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Gladiolus (view source)

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{{Taxobox
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{{SPlantbox
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| color = lightgreen
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|familia=Iridaceae
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| name = ''Gladiolus''
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|genus=Gladiolus
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| image = Gladiolus 7-19-06.JPG
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|common_name=Gladiolus, sword lily
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| image_width = 250px
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|habit=bulbous
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| image_caption = ''Gladiolus''
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|origin=Africa, Eurasia
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| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
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|lifespan=perennial
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| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
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|exposure=sun
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| classis = [[Liliopsida]]
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|water=moderate
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| ordo = [[Asparagales]]
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|features=flowers, naturalizes
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| familia = [[Iridaceae]]
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|flowers=red, orange, yellow, green, blue, purple, brown, black, multicolored, pink, white, single
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| subfamilia = Ixioideae
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|Temp Metric=°F
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| tribus = Ixieae
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|image=Gladiolus 7-19-06.JPG
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| genus = '''''Gladiolus'''''
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|image_width=200
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| genus_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]
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| subdivision_ranks = Species
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| subdivision =  
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About 260, see text
   
}}
 
}}
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'''''Gladiolus''''' (from [[Latin]], the [[diminutive]] of ''gladius'', a [[sword]]) is a [[genus]] of perennial bulbous [[flowering plant]]s in the iris family ([[Iridaceae]]).<ref name=Goldblatt2008>{{cite book |author=Manning, John; Goldblatt, Peter |title=The Iris Family: Natural History & Classification |publisher=Timber Press |location=Portland, Oregon|pages=138–42 |year=2008|isbn=0-88192-897-6}}</ref> Sometimes called the '''sword lily''', the most widely used [[English language|English]] common name for these plants is simply '''gladiolus''' (plural '''gladioli''', '''gladioluses''' or sometimes '''gladiolas''').
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The genus ''Gladiolus'' contains about 260 species, of which 250 are native to [[sub-Saharan Africa]], mostly [[South Africa]]. About 10 species are native to Eurasia. There are 160 species of ''Gladiolus'' endemic in southern Africa and 76 in tropical Africa. The flowers of unmodified wild species vary from very small to perhaps 40 mm across, and inflorescences bearing anything from one to several flowers. The spectacular giant flower spikes in commerce are the products of centuries of hybridisation, selection, and perhaps more drastic manipulation.
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These attractive, perennial herbs are semihardy in temperate [[climate]]s. They grow from rounded, symmetrical [[corm]]s, that are enveloped in several layers of brownish, fibrous tunics.
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Their [[Plant stem|stems]] are generally unbranched, producing 1 to 9 narrow, sword-shaped, longitudinal grooved [[leaf|leaves]], enclosed in a sheath. The lowest leaf is shortened to a [[cataphyll]]. The leaf blades can be plane or cruciform in cross section.
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The fragrant [[flower]] spikes are large and one-sided, with [[secund]], bisexual flowers, each subtended by 2 leathery,  green [[bract]]s. The [[sepal]]s and the [[petal]]s are almost identical in appearance, and are termed tepals. They are united at their base into a tube-shaped structure. The dorsal tepal is the largest, arching over the three [[stamen]]s. The outer three [[tepal]]s are narrower. The [[perianth]] is funnel-shaped, with the stamens attached to its base. The style has three [[filiform]], spoon-shaped branches, each expanding towards the apex.
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The [[ovary (plants)|ovary]] is 3-locular with oblong or globose [[capsule (fruit)|capsules]], containing many, winged brown, longitudinally [[dehiscent]] [[seed]]s. In their center must be noticeable the specific pellet like structure which is the real seed without the fine coat. In some seeds this structure is wrinkled and with black color. These seeds are unable to germinate.
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These flowers are variously colored, pink to reddish or light purple with white, contrasting markings, or white to cream or orange to red.
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The South African species were originally pollinated by long-tongued [[anthrophorine]] bees, but some changes in the pollination system have occurred, allowing pollination by [[sunbird]]s, [[noctuid]] and [[Hawk moth|sphingid]] moths, long-tongued flies and several others. In the temperate zones of Europe many of the hybrid large flowering sorts of gladiolas can be pollinated by small well-known [[wasps]]. Actually, They are not very good pollinators because of the large flowers of the plants and the small size of the [[wasps]]. Another [[insect]] in this zone which can try some of the nectar of the gladioli is the best-known European [[Hawk-moth]] ''[[Macroglossum stellatarum]]'' which usually pollinates many popular garden flowers like ''[[Petunia]]'', ''[[Zinnia]]'', ''[[Dianthus]]'' and others.
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Gladioli are used as food plants by the [[larva]]e of some [[Lepidoptera]] species including the [[Large Yellow Underwing]].
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Gladioli have been extensively [[Hybrid (biology)|hybridized]] and a wide range of ornamental flower colours are available from the many varieties. The main hybrid groups have been obtained by crossing between four or five species, followed by selection: Grandiflorus, Primulines and Nanus.  They make very good cut flowers.  However, due to their height, the cultivated forms frequently tend to fall over in the [[wind]] if left on the plant.
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The majority of the species in this genus are [[diploid]]s with 30 [[chromosome]]s but the Grandiflora hybrids are [[tetraploid]]s and possess 60 chromosomes. It's because the main parental species of these hybrids is ''[[Gladiolus dalenii]]'' which is also tetraploid and includes a wide range of varieties (like the Grandiflora hybrids).
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{{Inc|
 
Gladiolus (diminutive of Latin gladius a sword, from the shape of the leaves. Popular summer- flowering and autumn-flowering bulbs, and now somewhat grown under glass.
 
