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Quercus (ancient Latin name). Fagaceae. Oak. Ornamental trees, rarely shrubs, grown chiefly for their handsome foliage and interesting habit; many species are important timber trees. See Oak.
Deciduous or evergreen trees, rarely shrubby: winter buds with usually many imbricate scales: lvs. alternate, short-petioled, with deciduous stipules, pen- ninerved, serrate, lobed or pinnatifid, rarely entire: fls. monoecious; the staminate in slender, pendulous catkins with 4-7-parted calyx and 4-12, usually 6, stamens; pistillate in 1- to many-fld. spikes in the axils of the young lvs., each fl. consisting of an incompletely 3-, or rarely 4-5-celled ovary, surrounded by imbricate bracts; style short or elongated, dilated above and stigmatic on the inner face: fr. a 1-seeded subglobose to oblong nut, surrounded at the base or sometimes almost inclosed by a cup-like involucre.—More than 200 species are known, distributed through the colder and temperate regions of the northern hemisphere and in the mountains of the tropics. The numerous species are usually divided into 3 subgenera. The species of the subgenus Cyclobalanopsis which has the scales of the cup connate into concentric rings are all Asiatic. The American species belong to Lepidobalanus (balanos is Greek for acorn) and to Erythrobalanus. In the former, comprising the white oak tribe, the acorns mature the first year (Fig. 3304). In the latter, comprising the black oaks, the acorns mature the second year (Fig. 3305). Besides the 200 species, about 40 hybrids have been recorded. Pasania, often included under Quercus, is now usually considered a distinct genus, which see. The latest monograph of the whole genus is by A. DeCandolle in "Prodromus," vol. 16, 2, pp. 1-108 (1864-1868). Important illustrated works on American oaks are A. Michaux, "Histoire des Chenes de l'Amerique" (1801), with 36 plates; Kellogg and Greene. "Illustrations of West American Oaks" (1889), with 37 plates; Sargent, "Silva of North America," vol. 8 (1895), with 82 plates, and Liebmann, "Chenes de l'Amerique Tropicale" (1869), with 47 plates. Most of the European and west Asian oaks are figured in Kotschy "Eichen Europas und des Orients" (1862), with 40 colored plates. For comparative illustrations of lvs. see M.D. 1900, p. 32; R.B. 27, p. 61; G.W. 7, pp. 570, 571, 573; for those of frs. see M.D. 1900, p. 40; R.B. 27, p. 109.
The oaks are mostly trees, often tall with massive trunk and stout spreading limbs, with medium-sized, short-petioled leaves, usually more or less lobed, dentate or serrate, rarely entire, with inconspicuous flowers, the staminate ones in slender pendulous catkins and with fruits or "acorns" consisting of a globular to oblong nut inclosed at the base only, rarely wholly or nearly wholly, by a cup-like involucre. The oaks comprise some of the most important forest trees of the northern hemisphere. The wood of most species is strong, tough, hard and durable, and highly valued for many purposes, especially ship-building, construction, for furniture, and in the manufacture of wagons, tools and many other articles. The bark of some species, in America that of Q. velutina and Q. Prinus, is used for tanning leather. Cork is obtained from the bark of Q. Suber and Q. occidentalis in southern Europe. The bark of a few species has also been employed in medicine. The acorns of several species are edible, in America especially those of Q. Prinus, Q. Emoryi and Q. lobata; in Europe those of Q. Ilex var. Ballota and Q. Egilops; in Japan those of Q. glauca; in many European countries the acorns of all species are an important food for hogs. In eastern Asia a silkworm feeds on the leaves of different species. A parasitic insect living on Q. coccifera in southern Europe and northern Africa yields a scarlet dye. Galls caused by the puncture of certain insects are used for tanning and dyeing and are now chiefly obtained from Q. Ilex var. infectoria in western Asia. Some of the above-mentioned species are described only in the supplementary list, page 2890.
