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{{Taxobox
| color = lightgreen
| name = ''Paphiopedilum''
| image = Cypripédium insigne flower.jpg
| image_width = 250px
| image_caption = ''Paphiopediulum insigne''
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
| classis = [[Monocotyledon|Liliopsida]]
| ordo = [[Asparagales]]
| familia = [[Orchidaceae]]
| subfamilia = [[Cypripedioideae]]
| tribus = [[Cypripedieae]]
| subtribus = '''Paphiopedilinae'''
| genus = '''''Paphiopedilum'''''
| genus_authority = [[Ernst Hugo Heinrich Pfitzer|Pfitzer]], [[1886]]
| subdivision_ranks = [[Species]]
| subdivision =
See text.
}}
'''''Paphiopedilum''''' is a [[genus]] in the orchid family ([[Orchidaceae]]) of approximately 77 species native to South [[China]], [[India]], [[Southeast Asia]] and the [[Pacific Islands]]. The genus has been given its own [[subtribe]], the '''Paphiopedilinae'''.
== Description ==
The genus name ''Paphiopedilum'' is derived from the Greek ''Paphos'', a city on the island of Cyprus, and ''pedilon'', slipper. Most species in this genus were previously considered part of the genus ''Cypripedium'', but ''Paphiopedilum'' was accepted as the conserved (valid in use) name in 1959.
''Paphiopedilum'' (sometimes colloquially referred to as "Paphs") are considered highly collectible by growers due to the curious and unusual form of their flowers. Most naturally occur among humus layers as [[terrestrial plant |terrestrial]]s on the forest floor, while a few are true [[epiphyte]]s and some are [[lithophyte]]s.
Along with ''[[Phragmipedium]]'', ''[[Cypripedium]]'', ''[[Mexipedium]]'', and ''[[Selenipedium]]'', the genus is a member of the subfamily ''[[Cypripedioideae]]'', commonly referred to as the Lady’s or Venus’ [[Lady's Slipper|Slipper Orchids]], so named from the unusual shape of the [[pouch (orchids)|pouch]] ([[labellum]]) of the flower, which was said to resemble a lady’s slipper. The pouch functions by trapping insects so that they are forced to climb up past the [[staminode]], behind which they collect or deposit [[pollinium|pollinia]].
[[Image:Paph_bellatulum.jpg|thumb|left|''Paphiopedilum bellatulum'']]
These [[sympodial]] orchids lack [[pseudobulb]]s. Instead they grow robust [[shoot]]s, each with several [[leaf|leaves]]. These can be short and rounded or long and narrow, and typically have a mottled pattern. When older shoots die, newer ones take over. Each new shoot only blooms once when it is fully grown, producing a [[raceme]] between the fleshy, succulent leaves. The roots are thick and fleshy. Potted plants form a tight lump of roots that, when untangled, can be up to l m long.
The Chinese orchid ''Paphiopedilum armeniacum'', discovered in 1979 and described in 1982, amazed growers of orchids by the extraordinary beauty of its golden flowers.
The Paphiopedilums are among the most widely cultivated and hybridized of orchid genera. Thousands of interspecific [[hybrid]]s have been registered with the [[Royal Horticultural Society]] in [[London]] over the years. These orchids are relatively easy to grow indoors, as long as conditions that mimic their natural habitats are created. Most species thrive in moderate to high humidity (50 to 70 percent), moderate temperatures ranging from 13 to 35 degrees [[Celsius]] and low light of 12,000 to 20,000 [[lux]]. Modern hybrids are typically easier to grow in artificial conditions than their parent species.
==[[Synonymy]]==
The 3 genera '''''Cordula''''' <small>[[Constantine Samuel Rafinesque|Raf.]]</small>, '''''Stimegas''''' <small>[[Constantine Samuel Rafinesque|Raf.]]</small> and '''''Menephora''''' <small>[[Constantine Samuel Rafinesque|Raf.]]</small> are generally considered synonyms of ''Paphiopedilum''.
== Taxonomy ==
<!-- Unsourced image removed: [[Image:Paphiopedilum-wolterianum.jpg|thumb|right|''Paphiopedilum appletonianum'']] -->
[[Image:Paphiopedilum-primulinum.jpg|thumb|right|''Paphiopedilum primulinum'']]
[[Image:Paphiopedilum-argus.jpg|thumb|right|''Paphiopedilum argus'']]
[[Image:Paphiopedilum-callosum.jpg|thumb|right|''Paphiopedilum callosum'']]
[[Image:Paphiopedilum-hirsutissimum.jpg|thumb|right|''Paphiopedilum hirsutissimum'']]
[[Image:Paphiopedilum-insigne.jpg|thumb|right|''Paphiopedilum insigne'']]
[[Image:Paphiopedilum-philippense.jpg|thumb|right|''Paphiopedilum philippinense'' var. ''roebelenii'']]
[[Image:Paphiopedilum-spicerianum.jpg|thumb|right|''Paphiopedilum spicerianum'']]
[[Image:Paphiopedilum-sukhakulii.jpg|thumb|right|''Paphiopedilum sukhakulii'']]
[[Image:Paphiopedilum_rothschildianum.jpg|thumb|right|''Paphiopedilum rothschildianum'']]
The genus ''Paphiopedilum'' has been divided into several subgenera, and then further into sections and subsections.
;Subgenus ''Parvisepalum''
;Subgenus ''Brachypetalum''
;Subgenus ''Polyantha''
*section ''Mastigopetalum''
*section ''Polyantha''
*section ''Mystropetalum''
*section ''Stictopetalum''
*section ''Paphiopedilum''
*section ''Seratopetalum''
*section ''Cymatopetalum''
*section ''Thiopetalum''
;Subgenus ''Sigmatopetalum''
*section ''Spathopetalum''
**subsection ''Macronidium''
**subsection ''Spathopetalum''
*section ''Blepharopetalum''
*section ''Mastersianum''
*section ''Punctatum''
*section ''Barbata''
**subsection ''Lorapetalum''
**subsection ''Chloroneura''
*section ''Planipetalum''
*section ''Venustum''
;Subgenus ''Cochlopetalum''
== Species, subspecies and varieties==
*''[[Paphiopedilum acmodontum]]'' (Philippines).