Gladiolus (diminutive of Latin gladius a sword, from the shape of the leaves. Popular summer- flowering and autumn-flowering bulbs, and now somewhat grown under glass.
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Figures recently compiled from information given by the growers in the United States are as follows:
 
Figures recently compiled from information given by the growers in the United States are as follows:
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Number of acres devoted to gladioli.............................. 400 to 500
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Number of acres devoted to gladioli .............................. 400 to 500
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Estimated number of bulbs produced annually.........14,000.000 to 15,000,000 Estimated value of crop............................................ $250,000
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Estimated number of bulbs produced annually.........14,000.000 to 15,000,000 Estimated value of crop ............................................ $250,000
    
Raising new varieties.
 
Raising new varieties.
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I. Species Of Gladiolus (Nos. 1-27).
 
I. Species Of Gladiolus (Nos. 1-27).
 
Few of the original species of Gladiolus are in cultivation in their pure form. When grown at all, they are prized chiefly as oddities, or because of their botanical interest.
 
Few of the original species of Gladiolus are in cultivation in their pure form. When grown at all, they are prized chiefly as oddities, or because of their botanical interest.
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Many species of Gladiolus are likely to be discussed in horticultural literature. The following have recently been prominently mentioned: G. carmineus, C. Hi Wright. Resembles R. ramosus, Paxt., but differs in its laxer habit, longer spathc and yellow anthers: slender, 1 ½ ft.: lvs. linear, acuminate, 8 in. long and ½ in. broad: fls. carmine, about 3 in. across; tube narrow-funnel-shaped, white outride; segms. ovate, acuminate, 2 of the inner bearing a dark spot with a pale center; stamens rather more than half length of perianth. 8. Afr. B.M. 8068.—G. glaucus. Heldr. Dwarf, not exceeding 12 in.: st. and lvs. erect and stiff: fls. many, bluish red with red and white stripes at bane. Greece.—G. mackinderi, Hook, f. St. slender, 2 ft.: lvs. narrowly linear, the lower about 1 ft. long: fls. 5-6, the tube yellow, broad segms. scarlet and 1 ½ in. across. E. Trop. Afr. B.M. 7800. Named for Professor Mackinder, Oxford, who collected seeds at 10,000 ft. on Ml. Kenia in 1900. One of the Homoglossum section.  
 