The deciduous species are mostly hardy North, while of the evergreen ones none seems to be hardy farther north than Washington, D.C.; some half-evergreen oaks, as Q. Pseudoturneri and Q. macedonica, will probably prove hardy in the vicinity of New York.
Most of the oaks are stately trees of noble and majestic habit with stout, wide-spreading branches; some, as Q. alba, Q. Garryana, Q. vir- giniana, and Q. chrysolepis, often cover a space more than 100 feet in diameter; others, as Q. macrocarpa, Q. montana and Q. velutina, have a more oval, round- topped head, while Q. palustris and Q. imbricaria form symmetrical broad pyramids. A very few hardy species are shrubs, generally called scrub oaks, as Q. prinoides and Q. ilicifolia. Oaks rank among our most valuable park and avenue trees, and are as beautiful when grown as single trees as they are when grouped together and forming groves and woods. As avenue trees, Q. palustris, Q. rubra, Q. coccinea. Q. imbricaria and Q. Phellos are among the best, the last- named when medium-sized trees are desired; in the southern states, Q. laurifolia, Q. nigra, and the evergreen Q. virginiana are preferred. The shrubby species, like Q. prinoides and Q. ilicifolia, may be used for covering rocky hillsides and dry ridges.
Oak leaves are always beautiful. They have many shades of green; especially attractive are some with leaves of contrasting colors, the under side being silvery white, the upper one dark green, as in Q. Muhlenbergii, Q. macrocarpa, Q. Prinus, and some foreign evergreen species. In many oaks the leaves show a handsome pink or crimson color when unfolding, and some species assume brilliant autumnal tints. Especially beautiful in autumn are Q. coccinea and Q. palustris, with the foliage turning brilliant scarlet; Q. rubra, Q. imbricaria, and Q. Prinus, which turn bright or dark red; Q. alba, violet or vinous purple; Q. lyrata, scarlet or orange; Q. Phellos, pale yellow; Q. montana, orange or orange- brown; Q. falcata and Q. ilicifolia, orange-brown or yellow; Q. stellata and Q. nigra, brown or dull orange. Some of the foreign species, like Q. sessiliflora and also Q. Robur, Q. Cerris, Q. lanuginosa, Q. glandulifera, and others, retain the green color until late in fall. Besides our native evergreen species, the Japanese Q. acuta, Q. myrsinaefolia, and Q. glauca are among the best evergreen oaks for cultivation in the South; the European Q. Ilex and Q. Suber are also handsome evergreen trees.
Generally the oaks grow best in a moderately moist rich soil, including heavy clay; some, as Q. bicolor, Q. nigra, Q. alba, Q. Phellos, Q. falcata, and Q. virginiana, prefer moister situations and grow naturally in low and often even in swampy ground; while others, especially the red oaks, like Q. rubra, Q. coccinea, Q. imbricaria, Q. marilandica, Q. montana. and Q. stellata, grow well in drier, rocky or sandy soil, and the scrub oaks on dry and barren soil. The black and red oaks especially the pin oak, are usually easily transplanted and large trees are moved successfully, while the white oaks are more particular and only younger nursery- grown trees can be safely transplanted.
Oaks are propagated usually by seeds sown immediately after gathering in fall; this is especially necessary with Q. alba. Q. virginiana, and some other white oaks which sprout as soon as they are ripe; but only the root is produced in fall, while the stem does not appear until the following spring. The seeds of red and black oaks, and also of Q. Robur, if not sown at once should be stratified and sown early in spring. Acorns should be packed in earth, moss, or sawdust when shipped for a great distance. Varieties are usually grafted on potted stock in the greenhouse in early spring or sometimes in August. As a stock Q. Robur is preferred, but Q. rubra, Q. velutina, and Q. montana are also employed. It is probably safer to graft varieties of white and of red oak each on stock of the same group. The evergreen species are sometimes increased by layers and also by cuttings.