*''[[Paphiopedilum adductum]]'' (Philippines).
*''[[Paphiopedilum appletonianum]]'' (Hainan to Indo-China).
*''[[Paphiopedilum argus]]'' (Philippines - Luzon).
*''[[Paphiopedilum armeniacum]]'' : '''Golden Slippers''' (China - W. YunNan to N. Myanmar).
**''Paphiopedilum armeniacum'' var. ''parviflorum'' (China - S. YunNan) (synonym of ''Paphiopedilum armeniacum'' S.C.Chen & F.Y.Liu)
**''Paphiopedilum armeniacum'' var. ''undulatum'' (China - S. YunNan) (synonym of ''Paphiopedilum armeniacum'' S.C.Chen & F.Y.Liu)
**''Paphiopedilum armeniacum'' f. ''markii'' (China - S. YunNan) (synonym of ''Paphiopedilum armeniacum'' S.C.Chen & F.Y.Liu)
*''[[Paphiopedilum barbatum]]'' (Pen. Thailand to Sumatra).
*''[[Paphiopedilum barbigerum]]'' (China - SE. YunNan, SW. Guizhou, Guangxi).
*''[[Paphiopedilum bellatulum]]'' : '''Egg-in-a-nest Orchid''' (China - SE. YunNan, Guizhou, S. Guangxi to Indo-China).
*''[[Paphiopedilum bougainvilleanum]]'' (Solomon Is).
**''Paphiopedilum bougainvilleanum'' var. ''bougainvilleanum'' (Solomon Is. - North Solomons). Hemicr.
**''Paphiopedilum bougainvilleanum'' var. ''saskianum'' ( Solomon Is. - South Solomons).. Hemicr.
*''[[Paphiopedilum bullenianum]]'' (Malaysia).
**''Paphiopedilum bullenianum'' var. ''bullenianum'' (W. Malaysia). Hemicr.
**''Paphiopedilum bullenianum'' var. ''celebesense'' (Sulawesi to Maluku). Hemicr.
*''[[Paphiopedilum callosum]]'' (Indo-China to NW. Pen. Malaysia).
**''Paphiopedilum callosum'' var. ''callosum'' (Indo-China). Hemicr.
**''Paphiopedilum callosum'' var. ''potentianum'' (Thailand). Hemicr.
**''Paphiopedilum callosum'' var. ''warnerianum'' (Pen. Thailand to NW. Pen. Malaysia). Hemicr.
*''[[Paphiopedilum charlesworthii]]'' (N. Myanmar to China - YunNan).
*''[[Paphiopedilum ciliolare]]'' (Philippines).
*''[[Paphiopedilum concolor]]'' (China - YunNan, Guizhou, Guangxi to Indo-China).
*''[[Paphiopedilum dayanum]]'' (Borneo).
*''[[Paphiopedilum delenatii]]'' (SE. Viet Nam)
**''Paphiopedilum delenatii'' f. ''albinum'' (SE. Viet Nam) (synonym of ''Paphiopedilum delenatii'' Guillaumin)
*''[[Paphiopedilum delicatum]]'' (Viet Nam) (synonym of ''Paphiopedilum helenae'' Aver.)
*''[[Paphiopedilum densissimum]]'' (China - S. YunNan) (synonym of ''Paphiopedilum villosum'' var. ''villosum'')
*''[[Paphiopedilum dianthum]]'' (China - SE. YunNan, SW. Guizhou, W. Guangxi).
*''[[Paphiopedilum dixlerianum]]'' (Mynamar)
*''[[Paphiopedilum druryi]]'' (S. India).
*''[[Paphiopedilum emersonii]]'' (China - SE. YunNan, S. Guizhou, Guangxi).
**''Paphiopedilum emersonii'' f. ''luteum'' (China - SE. YunNan)
*''[[Paphiopedilum exul]]'' (Pen. Thailand).
*''[[Paphiopedilum fairrieanum]]'' (E. Himalaya to Assam).
*''[[Paphiopedilum fowliei]]'' (Philippines - Palawan).
*''[[Paphiopedilum gigantifolium]]'' (SC. Sulawesi).
*''[[Paphiopedilum glanduliferum]]'' (NW. New Guinea).
*''[[Paphiopedilum glaucophyllum]]'' (E. Java).
**''Paphiopedilum glaucophyllum'' var. ''glaucophyllum'' (E. Java).
**''Paphiopedilum glaucophyllum'' var. ''moquetteanum '' (SW. Java).
*''[[Paphiopedilum godefroyae]]'' (Pen. Thailand).
*''[[Paphiopedilum gratrixianum]]'' (Laos to Viet Nam).
*''[[Paphiopedilum hangianum]]'' (China - YunNan to Viet Nam).
**''Paphiopedilum hangianum'' f. ''album'' (Viet Nam) (synonym of ''Paphiopedilum hangianum'' Perner & O.Gruss)
*''[[Paphiopedilum haynaldianum]]'' (Philippines - Luzon, Negros).
*''[[Paphiopedilum helenae]]'' (N. Vietnam - Cao Bang Prov).
*''[[Paphiopedilum hennisianum]]'' (C. Philippines).
*''[[Paphiopedilum henryanum]]'' (China - SE. YunNan, Guangxi to N. Vietnam).
*''[[Paphiopedilum hirsutissimum]]'' (Assam to S. China).
**''Paphiopedilum hirsutissimum'' var. ''chiwuanum'' (China - YunNan
**''Paphiopedilum hirsutissimum'' var. ''esquirolei'' (China - YunNan, Guizhou, Guangxi to N. & E. Indo-China).
**''Paphiopedilum hirsutissimum'' var. ''hirsutissimum'' (Assam to Myanmar).
*''[[Paphiopedilum hookerae]]'' (Borneo).
**''Paphiopedilum hookerae'' var. ''hookerae'' (Borneo - Sarawak, W. Kalimantan).
**''Paphiopedilum hookerae'' var. ''volonteanum'' (Borneo - Sabah).
*''[[Paphiopedilum insigne]]'' (Assam - Meghalaya).
*''[[Paphiopedilum intaniae]]'' (Sulawesi).
