.jpg|''Stanhopea candida''
Image:Stanhopea cirrhata Orchi 001.jpg|''Stanhopea cirrhata''
Image:Stanhopea connata Orchi 001.jpg|''Stanhopea connata''
Image:Stanhopea costaricensis Orchi 001.jpg|''Stanhopea costaricensis''
Image:Stanhopea ecornuta Orchi 001.jpg|''Stanhopea ecornuta''
Image:Stanhopea embreei Orchi 001.jpg|''Stanhopea embreei''
</gallery>
=== Natural Hybrids: ===
<gallery>
Image:Stanhopea x horichiana Orchi 01.jpg|''Stanhopea × horichiana''
</gallery>
==References==
*Rudolf Jenny (Dec 1993) "The Genus Stanhopea," in: Orchids 62(12):1270-1277
*Rudolf Jenny (Dec. 2003) "The Genus Stanhopea. Part 1: S. anfracta to S. napoensis," in: Caesiana no. 21, Supplement. 200 color photos, 160 p.
*Jenny, R. (2004) "The genus Stanhopea : 2nd part, S. nigripes to S. xytriophora" Caesiana no. 22: 146-291.
*{{cite journal | quotes=no|author=Gerlach, G.|year= 2004|title=Die Subtribus Stanhopeinae. 6. Stanhopea|journal= J. Orchideenfreund|volume= 11|issue=1|pages= 53-76}} (in German)
==External links==
{{commons|Stanhopea|''Stanhopea''}}
{{Wikispecies|Stanhopea}}
* [http://www.houstonorchidsociety.org/Stanhopea The Stanhopea Pages website].
[[Category:Orchid genera]]