Index.
acuminata, 21.Doumetii, 32.obtusiloba, 28.
acuta, 45.ellipsoidalis, 5.occidentalis, 38.
acuteserrata, 20.falcata, 8, 9.olivaeformis, 26.
Egilops, 34 and suppl.fastigiata, 32.pagodaefolia, 9.
agrofolia, 42.femina, 32.palustri-imbricaria, 15.
alba, 31.ferruginea, 12.palustris, 2, 23.
albo-variegata, 32.filicifolia, 32.pannonica, 36.
aliena, 20.Fordii, 39.pectinata, 32.
ambigus, 1.Garryana, 29.pedunculata, 32.
Ambrozyana, 37.glandulifera, 19.pendula, 32, 34, 35.
aquatica, 11.glauca, 43.Phellos, 13.
argenteo-marginata, 32.grosseserrata, 18.pinnatifida, 17, 31, 34.
argenteo-marginata, 32.Hartwissiana, 34.platanoides, 25.
argenteo-picta, 32.heterophylla, 32.prinoides, 22.
asplenifolia, 32.Hindsii, 30.Prinus, 21-25.
atropurpurea, 32.humilis, 22 and Pseudaegilops, 34.
aures, 33. suppl.Pseudoturneri 19 and
aureo-varoegata, 32.hungarica, 36. suppl.
austriaca, 37.hybrida, 32.pubescens, 34.
Ballota, 39.Ilex, 39.purpurascens, 32.
bambusaefolia, 44.ilicifolia, 10.purpurea, 32, 33.
Banisteri, 10.imbricaria, 15.pyrenaica, 35.
bicolor, 25.ioreauensis, 32.repanda, 31.
borealis, 1, 8.Kelloggii, 6.rosacea, 32.
Buergeri, 45.laciniata, 32, 33, 37.Robur, 32, 33.
Bungeana, 16.lanuginosa, 34.rubra, 1, 8.
californica, 16. and suppl.sanguinea, 32.
camata, 35.laurifolia, 14.Sargemtii, 24.
Castanea, 21.lobata, 30.Saulii, 31.
Cerris, 37.Louettei, 33.Schneckii, 4.
Chincapin, 22.lyrata, 27.serrata, 16 and suppl.
chinensis, 16.macrocarpa, 26.sessiliflora, 33.
chrysolepis, 41.marilandica, 12.sessilis, 33.
coccinea, 1, 3.marmorta, 32.stellata, 28.
comptoniaefolia, 32.maxima, 8.Suber, 38.
Concordia, 32.mespilifolia, 33.sublobata, 33.
conferta, 36.Michauxii, 23.texana, 4.
contorta, 32.minor, 28.tinctoria, 7.
crinita, 35.missouriensis, 7.tomentosa, 25.
crispata, 34.mongolica, 18.Toza, 35.
crispula, 18.montana, 24.tricolor, 32.
cuneata, 8.monticola, 24.uliginosa, 11.
Daimio, 17.Muhlenbergii, 21.variabilis, 16.
Dauvessei, 32.myrsinaefolia, 44.velutina, 7.
dentata, 17, 19.nana, 10.Vibrayana, 44.
digitata, 8.nigra, 11, 12, 32.virens, 40.
discolor, 25.obovata, 17.virginiana, 40.