*''[[Paphiopedilum jackii]]'' (China - SE. YunNan to N. Viet Nam) (synonym of ''Paphiopedilum malipoense'' var. ''jackii'' (H.S.Hua) Aver.)
*''[[Paphiopedilum javanicum]]'' (Sumatra to Lesser Sunda Is.)
**''Paphiopedilum javanicum]]'' var. ''javanicum'' (Sumatra to Lesser Sunda Is.) Hemicr.
**''Paphiopedilum javanicum]]'' var. ''virens'' (Borneo - Sabah to N. Sarawak). Hemicr.
*''[[Paphiopedilum kolopakingii]]'' (Borneo - C. Kalimantan).
*''[[Paphiopedilum lawrenceanum]]'' (Borneo - Sarawak, Sabah).
*''[[Paphiopedilum liemianum]]'' (N. Sumatra).
*''[[Paphiopedilum lowii]]'' (W. & C. Malesia).
**''Paphiopedilum lowii'' var. ''lowii'' (W. & C. Malaysia).
**''Paphiopedilum lowii'' var. ''lynniae'' (Borneo). Hemicr.
**''Paphiopedilum lowii'' var. ''richardianum'' (Sulawesi).
*''[[Paphiopedilum malipoense]]'' : '''Jade Slipper Orchid''' (S. China to N. Viet Nam).
**''Paphiopedilum malipoense'' var. ''angustatum'' (China - YunNan).
**''Paphiopedilum malipoense'' var. ''jackii'' (H.S.Hua) Aver. (SE Yunnan to N. Vietnam)
**''Paphiopedilum malipoense'' var. ''malipoense'' (China - SE. YunNan, SW. Guizhou, SW. Guangxi to N. Viet Nam).
**''Paphiopedilum malipoense'' f. ''concolor'' (China - YunNan).
**''Paphiopedilum malipoense'' f. ''tonnianum'' (China - YunNan) (synonym of ''Paphiopedilum malipoense'' var. ''malipoense'')
**''Paphiopedilum malipoense'' f. ''virescens'' (China - YunNan) (synonym of ''Paphiopedilum malipoense'' var. ''malipoense'')
*''[[Paphiopedilum mastersianum]]'' (Lesser Sunda Is. to Maluku).
**''Paphiopedilum mastersianum'' var. ''mastersianum'' (Maluku - Ambon, Buru).
**''Paphiopedilum mastersianum'' var. ''mohrianum'' (Lesser Sunda Is. (Flores).
*''[[Paphiopedilum micranthum]]'' : '''Hard-leaved Pocket Orchid''', '''Silver Slipper Orchid''' (China - SE. YunNan, W. & N. Guangxi, W. Guizhou to N. Viet Nam).
*''[[Paphiopedilum niveum]]'' (Pen. Thailand to N. Pen. Malaysia).
*''[[Paphiopedilum ooii]]'' (Borneo).
*''[[Paphiopedilum papuanum]]'' (New Guinea).
*''[[Paphiopedilum parishii]]'' (Assam to China - W. YunNan).
*''[[Paphiopedilum philippinense]]'' (Philippines to N. Borneo).
**''Paphiopedilum philippinense'' var. ''philippinense'' (Philippines to N. Borneo).
**''Paphiopedilum philippinense'' var. ''roebelenii'' (Philippines - Luzon).
*''[[Paphiopedilum primulinum]]'' (Sumatea - S. Aceh).
**''Paphiopedilum primulinum'' var. ''primulinum'' (Sumatra - S. Aceh).
**''Paphiopedilum primulinum'' var. ''purpurascens'' (Sumatra -S. Aceh).
*''[[Paphiopedilum purpuratum]]'' (S.China to Hainan).
**''Paphiopedilum purpuratum'' var. ''hainanense'' (Hainan).
**''Paphiopedilum purpuratum'' var. ''purpuratum'' (China - YunNan, Hong Kong, Guangdong).
*''[[Paphiopedilum randsii]]'' (Philippines - N. Mindanao).
*''[[Paphiopedilum rhizomatosum]]'' (Myanmar).
*''[[Paphiopedilum rothschildianum]]'' : '''King of the Paphs''' (Borneo - Mt. Kinabalu).
*''[[Paphiopedilum saccopetalum]]'' (China - SE. Guanxi).
*''[[Paphiopedilum sanderianum]]'' (NW. Borneo - Gunung Mulu).
*''[[Paphiopedilum sangii]]'' (N. Sulawesi).
*''[[Paphiopedilum schoseri]]'' (Sulawesi to Maluku).
*''[[Paphiopedilum singchii]]'' (China - S. YunNan) (synonym of ''Paphiopedilum hangianum'' Perner & O.Gruss)
*''[[Paphiopedilum smaragdinum]]'' (South and Central China, YunNan) (now a synonym of ''Paphiopedilum tigrinum'' f. ''smaragdinum'' (Z.J.Liu & S.C.Chen) O.Gruss (2005).
*''[[Paphiopedilum spicerianum]]'' (Bhutan to NW. Myanmar).
**''Paphiopedilum spicerianum'' f. ''immaculatum'' (India) (synonym of ''Paphiopedilum spicerianum'' (Rchb.f.) Pfitzer)
*''[[Paphiopedilum stonei]]'' (Borneo - Sarawak).
**''Paphiopedilum stonei'' var. ''platyphyllum'' (Borneo - Sarawak).
**''Paphiopedilum stonei'' var. ''stonei'' (Borneo - S. Sarawak)
*''[[Paphiopedilum sugiyamanum]]'' (Borneo - Sabah).
*''[[Paphiopedilum sukhakulii]]'' (NE. Thailand).
*''[[Paphiopedilum supardii]]'' (Borneo - SE. Kalimantan).
*''[[Paphiopedilum superbiens]]'' (N. & W. Sumatra).
*''[[Paphiopedilum thaianum]]'' (Thailand).
*''[[Paphiopedilum tigrinum]]'' Koop. & N.Haseg. (China - W. YunNan).
**''Paphiopedilum tigrinum'' f. ''smaragdinum'' (Z.J.Liu & S.C.Chen) O.Gruss (2005).
*''[[Paphiopedilum tonsum]]'' (N. & W. Sumatra).