Many species of Gladiolus are likely to be discussed in horticultural literature. The following have recently been prominently mentioned: G. carmineus, C. Hi Wright. Resembles R. ramosus, Paxt., but differs in its laxer habit, longer spathc and yellow anthers: slender, 1 ½ ft.: lvs. linear, acuminate, 8 in. long and ½ in. broad: fls. carmine, about 3 in. across; tube narrow-funnel-shaped, white outride; segms. ovate, acuminate, 2 of the inner bearing a dark spot with a pale center; stamens rather more than half length of perianth. 8. Afr. B.M. 8068.—G. glaucus. Heldr. Dwarf, not exceeding 12 in.: st. and lvs. erect and stiff: fls. many, bluish red with red and white stripes at bane. Greece.—G. mackinderi, Hook, f. St. slender, 2 ft.: lvs. narrowly linear, the lower about 1 ft. long: fls. 5-6, the tube yellow, broad segms. scarlet and 1 ½ in. across. E. Trop. Afr. B.M. 7800. Named for Professor Mackinder, Oxford, who collected seeds at 10,000 ft. on Ml. Kenia in 1900. One of the Homoglossum section.  
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L. H. B.
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{{SCH}}
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}}
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==Cultivation==
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In [[temperate zone]]s, the corms of most species and hybrids should be lifted in autumn and stored over winter in a [[frost]]-free place, then replanted in spring. Some species from Europe and high altitudes in Africa, as well as the small 'Nanus' hybrids, are much hardier (to at least -15°F/-26°C) and can be left in the ground in regions with sufficiently dry winters. Plants are [[plant propagation|propagated]] either from small cormlets produced as offsets by the parent [[corm]]s, or from [[seed]]; in either case, they take several years to get to flowering size.  Clumps should be dug up and divided every few years to keep them vigorous.
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'''''Gladiolus''''' (from [[Latin]], the [[diminutive]] of ''gladius'', a [[sword]]) is a [[genus]] of [[flowering plant]]s in the iris family ([[Iridaceae]]). Sometimes called the '''sword lily''', the most widely-used [[English language|English]] common name for these plants is simply '''gladiolus''' (plural '''gladioli''' or '''gladioluses''').
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===Propagation===
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{{edit-prop}}<!--- Type propagation info below this line, then delete this entire line -->
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The genus ''Gladiolus'' contains about 260 species, of which 250 are native to [[sub-Saharan Africa]], mostly [[South Africa]]. About 10 species are native to Eurasia. There are 160 species of ''Gladiolus'' endemic in southern Africa and 76 in tropical Africa. The species vary from very small to the spectacular giant flower spikes in commerce.
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===Pests and diseases===
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{{edit-pests}}<!--- Type pest/disease info below this line, then delete this entire line -->
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These attractive, perennial herbs are semihardy in temperate [[climate]]s. They grow from rounded, symmetrical [[corm]]s, that are enveloped in several layers of brownish, fibrous tunics.
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==Species==
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==Species==
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<!-- name=Gladioli|type=flower|season=|location=Full sun, not in wind|planting=Spring|flower=Late summer - Spring|image=Gladioli_bulbs.jpg|notes=Plant some corms every 2 weeks to get long-lasting coverage -->
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Their [[Plant stem|stems]] are generally unbranched, producing 1 to 9 narrow, sword-shaped, longitudinal grooved [[leaf|leaves]], enclosed in a sheath. The lowest leaf is shortened to a [[cataphyll]]. The leaf blades can be plane or cruciform in cross section.
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[[Image:Gladiolus alatus nah.JPG|thumb|right|250px|''[[Gladiolus alatus]]'', Clanwilliam, RSA]]
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[[Image:Gladiolus-carcinalis.jpg|thumb|right|250px|''[[Gladiolus cardinalis]]'' <br />from Curtis's Botanical Magazine 1790]]
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The fragrant [[flower]] spikes are large and one-sided, with [[secund]], bisexual flowers, each subtended by 2 leathery,  green [[bract]]s. The [[sepal]]s and the [[petal]]s are almost identical in appearance, and are termed tepals. They are united at their base into a tube-shaped structure. The dorsal tepal is the largest, arching over the three [[stamen]]ss. The outer three [[tepal]]s are narrower. The [[perianth]] is funnel-shaped, with the stamens attached to its base. The style has three [[filiform]], spoon-shaped branches, each expanding towards the apex.
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[[Image:Gladiolus-undulatus.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Waved-flowered Gladiolus (''[[Gladiolus undulatus]]'') <br /> from Curtis's Botanical Magazine 1801]]
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[[File:Starr 980630-1515 Gladiolus sp..jpg|thumb|right|250px|''Gladiolus'' hybrid, Grandiflorus group]]
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The [[ovary (plants)|ovary]] is 3-locular with oblong or globose [[capsule (fruit)|capsules]], containing many, winged brown, longitudinally [[dehiscent]] [[seed]]s.
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[[Image:Gladiolus-delenii.jpg|thumb|right|250px| ''[[Gladiolus dalenii]]'']]
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[[Image:Gladiolus hybrid red-lime.jpg|thumb|250px|A Gladiolus hybrid]]
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These flowers are variously colored, pink to reddish or light purple with white, contrasting markings, or white to cream or orange to red.
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[[Image:Gladiolus imbricatus1002.jpg|thumb|250px|right|''[[Gladiolus imbricatus]]'']]
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The South African species were originally pollinated by long-tongued [[anthrophorine]] bees, but some changes in the pollination system have occurred, allowing pollination by [[sunbird]]s, [[noctuid]] and [[Hawk moth|sphingid]] moths, long-tongued flies and several others.
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Gladioli are used as food plants by the [[larva]]e of some [[Lepidoptera]] species including the [[Large Yellow Underwing]].
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They make very good cut flowers.  However, due to their height, the cultivated forms frequently tend to fall over in the [[wind]] if left on the plant.
  −
 
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Gladioli have been extensively [[hybrid]]ized and a wide range of ornamental flower colours are available from the many varieties. The main hybrid groups have been obtained by crossing between four or five species, followed by selection: Grandiflorus, Primulines and Nanus.
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<br clear=all />
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{{infobox-plant|name=Gladioli|type=flower|season=|location=Full sun, not in wind|planting=Spring|flower=Late summer - Spring|image=Gladioli_bulbs.jpg|notes=Plant some bulbs every 2 weeks to get a constant (w.r.t time) coverage}}
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==Species==
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The genus ''Gladiolus'' has been divided in to many sections. Where possible, the sections have been indicated. Most species, however, are only tentatively placed.
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The genus ''Gladiolus'' has been divided in several sections. Where possible, the sections have been indicated. Most species, however, are only tentatively placed.
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* ''[[Gladiolus abbreviatus]]'' Andrews
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* ''[[Gladiolus abbreviatus]]'' [[Henry Charles Andrews|Andrews]]
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* ''[[Gladiolus acuminatus]]'' F. Bol.  
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* ''[[Gladiolus acuminatus]]'' [[F.Bol.]]
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* ''[[Gladiolus aequinoctialis]]'' Herb.  
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* ''[[Gladiolus aequinoctialis]]'' [[William Herbert (botanist)|Herb.]]
 