**''Paphiopediltum tonsum'' f. ''alboviride'' (Sumatra) (synonym of ''Paphiopedilum tonsum'' (Rchb.f.) Stein)
*''[[Paphiopedilum tranlienianum]]'' (Viet Nam).
**''Paphiopedilum tranlienianum'' f. ''alboviride'' (Viet Nam)
*''[[Paphiopedilum urbanianum]]'' (Philippines - Mindoro).
**''Paphiopedilum urbanianum'' f. ''alboviride'' (Philippines) (synonym of ''Paphiopedilum urbanianum'' Fowlie)
*''[[Paphiopedilum usitanum]]'' (Philippines).
*''[[Paphiopedilum vejvarutianum]]'' (Thailand - Kanchanaburi)
*''[[Paphiopedilum venustum]]'' (E. Nepal to NE. Bangladesh).
*''[[Paphiopedilum victoria-mariae]]'' (W. Sumatra).
*''[[Paphiopedilum victoria-regina]]'' (W. Sumatra).
*''[[Paphiopedilum vietnamense]]'' (Viet Nam).
*''[[Paphiopedilum villosum]]'' (Assam to S. China).
**''Paphiopedilum villosum'' var. ''annamense'' (China - YunNan, Guangxi to Indo-China).
**''Paphiopedilum villosum'' var. ''boxallii'' (Myanmar).
**''Paphiopedilum villosum'' var. ''villosum'' (Assam to Thailand)
*''[[Paphiopedilum viniferum]]'' (Burma) (synonym of ''Paphiopedilum callosum'' var. ''callosum'')
*''[[Paphiopedilum violascens]]'' (N. & E. New Guinea, Bismarck Arch. - Manus I.).
*''[[Paphiopedilum wardii]]'' : '''Rainbow Orchid''' (China - SW. YunNan to Myanmar).
**''Paphiopedilum wardii'' var. ''teestaensis'' (China - SW. YunNan).
**''Paphiopedilum wardii'' f. ''alboviride'' (China - SW. YunNan) (synonym of ''Paphiopedilum wardii'' Summerh.)
*''[[Paphiopedilum wentworthianum]]'' (Solomon Is.).
*''[[Paphiopedilum wilhelminae]]'' (C. New Guinea).
== Natural Hybrids ==
*''Paphiopedilum × affine'' ('' P. appletonianum'' × ''P. villosum''). (Viet Nam).
*''Paphiopedilum × areeanum''(''P. barbigerum'' × ''P. villosum'' var. ''annamense'') (China - SE. YunNan).
*''Paphiopedilum × burbidgei'' (''P. dayanum'' × ''P. javanicum'' var. ''virens'') (Borneo).
*''Paphiopedilum × dalatense'' (''P. callosum'' × ''P. villosum var. annamense'') (Viet Nam).
*''Paphiopedilum × dixlerianum'' (''P. callosum'' × ''P. wardii'') (Myanmar).
*''Paphiopedilum × expansum'' ('' P. hennisianum'' × ''P. philippinense'') (Philippines).
*''Paphiopedilum × fanaticum'' (''P. malipoense'' × ''P. micranthum'') (S. China).
*''Paphiopedilum × frankeanum'' (''P. superbiens'' × ''P. tonsum'') (Sumatra). 42 SUM.
*''Paphiopedilum × grussianum'' (''P. dianthum'' × ''P. hirsutissimum'' var. ''esquirolei'') (China - Guangxi).
*''Paphiopedilum × herrmannii'' (Vietnam) (''P. helenae'' × ''P. hirsutissimum'' var. ''esquirolei'')
*''Paphiopedilum × kimballianum'' (''P. dayanum'' × ''P. rothschildianum'') (Borneo -Mt. Kinabalu).
*''Paphiopedilum × littleanum'' (''P. dayanum'' × ''P. lawrenceanum'') (Borneo).
*''Paphiopedilum × mattesii'' (''P. barbatum'' × ''P. bullenianum'') (Pen. Malaysia).
*''Paphiopedilum × pereirae'' (''P. exul'' × ''P. niveum'') (Pen. Thailand).
*''Paphiopedilum × petchleungianum'' (''P. dianthum'' × ''P. villosum'') (China - SE. YunNan).
*''Paphiopedilum × powellii'' (''P. callosum'' × ''P. exul'') (Pen. Thailand).
*''Paphiopedilum × pradhanii'' (''P. fairrieanum'' × ''P. venustum'') (E. Himalaya)
*''Paphiopedilum × shipwayae'' (''P. dayanum'' × ''P. hookerae''). (Borneo).
*''Paphiopedilum × siamense'' (''P. appletonianum'' × ''P. callosum'') (Thailand).
*''Paphiopedilum × spicerovenustum'' (''P. spiceranum'' × ''P. venustum'') (Assam).
*''Paphiopedilum × venustoinsigne'' (''P. insigne'' × ''P. venustum'') (Assam).
*''Paphiopedilum × vietenryanum'' (''P. gratrixianum'' × ''P. henryanum'') (China – YunNan).
==References==
*Braem, G. J., Charles O. Baker, Margaret L. Baker. ''The Genus Paphiopedilum: Natural History and Cultivation'', Vol. 1. Kissimmee, Florida: Botanical Publishers, Inc., 1998.
*Leroy-Terquem, Gerald and Jean Parisot. ''Orchids: Care and Cultivation.'' London: Cassel Publishers Ltd., 1991.
*Pridgeon, A.M.; Cribb, P.J.; Chase, M.W. & F. N. Rasmussen (1999): Genera Orchidacearum Vol.1, Oxford U. Press. ISBN 0-19-850513-2
*Schoser, Gustav. ''Orchid Growing Basics.'' New York: Sterling Publishing Co., Inc., 1993.
*White, Judy. ''Taylor’s Guide to Orchids.'' Frances Tenenbaum, Series Editor. New York: Houghton-Mifflin, 1996.
== External links ==
{{commons|Paphiopedilum|''Paphiopedilum''}}
Paphiopedilum molecular characterization data
* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?db=nucleotide&val=117957314]
* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?db=nucleotide&val=2765590]
* [http://www.digitalcloseups.com Orchid Picture Gallery]
[[Category:Orchid genera]]
| color = lightgreen
| name = ''Paphiopedilum''
| image = Cypripédium insigne flower.jpg
| image_width = 250px
| image_caption = ''Paphiopediulum insigne''
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
| classis = [[Monocotyledon|Liliopsida]]
| ordo = [[Asparagales]]
| familia = [[Orchidaceae]]
| subfamilia = [[Cypripedioideae]]
| tribus = [[Cypripedieae]]
| subtribus = '''Paphiopedilinae'''
| genus = '''''Paphiopedilum'''''
| genus_authority = [[Ernst Hugo Heinrich Pfitzer|Pfitzer]], [[1886]]
| subdivision_ranks = [[Species]]
| subdivision =
See text.
}}
'''''Paphiopedilum''''' is a [[genus]] in the orchid family ([[Orchidaceae]]) of approximately 77 species native to South [[China]], [[India]], [[Southeast Asia]] and the [[Pacific Islands]]. The genus has been given its own [[subtribe]], the '''Paphiopedilinae'''.
== Description ==
The genus name ''Paphiopedilum'' is derived from the Greek ''Paphos'', a city on the island of Cyprus, and ''pedilon'', slipper. Most species in this genus were previously considered part of the genus ''Cypripedium'', but ''Paphiopedilum'' was accepted as the conserved (valid in use) name in 1959.
''Paphiopedilum'' (sometimes colloquially referred to as "Paphs") are considered highly collectible by growers due to the curious and unusual form of their flowers. Most naturally occur among humus layers as [[terrestrial plant |terrestrial]]s on the forest floor, while a few are true [[epiphyte]]s and some are [[lithophyte]]s.
Along with ''[[Phragmipedium]]'', ''[[Cypripedium]]'', ''[[Mexipedium]]'', and ''[[Selenipedium]]'', the genus is a member of the subfamily ''[[Cypripedioideae]]'', commonly referred to as the Lady’s or Venus’ [[Lady's Slipper|Slipper Orchids]], so named from the unusual shape of the [[pouch (orchids)|pouch]] ([[labellum]]) of the flower, which was said to resemble a lady’s slipper. The pouch functions by trapping insects so that they are forced to climb up past the [[staminode]], behind which they collect or deposit [[pollinium|pollinia]].
[[Image:Paph_bellatulum.jpg|thumb|left|''Paphiopedilum bellatulum'']]
These [[sympodial]] orchids lack [[pseudobulb]]s. Instead they grow robust [[shoot]]s, each with several [[leaf|leaves]]. These can be short and rounded or long and narrow, and typically have a mottled pattern. When older shoots die, newer ones take over. Each new shoot only blooms once when it is fully grown, producing a [[raceme]] between the fleshy, succulent leaves. The roots are thick and fleshy. Potted plants form a tight lump of roots that, when untangled, can be up to l m long.
The Chinese orchid ''Paphiopedilum armeniacum'', discovered in 1979 and described in 1982, amazed growers of orchids by the extraordinary beauty of its golden flowers.
The Paphiopedilums are among the most widely cultivated and hybridized of orchid genera. Thousands of interspecific [[hybrid]]s have been registered with the [[Royal Horticultural Society]] in [[London]] over the years. These orchids are relatively easy to grow indoors, as long as conditions that mimic their natural habitats are created. Most species thrive in moderate to high humidity (50 to 70 percent), moderate temperatures ranging from 13 to 35 degrees [[Celsius]] and low light of 12,000 to 20,000 [[lux]]. Modern hybrids are typically easier to grow in artificial conditions than their parent species.
==[[Synonymy]]==
The 3 genera '''''Cordula''''' <small>[[Constantine Samuel Rafinesque|Raf.]]</small>, '''''Stimegas''''' <small>[[Constantine Samuel Rafinesque|Raf.]]</small> and '''''Menephora''''' <small>[[Constantine Samuel Rafinesque|Raf.]]</small> are generally considered synonyms of ''Paphiopedilum''.
== Taxonomy ==
<!-- Unsourced image removed: [[Image:Paphiopedilum-wolterianum.jpg|thumb|right|''Paphiopedilum appletonianum'']] -->
[[Image:Paphiopedilum-primulinum.jpg|thumb|right|''Paphiopedilum primulinum'']]
[[Image:Paphiopedilum-argus.jpg|thumb|right|''Paphiopedilum argus'']]
[[Image:Paphiopedilum-callosum.jpg|thumb|right|''Paphiopedilum callosum'']]
[[Image:Paphiopedilum-hirsutissimum.jpg|thumb|right|''Paphiopedilum hirsutissimum'']]
[[Image:Paphiopedilum-insigne.jpg|thumb|right|''Paphiopedilum insigne'']]
[[Image:Paphiopedilum-philippense.jpg|thumb|right|''Paphiopedilum philippinense'' var. ''roebelenii'']]
[[Image:Paphiopedilum-spicerianum.jpg|thumb|right|''Paphiopedilum spicerianum'']]
[[Image:Paphiopedilum-sukhakulii.jpg|thumb|right|''Paphiopedilum sukhakulii'']]
[[Image:Paphiopedilum_rothschildianum.jpg|thumb|right|''Paphiopedilum rothschildianum'']]
The genus ''Paphiopedilum'' has been divided into several subgenera, and then further into sections and subsections.
;Subgenus ''Parvisepalum''
;Subgenus ''Brachypetalum''
;Subgenus ''Polyantha''
*section ''Mastigopetalum''
*section ''Polyantha''
*section ''Mystropetalum''
*section ''Stictopetalum''
*section ''Paphiopedilum''
*section ''Seratopetalum''
*section ''Cymatopetalum''
*section ''Thiopetalum''
;Subgenus ''Sigmatopetalum''
*section ''Spathopetalum''
**subsection ''Macronidium''
**subsection ''Spathopetalum''
*section ''Blepharopetalum''
*section ''Mastersianum''
*section ''Punctatum''
*section ''Barbata''
**subsection ''Lorapetalum''
**subsection ''Chloroneura''
*section ''Planipetalum''
*section ''Venustum''
;Subgenus ''Cochlopetalum''
== Species, subspecies and varieties==
*''[[Paphiopedilum acmodontum]]'' (Philippines).