* ''[[Gladiolus alatus]]'' L. (sect. Hebea)  
 
* ''[[Gladiolus alatus]]'' L. (sect. Hebea)  
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* ''[[Gladiolus aleppicus]]'' Boiss. var. aleppicus
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* ''[[Gladiolus aleppicus]]'' [[Pierre Edmond Boissier|Boiss.]] var. ''aleppicus''
 
* ''[[Gladiolus anatolicus]]''
 
* ''[[Gladiolus anatolicus]]''
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* ''[[Gladiolus andringitrae]]'' Goldblatt
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* ''[[Gladiolus andringitrae]]'' [[Goldblatt]]
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* ''[[Gladiolus angustus]]'' L. (sect. Blandus)  
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* ''[[Gladiolus angustus]]'' L. (sect. Blandus) : Long-tubed Painted Lady  
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: Long-tubed Painted Lady  
   
* ''[[Gladiolus antandroyi]]'' Goldblatt
 
* ''[[Gladiolus antandroyi]]'' Goldblatt
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* ''[[Gladiolus antholyzoides]]'' Baker
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* ''[[Gladiolus antholyzoides]]'' [[John Gilbert Baker|Baker]]
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* ''[[Gladiolus appendiculatus]]'' G. Lewis
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* ''[[Gladiolus appendiculatus]]'' [[G.Lewis]]
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* ''[[Gladiolus aquamontanus]]'' Goldblatt & Vlok
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* ''[[Gladiolus aquamontanus]]'' Goldblatt & [[Vlok]]
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* ''[[Gladiolus arcuatus]]'' Klatt
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* ''[[Gladiolus arcuatus]]'' [[Friedrich Wilhelm Klatt|Klatt]]
 
* ''[[Gladiolus atropurpureus]]'' Baker
 
* ''[[Gladiolus atropurpureus]]'' Baker
 
* ''[[Gladiolus atroviolaceus]]'' Boiss.  
 
* ''[[Gladiolus atroviolaceus]]'' Boiss.  
 
* ''[[Gladiolus aurantiacus]]'' Klatt
 
* ''[[Gladiolus aurantiacus]]'' Klatt
 
* ''[[Gladiolus aureus]]'' Baker : Golden Gladiolus
 
* ''[[Gladiolus aureus]]'' Baker : Golden Gladiolus
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* ''[[Gladiolus atom]]''
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* ''[[Gladiolus bellus]]'' [[C. H. Wright]]
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* ''[[Gladiolus bellus]]'' C. H. Wright
   
* ''[[Gladiolus benguellensis]]'' Baker (sect. Ophiolyza)
 
* ''[[Gladiolus benguellensis]]'' Baker (sect. Ophiolyza)
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* ''[[Gladiolus bilineatus]]'' G. J. Lewis
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* ''[[Gladiolus bilineatus]]'' [[G. J. Lewis]]
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* ''[[Gladiolus boehmii]]'' Vaupel (1882)  
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* ''[[Gladiolus boehmii]]'' [[Vaupel]] (1882)  
 
* ''[[Gladiolus bojeri]]'' (Baker) Goldblatt
 
* ''[[Gladiolus bojeri]]'' (Baker) Goldblatt
 
* ''[[Gladiolus brachylimbus]]'' Baker (1893)  
 
* ''[[Gladiolus brachylimbus]]'' Baker (1893)  
 
* ''[[Gladiolus brachyphyllus]]'' F. Bolus or Bolus f.  
 
* ''[[Gladiolus brachyphyllus]]'' F. Bolus or Bolus f.  
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* ''[[Gladiolus brevifolius]]'' Jacq. (sect. Linearifolius)  
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* ''[[Gladiolus brevifolius]]'' [[Nikolaus Joseph von Jacquin|Jacq.]] (sect. Linearifolius)  
 
* ''[[Gladiolus brevitubus]]'' G. Lewis
 
* ''[[Gladiolus brevitubus]]'' G. Lewis
 
* ''[[Gladiolus buckerveldii]]'' (L. Bolus) Goldblatt
 
* ''[[Gladiolus buckerveldii]]'' (L. Bolus) Goldblatt
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* ''[[Gladiolus bullatus]]'' Thunb. ex G. Lewis : Caledon Bluebell
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* ''[[Gladiolus bullatus]]'' [[Carl Peter Thunberg|Thunb.]] ex G. Lewis : Caledon Bluebell
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* ''[[Gladiolus caeruleus]]'' Goldblatt & J.C. Manning
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* ''[[Gladiolus caeruleus]]'' Goldblatt & [[J.C. Manning]]
 