*''[[Paphiopedilum adductum]]'' (Philippines).
*''[[Paphiopedilum appletonianum]]'' (Hainan to Indo-China).
*''[[Paphiopedilum argus]]'' (Philippines - Luzon).
*''[[Paphiopedilum armeniacum]]'' : '''Golden Slippers''' (China - W. YunNan to N. Myanmar).
**''Paphiopedilum armeniacum'' var. ''parviflorum'' (China - S. YunNan) (synonym of ''Paphiopedilum armeniacum'' S.C.Chen & F.Y.Liu)
**''Paphiopedilum armeniacum'' var. ''undulatum'' (China - S. YunNan) (synonym of ''Paphiopedilum armeniacum'' S.C.Chen & F.Y.Liu)
**''Paphiopedilum armeniacum'' f. ''markii'' (China - S. YunNan) (synonym of ''Paphiopedilum armeniacum'' S.C.Chen & F.Y.Liu)
*''[[Paphiopedilum barbatum]]'' (Pen. Thailand to Sumatra).
*''[[Paphiopedilum barbigerum]]'' (China - SE. YunNan, SW. Guizhou, Guangxi).
*''[[Paphiopedilum bellatulum]]'' : '''Egg-in-a-nest Orchid''' (China - SE. YunNan, Guizhou, S. Guangxi to Indo-China).
*''[[Paphiopedilum bougainvilleanum]]'' (Solomon Is).
**''Paphiopedilum bougainvilleanum'' var. ''bougainvilleanum'' (Solomon Is. - North Solomons). Hemicr.
**''Paphiopedilum bougainvilleanum'' var. ''saskianum'' ( Solomon Is. - South Solomons).. Hemicr.
*''[[Paphiopedilum bullenianum]]'' (Malaysia).
**''Paphiopedilum bullenianum'' var. ''bullenianum'' (W. Malaysia). Hemicr.
**''Paphiopedilum bullenianum'' var. ''celebesense'' (Sulawesi to Maluku). Hemicr.
*''[[Paphiopedilum callosum]]'' (Indo-China to NW. Pen. Malaysia).
**''Paphiopedilum callosum'' var. ''callosum'' (Indo-China). Hemicr.
**''Paphiopedilum callosum'' var. ''potentianum'' (Thailand). Hemicr.
**''Paphiopedilum callosum'' var. ''warnerianum'' (Pen. Thailand to NW. Pen. Malaysia). Hemicr.
*''[[Paphiopedilum charlesworthii]]'' (N. Myanmar to China - YunNan).
*''[[Paphiopedilum ciliolare]]'' (Philippines).
*''[[Paphiopedilum concolor]]'' (China - YunNan, Guizhou, Guangxi to Indo-China).
*''[[Paphiopedilum dayanum]]'' (Borneo).
*''[[Paphiopedilum delenatii]]'' (SE. Viet Nam)
**''Paphiopedilum delenatii'' f. ''albinum'' (SE. Viet Nam) (synonym of ''Paphiopedilum delenatii'' Guillaumin)
*''[[Paphiopedilum delicatum]]'' (Viet Nam) (synonym of ''Paphiopedilum helenae'' Aver.)
*''[[Paphiopedilum densissimum]]'' (China - S. YunNan) (synonym of ''Paphiopedilum villosum'' var. ''villosum'')
*''[[Paphiopedilum dianthum]]'' (China - SE. YunNan, SW. Guizhou, W. Guangxi).
*''[[Paphiopedilum dixlerianum]]'' (Mynamar)
*''[[Paphiopedilum druryi]]'' (S. India).
*''[[Paphiopedilum emersonii]]'' (China - SE. YunNan, S. Guizhou, Guangxi).
**''Paphiopedilum emersonii'' f. ''luteum'' (China - SE. YunNan)
*''[[Paphiopedilum exul]]'' (Pen. Thailand).
*''[[Paphiopedilum fairrieanum]]'' (E. Himalaya to Assam).
*''[[Paphiopedilum fowliei]]'' (Philippines - Palawan).
*''[[Paphiopedilum gigantifolium]]'' (SC. Sulawesi).
*''[[Paphiopedilum glanduliferum]]'' (NW. New Guinea).
*''[[Paphiopedilum glaucophyllum]]'' (E. Java).
**''Paphiopedilum glaucophyllum'' var. ''glaucophyllum'' (E. Java).
**''Paphiopedilum glaucophyllum'' var. ''moquetteanum '' (SW. Java).
*''[[Paphiopedilum godefroyae]]'' (Pen. Thailand).
*''[[Paphiopedilum gratrixianum]]'' (Laos to Viet Nam).
*''[[Paphiopedilum hangianum]]'' (China - YunNan to Viet Nam).
**''Paphiopedilum hangianum'' f. ''album'' (Viet Nam) (synonym of ''Paphiopedilum hangianum'' Perner & O.Gruss)
*''[[Paphiopedilum haynaldianum]]'' (Philippines - Luzon, Negros).
*''[[Paphiopedilum helenae]]'' (N. Vietnam - Cao Bang Prov).
*''[[Paphiopedilum hennisianum]]'' (C. Philippines).
*''[[Paphiopedilum henryanum]]'' (China - SE. YunNan, Guangxi to N. Vietnam).
*''[[Paphiopedilum hirsutissimum]]'' (Assam to S. China).
**''Paphiopedilum hirsutissimum'' var. ''chiwuanum'' (China - YunNan
**''Paphiopedilum hirsutissimum'' var. ''esquirolei'' (China - YunNan, Guizhou, Guangxi to N. & E. Indo-China).
**''Paphiopedilum hirsutissimum'' var. ''hirsutissimum'' (Assam to Myanmar).
*''[[Paphiopedilum hookerae]]'' (Borneo).
**''Paphiopedilum hookerae'' var. ''hookerae'' (Borneo - Sarawak, W. Kalimantan).
**''Paphiopedilum hookerae'' var. ''volonteanum'' (Borneo - Sabah).
*''[[Paphiopedilum insigne]]'' (Assam - Meghalaya).
*''[[Paphiopedilum intaniae]]'' (Sulawesi).
*''[[Paphiopedilum jackii]]'' (China - SE. YunNan to N. Viet Nam) (synonym of ''Paphiopedilum malipoense'' var. ''jackii'' (H.S.Hua) Aver.)
*''[[Paphiopedilum javanicum]]'' (Sumatra to Lesser Sunda Is.)
**''Paphiopedilum javanicum]]'' var. ''javanicum'' (Sumatra to Lesser Sunda Is.) Hemicr.
**''Paphiopedilum javanicum]]'' var. ''virens'' (Borneo - Sabah to N. Sarawak). Hemicr.
*''[[Paphiopedilum kolopakingii]]'' (Borneo - C. Kalimantan).
*''[[Paphiopedilum lawrenceanum]]'' (Borneo - Sarawak, Sabah).
*''[[Paphiopedilum liemianum]]'' (N. Sumatra).
*''[[Paphiopedilum lowii]]'' (W. & C. Malesia).
**''Paphiopedilum lowii'' var. ''lowii'' (W. & C. Malaysia).
**''Paphiopedilum lowii'' var. ''lynniae'' (Borneo). Hemicr.
**''Paphiopedilum lowii'' var. ''richardianum'' (Sulawesi).
*''[[Paphiopedilum malipoense]]'' : '''Jade Slipper Orchid''' (S. China to N. Viet Nam).
**''Paphiopedilum malipoense'' var. ''angustatum'' (China - YunNan).
**''Paphiopedilum malipoense'' var. ''jackii'' (H.S.Hua) Aver. (SE Yunnan to N. Vietnam)
**''Paphiopedilum malipoense'' var. ''malipoense'' (China - SE. YunNan, SW. Guizhou, SW. Guangxi to N. Viet Nam).
**''Paphiopedilum malipoense'' f. ''concolor'' (China - YunNan).
**''Paphiopedilum malipoense'' f. ''tonnianum'' (China - YunNan) (synonym of ''Paphiopedilum malipoense'' var. ''malipoense'')
**''Paphiopedilum malipoense'' f. ''virescens'' (China - YunNan) (synonym of ''Paphiopedilum malipoense'' var. ''malipoense'')
*''[[Paphiopedilum mastersianum]]'' (Lesser Sunda Is. to Maluku).
**''Paphiopedilum mastersianum'' var. ''mastersianum'' (Maluku - Ambon, Buru).
**''Paphiopedilum mastersianum'' var. ''mohrianum'' (Lesser Sunda Is. (Flores).
*''[[Paphiopedilum micranthum]]'' : '''Hard-leaved Pocket Orchid''', '''Silver Slipper Orchid''' (China - SE. YunNan, W. & N. Guangxi, W. Guizhou to N. Viet Nam).
*''[[Paphiopedilum niveum]]'' (Pen. Thailand to N. Pen. Malaysia).
*''[[Paphiopedilum ooii]]'' (Borneo).
*''[[Paphiopedilum papuanum]]'' (New Guinea).
*''[[Paphiopedilum parishii]]'' (Assam to China - W. YunNan).
*''[[Paphiopedilum philippinense]]'' (Philippines to N. Borneo).
**''Paphiopedilum philippinense'' var. ''philippinense'' (Philippines to N. Borneo).
**''Paphiopedilum philippinense'' var. ''roebelenii'' (Philippines - Luzon).
*''[[Paphiopedilum primulinum]]'' (Sumatea - S. Aceh).
**''Paphiopedilum primulinum'' var. ''primulinum'' (Sumatra - S. Aceh).
**''Paphiopedilum primulinum'' var. ''purpurascens'' (Sumatra -S. Aceh).
*''[[Paphiopedilum purpuratum]]'' (S.China to Hainan).
**''Paphiopedilum purpuratum'' var. ''hainanense'' (Hainan).
**''Paphiopedilum purpuratum'' var. ''purpuratum'' (China - YunNan, Hong Kong, Guangdong).
*''[[Paphiopedilum randsii]]'' (Philippines - N. Mindanao).
*''[[Paphiopedilum rhizomatosum]]'' (Myanmar).
*''[[Paphiopedilum rothschildianum]]'' : '''King of the Paphs''' (Borneo - Mt. Kinabalu).
*''[[Paphiopedilum saccopetalum]]'' (China - SE. Guanxi).
*''[[Paphiopedilum sanderianum]]'' (NW. Borneo - Gunung Mulu).
*''[[Paphiopedilum sangii]]'' (N. Sulawesi).
*''[[Paphiopedilum schoseri]]'' (Sulawesi to Maluku).
*''[[Paphiopedilum singchii]]'' (China - S. YunNan) (synonym of ''Paphiopedilum hangianum'' Perner & O.Gruss)
*''[[Paphiopedilum smaragdinum]]'' (South and Central China, YunNan) (now a synonym of ''Paphiopedilum tigrinum'' f. ''smaragdinum'' (Z.J.Liu & S.C.Chen) O.Gruss (2005).
*''[[Paphiopedilum spicerianum]]'' (Bhutan to NW. Myanmar).
**''Paphiopedilum spicerianum'' f. ''immaculatum'' (India) (synonym of ''Paphiopedilum spicerianum'' (Rchb.f.) Pfitzer)
*''[[Paphiopedilum stonei]]'' (Borneo - Sarawak).
**''Paphiopedilum stonei'' var. ''platyphyllum'' (Borneo - Sarawak).
**''Paphiopedilum stonei'' var. ''stonei'' (Borneo - S. Sarawak)
*''[[Paphiopedilum sugiyamanum]]'' (Borneo - Sabah).
*''[[Paphiopedilum sukhakulii]]'' (NE. Thailand).
*''[[Paphiopedilum supardii]]'' (Borneo - SE. Kalimantan).
*''[[Paphiopedilum superbiens]]'' (N. & W. Sumatra).
*''[[Paphiopedilum thaianum]]'' (Thailand).
*''[[Paphiopedilum tigrinum]]'' Koop. & N.Haseg. (China - W. YunNan).
**''Paphiopedilum tigrinum'' f. ''smaragdinum'' (Z.J.Liu & S.C.Chen) O.Gruss (2005).
*''[[Paphiopedilum tonsum]]'' (N. & W. Sumatra).