* ''[[Gladiolus calcaratus]]'' G. Lewis
 
* ''[[Gladiolus calcaratus]]'' G. Lewis
 
* ''[[Gladiolus calcicola]]'' Goldblatt
 
* ''[[Gladiolus calcicola]]'' Goldblatt
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* ''[[Gladiolus callianthus]]'' Mosais : Abyssinian Gladiolus
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* ''[[Gladiolus callianthus]]'' [[Mosais]] : Abyssinian Gladiolus
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[[Image:Gladiolus-carcinalis.jpg|thumb|right|250px|''[[Gladiolus cardinalis]]'' <br />from Curtis's Botanical Magazine 1790]]
   
* ''[[Gladiolus canaliculatus]]'' Goldblatt
 
* ''[[Gladiolus canaliculatus]]'' Goldblatt
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* ''[[Gladiolus candidus]]'' (Rendle) Goldblatt
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* ''[[Gladiolus candidus]]'' ([[Alfred Barton Rendle|Rendle]]) Goldblatt
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* ''[[Gladiolus cardinalis]]'' Curtis (sect. Blandus)  
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* ''[[Gladiolus cardinalis]]'' [[William Curtis|Curtis]] (sect. Blandus)  
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* ''[[Gladiolus carinatus]]'' Aiton
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* ''[[Gladiolus carinatus]]'' [[William Aiton|Aiton]]
 
* ''[[Gladiolus carmineus]]'' C. H. Wright (sect. Blandus) : Cliff Lily
 
* ''[[Gladiolus carmineus]]'' C. H. Wright (sect. Blandus) : Cliff Lily
 
* ''[[Gladiolus carneus]]'' (sect. Blandus) : Large Painted Lady
 
* ''[[Gladiolus carneus]]'' (sect. Blandus) : Large Painted Lady
 
* ''[[Gladiolus caryophyllaceus]]'' (Burm. f.) Poiret
 
* ''[[Gladiolus caryophyllaceus]]'' (Burm. f.) Poiret
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* ''[[Gladiolus cataractarum]]'' Oberm.  
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* ''[[Gladiolus cataractarum]]'' [[Oberm.]]
 
* ''[[Gladiolus caucasicus]]'' Herb.  
 
* ''[[Gladiolus caucasicus]]'' Herb.  
 
* ''[[Gladiolus ceresianus]]'' L. Bolus
 
* ''[[Gladiolus ceresianus]]'' L. Bolus
 
* ''[[Gladiolus citrinus]]'' Klatt
 
* ''[[Gladiolus citrinus]]'' Klatt
 
* ''[[Gladiolus x colvillei]]'' : Colville's Gladiolus
 
* ''[[Gladiolus x colvillei]]'' : Colville's Gladiolus
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* ''[[Gladiolus communis]]'' L. (sect. Gladiolus) : Cornflag (type species)
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* ''[[Gladiolus communis]]'' [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]] (sect. Gladiolus) : Cornflag (type species)
 
** ''Gladiolus communis'' subsp. ''byzantinus'' (sect. Gladiolus) - Whistling Jack, Eastern Gladiolus
 
** ''Gladiolus communis'' subsp. ''byzantinus'' (sect. Gladiolus) - Whistling Jack, Eastern Gladiolus
 
** ''Gladiolus communis'' subsp. ''communis'' (sect. Gladiolus)  
 
** ''Gladiolus communis'' subsp. ''communis'' (sect. Gladiolus)  
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* ''[[Gladiolus crassifolius]]'' Baker
 
* ''[[Gladiolus crassifolius]]'' Baker
 
* ''[[Gladiolus crispulatus]]'' L. Bolus
 
* ''[[Gladiolus crispulatus]]'' L. Bolus
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* ''[[Gladiolus cruentus]]'' T. Moore (sect. Ophiolyza)  
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* ''[[Gladiolus cruentus]]'' [[T. Moore]] (sect. Ophiolyza)  
 
* ''[[Gladiolus curtifolius]]'' Marais
 
* ''[[Gladiolus curtifolius]]'' Marais
 
* ''[[Gladiolus cuspidatus]]''
 
* ''[[Gladiolus cuspidatus]]''
 
* ''[[Gladiolus cylindraceus]]'' G. Lewis
 
* ''[[Gladiolus cylindraceus]]'' G. Lewis
 
* ''[[Gladiolus cymbarius]]'' Baker  
 
* ''[[Gladiolus cymbarius]]'' Baker  
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* ''[[Gladiolus dalenii]]'' Van Geel (sect. Ophiolyza)  
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* ''[[Gladiolus dalenii]]'' [[Van Geel]] (sect. Ophiolyza)  
 
* ''[[Gladiolus debilis]]'' Ker Gawler (sect. Homoglossum) : Small Painted Lady
 
* ''[[Gladiolus debilis]]'' Ker Gawler (sect. Homoglossum) : Small Painted Lady
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[[Image:Gladiolus-undulatus.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Waved-flowered Gladiolus (''[[Gladiolus undulatus]]'') <br /> from Curtis's Botanical Magazine 1801]]
   
* ''[[Gladiolus decaryi]]'' Goldblatt
 
* ''[[Gladiolus decaryi]]'' Goldblatt
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* ''[[Gladiolus decipiens]]'' Vaupel
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* ''[[Gladiolus decipiens]]'' [[Vaupel]]
 
* ''[[Gladiolus decoratus]]'' Baker
 
* ''[[Gladiolus decoratus]]'' Baker
 
* ''[[Gladiolus densiflorus]]'' Baker
 
* ''[[Gladiolus densiflorus]]'' Baker
 
* ''[[Gladiolus deserticolus]]'' Goldblatt
 
* ''[[Gladiolus deserticolus]]'' Goldblatt
 
* ''[[Gladiolus dolomiticus]]'' Oberm.  
 
* ''[[Gladiolus dolomiticus]]'' Oberm.  
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* ''[[Gladiolus dracocephalus]]'' Hook.f.  
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* ''[[Gladiolus dracocephalus]]'' [[Joseph Dalton Hooker|Hook.f.]]
 
* ''[[Gladiolus dregei]]'' Klatt
 
* ''[[Gladiolus dregei]]'' Klatt
 
* ''[[Gladiolus dubius]]''
 
* ''[[Gladiolus dubius]]''
 
* ''[[Gladiolus dzavakheticus]]''
 
* ''[[Gladiolus dzavakheticus]]''
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* ''[[Gladiolus ecklonii]]'' Lehm.  
+
* ''[[Gladiolus ecklonii]]'' [[Johann Georg Christian Lehmann|Lehm.]]
 
* ''[[Gladiolus edulis]]'' Burchell ex Ker Gawler
 
* ''[[Gladiolus edulis]]'' Burchell ex Ker Gawler
 
* ''[[Gladiolus elliotii]]'' Baker (sect. Ophiolyza)  
 
* ''[[Gladiolus elliotii]]'' Baker (sect. Ophiolyza)  
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* ''[[Gladiolus floribundus]]'' Jacq.  
 
* ''[[Gladiolus floribundus]]'' Jacq.  
 
* ''[[Gladiolus fourcadei]]'' (L. Bolus) Goldblatt & De Vos
 
* ''[[Gladiolus fourcadei]]'' (L. Bolus) Goldblatt & De Vos
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* ''[[Gladiolus ×gandavensis]]'' (sect. Ophiolyza)  [= G. dalenii × G. oppositiflorus]  
+
* ''[[Gladiolus ×gandavensis]]'' (sect. Ophiolyza)  [= ''G. dalenii'' × '''G. oppositiflorus'']  
 
* ''[[Gladiolus garnierii]]'' Klatt
 
* ''[[Gladiolus garnierii]]'' Klatt
 
* ''[[Gladiolus geardii]]'' L. Bolus  
 
* ''[[Gladiolus geardii]]'' L. Bolus  
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* ''[[Gladiolus goetzii]]'' Harms
+
* ''[[Gladiolus goetzii]]'' [[Hermann August Theodor Harms|Harms]]
 
* ''[[Gladiolus gracilis]]'' Jacq. (sect. Homoglossum) : Reed Bells
 
* ''[[Gladiolus gracilis]]'' Jacq. (sect. Homoglossum) : Reed Bells
 
* ''[[Gladiolus gracillimus]]'' Baker
 
* ''[[Gladiolus gracillimus]]'' Baker
 
* ''[[Gladiolus grandiflorus]]'' (sect. Blandus)  
 
* ''[[Gladiolus grandiflorus]]'' (sect. Blandus)  
 
* ''[[Gladiolus gregarius]]'' Welw. ex Baker (sect. Densiflorus)  
 
* ''[[Gladiolus gregarius]]'' Welw. ex Baker (sect. Densiflorus)  
−
* ''[[Gladiolus griseus]]'' Goldblatt & J.C. Man
+
* ''[[Gladiolus griseus]]'' Goldblatt & J.C. Manning
−
ning
   
* ''[[Gladiolus gueinzii]]'' Kunze
 
* ''[[Gladiolus gueinzii]]'' Kunze
 
* ''[[Gladiolus guthriei]]'' F. Bol. (sect. Linearifolius)  
 
* ''[[Gladiolus guthriei]]'' F. Bol. (sect. Linearifolius)  
−
* ''[[Gladiolus halophilus]]''
+
* ''[[Gladiolus halophilus]]'' Boiss. & Heldr.
 
* ''[[Gladiolus harmsianus]]'' Vaupel
 
* ''[[Gladiolus harmsianus]]'' Vaupel
−
[[Image:Gladiolus-sp..jpg|thumb|right|250px]]
   
* ''[[Gladiolus heterolobus]]'' Vaupel
 
* ''[[Gladiolus heterolobus]]'' Vaupel
 
* ''[[Gladiolus hirsutus]]'' Jacq. (sect. Linearifolius) : Small Pink Afrikaner
 
* ''[[Gladiolus hirsutus]]'' Jacq. (sect. Linearifolius) : Small Pink Afrikaner
Line 310: Line 315:  
* ''[[Gladiolus hyalinus]]'' Jacq.
 