**''Paphiopediltum tonsum'' f. ''alboviride'' (Sumatra) (synonym of ''Paphiopedilum tonsum'' (Rchb.f.) Stein)
*''[[Paphiopedilum tranlienianum]]'' (Viet Nam).
**''Paphiopedilum tranlienianum'' f. ''alboviride'' (Viet Nam)
*''[[Paphiopedilum urbanianum]]'' (Philippines - Mindoro).
**''Paphiopedilum urbanianum'' f. ''alboviride'' (Philippines) (synonym of ''Paphiopedilum urbanianum'' Fowlie)
*''[[Paphiopedilum usitanum]]'' (Philippines).
*''[[Paphiopedilum vejvarutianum]]'' (Thailand - Kanchanaburi)
*''[[Paphiopedilum venustum]]'' (E. Nepal to NE. Bangladesh).
*''[[Paphiopedilum victoria-mariae]]'' (W. Sumatra).
*''[[Paphiopedilum victoria-regina]]'' (W. Sumatra).
*''[[Paphiopedilum vietnamense]]'' (Viet Nam).
*''[[Paphiopedilum villosum]]'' (Assam to S. China).
**''Paphiopedilum villosum'' var. ''annamense'' (China - YunNan, Guangxi to Indo-China).
**''Paphiopedilum villosum'' var. ''boxallii'' (Myanmar).
**''Paphiopedilum villosum'' var. ''villosum'' (Assam to Thailand)
*''[[Paphiopedilum viniferum]]'' (Burma) (synonym of ''Paphiopedilum callosum'' var. ''callosum'')
*''[[Paphiopedilum violascens]]'' (N. & E. New Guinea, Bismarck Arch. - Manus I.).
*''[[Paphiopedilum wardii]]'' : '''Rainbow Orchid''' (China - SW. YunNan to Myanmar).
**''Paphiopedilum wardii'' var. ''teestaensis'' (China - SW. YunNan).
**''Paphiopedilum wardii'' f. ''alboviride'' (China - SW. YunNan) (synonym of ''Paphiopedilum wardii'' Summerh.)
*''[[Paphiopedilum wentworthianum]]'' (Solomon Is.).
*''[[Paphiopedilum wilhelminae]]'' (C. New Guinea).
== Natural Hybrids ==
*''Paphiopedilum × affine'' ('' P. appletonianum'' × ''P. villosum''). (Viet Nam).
*''Paphiopedilum × areeanum''(''P. barbigerum'' × ''P. villosum'' var. ''annamense'') (China - SE. YunNan).
*''Paphiopedilum × burbidgei'' (''P. dayanum'' × ''P. javanicum'' var. ''virens'') (Borneo).
*''Paphiopedilum × dalatense'' (''P. callosum'' × ''P. villosum var. annamense'') (Viet Nam).
*''Paphiopedilum × dixlerianum'' (''P. callosum'' × ''P. wardii'') (Myanmar).
*''Paphiopedilum × expansum'' ('' P. hennisianum'' × ''P. philippinense'') (Philippines).
*''Paphiopedilum × fanaticum'' (''P. malipoense'' × ''P. micranthum'') (S. China).
*''Paphiopedilum × frankeanum'' (''P. superbiens'' × ''P. tonsum'') (Sumatra). 42 SUM.
*''Paphiopedilum × grussianum'' (''P. dianthum'' × ''P. hirsutissimum'' var. ''esquirolei'') (China - Guangxi).
*''Paphiopedilum × herrmannii'' (Vietnam) (''P. helenae'' × ''P. hirsutissimum'' var. ''esquirolei'')
*''Paphiopedilum × kimballianum'' (''P. dayanum'' × ''P. rothschildianum'') (Borneo -Mt. Kinabalu).
*''Paphiopedilum × littleanum'' (''P. dayanum'' × ''P. lawrenceanum'') (Borneo).
*''Paphiopedilum × mattesii'' (''P. barbatum'' × ''P. bullenianum'') (Pen. Malaysia).
*''Paphiopedilum × pereirae'' (''P. exul'' × ''P. niveum'') (Pen. Thailand).
*''Paphiopedilum × petchleungianum'' (''P. dianthum'' × ''P. villosum'') (China - SE. YunNan).
*''Paphiopedilum × powellii'' (''P. callosum'' × ''P. exul'') (Pen. Thailand).
*''Paphiopedilum × pradhanii'' (''P. fairrieanum'' × ''P. venustum'') (E. Himalaya)
*''Paphiopedilum × shipwayae'' (''P. dayanum'' × ''P. hookerae''). (Borneo).
*''Paphiopedilum × siamense'' (''P. appletonianum'' × ''P. callosum'') (Thailand).
*''Paphiopedilum × spicerovenustum'' (''P. spiceranum'' × ''P. venustum'') (Assam).
*''Paphiopedilum × venustoinsigne'' (''P. insigne'' × ''P. venustum'') (Assam).
*''Paphiopedilum × vietenryanum'' (''P. gratrixianum'' × ''P. henryanum'') (China – YunNan).
==References==
*Braem, G. J., Charles O. Baker, Margaret L. Baker. ''The Genus Paphiopedilum: Natural History and Cultivation'', Vol. 1. Kissimmee, Florida: Botanical Publishers, Inc., 1998.
*Leroy-Terquem, Gerald and Jean Parisot. ''Orchids: Care and Cultivation.'' London: Cassel Publishers Ltd., 1991.
*Pridgeon, A.M.; Cribb, P.J.; Chase, M.W. & F. N. Rasmussen (1999): Genera Orchidacearum Vol.1, Oxford U. Press. ISBN 0-19-850513-2
*Schoser, Gustav. ''Orchid Growing Basics.'' New York: Sterling Publishing Co., Inc., 1993.
*White, Judy. ''Taylor’s Guide to Orchids.'' Frances Tenenbaum, Series Editor. New York: Houghton-Mifflin, 1996.
== External links ==
{{commons|Paphiopedilum|''Paphiopedilum''}}
Paphiopedilum molecular characterization data
* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?db=nucleotide&val=117957314]
* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?db=nucleotide&val=2765590]
* [http://www.digitalcloseups.com Orchid Picture Gallery]
[[Category:Orchid genera]]