* ''[[Gladiolus hyalinus]]'' Jacq.
 
* ''[[Gladiolus illyricus]]'' W.D.J.Koch - Wild Gladiolus
 
* ''[[Gladiolus illyricus]]'' W.D.J.Koch - Wild Gladiolus
−
* ''[[Gladiolus imbricatus]]''
+
* ''[[Gladiolus imbricatus]]'' L.
 
* ''[[Gladiolus inandensis]]'' Baker
 
* ''[[Gladiolus inandensis]]'' Baker
−
[[Image:Gladiolus-delenii.jpg|thumb|right|250px]]
   
* ''[[Gladiolus incospicuus]]'' Baker  
 
* ''[[Gladiolus incospicuus]]'' Baker  
 
* ''[[Gladiolus inflatus]]'' Thunb.  
 
* ''[[Gladiolus inflatus]]'' Thunb.  
Line 325: Line 329:  
* ''[[Gladiolus jonquilliodorus]]'' Ecklon ex G. Lewis
 
* ''[[Gladiolus jonquilliodorus]]'' Ecklon ex G. Lewis
 
* ''[[Gladiolus junodi]]'' Baker  
 
* ''[[Gladiolus junodi]]'' Baker  
−
[[Image:Gladiolus hybrid red-lime.jpg|thumb|250px|A Gladiolus hybrid]]
   
* ''[[Gladiolus kamiesbergensis]]'' G. Lewis
 
* ''[[Gladiolus kamiesbergensis]]'' G. Lewis
 
* ''[[Gladiolus karendensis]]'' Baker   
 
* ''[[Gladiolus karendensis]]'' Baker   
Line 345: Line 348:  
* ''[[Gladiolus loteniensis]]'' Hilliard & Burtt
 
* ''[[Gladiolus loteniensis]]'' Hilliard & Burtt
 
* ''[[Gladiolus louiseae]]'' L. Bolus
 
* ''[[Gladiolus louiseae]]'' L. Bolus
−
[[Image:Gladiolus imbricatus1002.jpg|thumb|250px|right|''[[Gladiolus imbricatus]]'']]
   
* ''[[Gladiolus lundaensis]]'' Goldblatt
 
* ''[[Gladiolus lundaensis]]'' Goldblatt
 
* ''[[Gladiolus luteus]]'' Lam.  
 
* ''[[Gladiolus luteus]]'' Lam.  
Line 387: Line 389:  
* ''[[Gladiolus paludosus]]'' Baker
 
* ''[[Gladiolus paludosus]]'' Baker
 
* ''[[Gladiolus palustris]]'' : Marsh Gladiolus  
 
* ''[[Gladiolus palustris]]'' : Marsh Gladiolus  
−
*
+
* ''[[Gladiolus papilio]]'' Hook. f. (sect. Densiflorus)  : Goldblotch Gladiolus
−
''[[Gladiolus papilio]]'' Hook. f. (sect. Densiflorus)  : Goldblotch Gladiolus
   
* ''[[Gladiolus pappei]]'' Baker (sect. Blandus)  
 
* ''[[Gladiolus pappei]]'' Baker (sect. Blandus)  
 
* ''[[Gladiolus pardalinus]]'' Goldblatt & J.C. Manning
 
* ''[[Gladiolus pardalinus]]'' Goldblatt & J.C. Manning
Line 405: Line 406:  
* ''[[Gladiolus prismatosiphon]]'' Schltr.  
 
* ''[[Gladiolus prismatosiphon]]'' Schltr.  
 
* ''[[Gladiolus pritzelii]]'' Diels
 
* ''[[Gladiolus pritzelii]]'' Diels
−
* ''[[Gladiolus psittacinus]]''
   
* ''[[Gladiolus psittacinus]]'' Hook.  
 
* ''[[Gladiolus psittacinus]]'' Hook.  
 
* ''[[Gladiolus puberulus]]'' Vaupel
 
* ''[[Gladiolus puberulus]]'' Vaupel
Line 412: Line 412:  
* ''[[Gladiolus pulcherrimus]]'' (G. Lewis) Goldblatt & J.C. Manning
 
* ''[[Gladiolus pulcherrimus]]'' (G. Lewis) Goldblatt & J.C. Manning
 
* ''[[Gladiolus punctulatus]]'' Schrank
 
* ''[[Gladiolus punctulatus]]'' Schrank
−
* ''[[Gladiolus pusillus]]''
+
* ''[[Gladiolus pusillus]]'' Goldblatt
 
* ''[[Gladiolus quadrangularis]]'' (Burm. f.) Ker Gawler
 
* ''[[Gladiolus quadrangularis]]'' (Burm. f.) Ker Gawler
 
* ''[[Gladiolus quadrangulus]]'' (Delaroche) Barnard
 
* ''[[Gladiolus quadrangulus]]'' (Delaroche) Barnard
Line 436: Line 436:  
* ''[[Gladiolus sericeovillosus]]'' Hook. f.  
 
* ''[[Gladiolus sericeovillosus]]'' Hook. f.  
 
* ''[[Gladiolus serpenticola]]'' Goldblatt & J.C. Manning
 
* ''[[Gladiolus serpenticola]]'' Goldblatt & J.C. Manning
−
* ''[[Gladiolus somalensis]]''
+
* ''[[Gladiolus somalensis]]'' Goldblatt & Thulin
 
* ''[[Gladiolus speciosus]]'' Thunb.  
 
* ''[[Gladiolus speciosus]]'' Thunb.  
 
* ''[[Gladiolus spectabilis]]'' Baker (s. d.)  
 
* ''[[Gladiolus spectabilis]]'' Baker (s. d.)  
Line 447: Line 447:  
* ''[[Gladiolus taubertianus]]'' Schltr.  
 
* ''[[Gladiolus taubertianus]]'' Schltr.  
 
* ''[[Gladiolus tenellus]]'' Ecklon
 
* ''[[Gladiolus tenellus]]'' Ecklon
−
* ''[[Gladiolus tenuis]]''
+
* ''[[Gladiolus tenuis]]'' M. Bieb.
 
* ''[[Gladiolus teretifolius]]'' Goldblatt & De Vos
 
* ''[[Gladiolus teretifolius]]'' Goldblatt & De Vos
 +
* ''[[Gladiolus thomsonii]]'' Baker
 
* ''[[Gladiolus trichonemifolius]]'' (sect. Homoglossum)  
 
* ''[[Gladiolus trichonemifolius]]'' (sect. Homoglossum)  
 
* ''[[Gladiolus tristis]]'' (sect. Homoglossum)  
 
* ''[[Gladiolus tristis]]'' (sect. Homoglossum)  
Line 477: Line 478:  
* ''[[Gladiolus zimbabweensis]]'' Goldblatt
 
* ''[[Gladiolus zimbabweensis]]'' Goldblatt
   −
==Cultivation==
+
==Gallery==
−
 
+
{{photo-sources}}<!-- remove this line if there are already 3 or more photos in the gallery  -->
−
In [[temper
  −
ate zone]]s, the corms of most species and hybrids should be lifted in [[autumn]] and stored over [[winter]] in a [[frost]]-free place, then replanted in [[spring (season)|spring]]. Some species from Europe and high altitudes in Africa, as well as the small 'Nanus' hybrids, are much hardier (to at least -15°F/-26°C) and can be left in the ground in regions with sufficiently dry winters. Plants are [[plant propagation|propagated]] either from small cormlets produced as offsets by the parent corms, or from [[seed]]; in either case, they take several years to get to flowering size.
     −
==''Gladiolus'' in Popular Culture==
+
<gallery>
 +
Image:Upload.png| photo 1
 +
Image:Upload.png| photo 2
 +
Image:Upload.png| photo 3
 +
</gallery>
   −
The stage character [[Dame Edna Everage]], has adopted the gladiolus as her trademark flower; the flowers often appear in her publicity photos and stage appearances. The singer [[Morrissey]] has done the same thing since his days in [[The Smiths]] in the 1980s, this use of flowers being rather unique in popular music circles.
+
==References==
−
 
+
*[[Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture]], by L. H. Bailey, MacMillan Co., 1963
−
{{Commons|Gladiolus}}
+
<!--- xxxxx  *Flora: The Gardener's Bible, by Sean Hogan. Global Book Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0881925381  -->
 +
<!--- xxxxx  *American Horticultural Society: A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants, by Christopher Brickell, Judith D. Zuk. 1996. ISBN 0789419432  -->
 +
<!--- xxxxx  *Sunset National Garden Book. Sunset Books, Inc., 1997. ISBN 0376038608  -->
    
==External links==
 
==External links==
−
*[http://www.gbif.net/portal/ecat_browser.jsp?taxonKey=246285 Taxonomy of ''Gladiolus'' in GBIF Biodiversity Data Portal]
+
*{{wplink}}
−
*[http://www.gladioulus.co.uk Gladioulus.co.uk] - Comprehensive information about Gladiolus
  −
 
  −
==References==
  −
 
  −
* Peter Goldblatt (1996)-  A monograph of the genus Gladiolus in tropical Africa (83 species) (Timber Press)
  −
* Peter Goldblatt, J.C. Manning (1998)- Gladiolus in southern Africa : Systematics, Biology, and Evolution, including 144 watercolor paintings;  (Fernwood Press, Cape Town)
     −
[[Category:Iridaceae]]
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__NOTOC__
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[[Category:Garden plants]]
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[[Category:Corm]]
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[[Category:Flower]]
 
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