The species in the following list are not hardy North except when mentioned:
Q. acutissima, Carruthers=Q. serrata.—Q. Aegilops, Linn. Evergreen tree, to 60 ft.: allied to Q. Cerris: lvs. lobed-dentate with acute sinuses, fulvous-tomentose at first: cup large, with spreading, flat, lanceolate scales, not much to one-half shorter than acorn. S. Italy, Greece.—Q. Aizoon, Koehne=Q. Pseudoturneri.—Q. alnifolia, Poech. Evergreen shrub: lvs. orbicular or oval, dentate, shining above, yellow-tomentose beneath, 1-2 in. long: cup with recurved lanceolate bracts; acorn 1 1/2 in. long. Crete. Gn. 18, p. 486;40, p. 95. A.G. 13:436.—Q. aquifolioides, Rehd. & Wilson. Evergreen shrub or tree, to 30 ft.: branchlets pubescent: lvs. subsessile, elliptic or ovate-elliptic, auriculate, spiny-dentate or entire, lustrous above, yellowish brown-tomentose beneath, 1 1/4-3 in. long: fr. several, peduncled; cup saucer-shaped; acorn ovoid, 1/2in. long. W. China. Var. rufescens, Rehd. & Wilson (Q. Ilex var. rufescens, Franch.). Lvs. with yellowish gray, looser pubescence, older lvs. sometimes glabrous: scales of cup thicker, more villous. W. China.—Q. arkansana, Sarg. Allied to Q. marilandica. Tree, to 70 ft.: lvs. broadly obovate, cuneate, at maturity glabrous beneath except tufts in the axils, 2-3 1/2 in. long: cup shallow; nut broadly ovate, 1/3in. long. Ark. S.T.S. 2:152.-Q. austriaca sempervirens, Hort.= Q. Pseudoturneri.—Q. Boimtonii, Beadle. Allied to Q. stellata. Shrub. 3-15 ft.: lvs. obovate with 3-5 small obtuse lobes above the middle or nearly entire, 2-3 1/2 in. long: cup turbinate; acorn about 1/2in. long. Ala.—Q. brevifolia, Sarg.=Q. cinerea.—Q. castaneaefolia, C. A. Mey. Half-evergreen tree, to 70 ft.: lvs. oblong-lanceoate, serrate, tomentulose beneath, rarely almost glabrous, 4-6 in. long: cup with lanceolate recurved scales. W. Asia to N. Persia. G.W. 11, p. 199. Not or only half-hardy N.—Q. Catesbaei, Michx. Tree, to 60 ft.: lvs. similar to those of Q. cuneata, but rufous- tomentose when young, glabrous at length, except axillary tufts beneath, very short-petioled: cup turbinate with the scales extending above the rim and down the inner surface. N. C. to Fla. and La. S.S. 8:417.—Q. Chapmanii, Sarg. (Q. obtusiloba var. parvi- folia, Chapm.). Usually a shrub, rarely small tree; allied to Q. stellata: lvs. obovate-oblong and entire or slightly sinuately lobed toward the apex. S. C. to Fla. S.S. 8:370.—Q. chinensis, Abel. See Q. sclerophylla.—Q. cinera, Michx. Blue Jack. Small tree: allied to Q.imbricaria, but lvs. tomentulose beneath, smaller, elliptic to oblong-lanceolate, half-evergreen: cup saucer-shaped; acorn sub-globose. N. C. to Fla. and Texas. S.S. 8:431.—Q. cleistocarpa, Seemen=Pasania cleistocarpa, Schottky (P. Wilsonii, Schottky. Q. Wilsonii, Seemen). Evergreen tree, to 50 ft.: lvs. coriaceous, elliptic-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, broadly cuneate at the base, lustrous above, covered beneath with a thin scaly grayish tomentum, becoming glabrescent, 2 1/2-6 in. long: fr. in short dense spikes, subglobose, about 4/3in. across, the cup nearly inclosing the acorn; scales adnate. Cent. and W. China.—Q. coccifera, Linn. Evergreen small tree or shrub: lvs. oval to oblong,
spinose-dentate, almost glabrous, 1-2 in. long: cup with spreading or recurved rigid scales: maturation biennial. S. Eu. H.W. 2:25, p. 82.—Q. cuspidata, Thunb. See Castanopsis p. 2891.—Q. densiflora, Hook. & Arn.=Pasania densiflora.—Q. Douglasii, Hook. & Arn. Tree, to 60 ft., with dense, round-topped head: allied to Q. Garryana, but lvs. bluish green, less deeply lobed, often only sinuately dentate. Calif. S.S. 8:386.-Q. dumosa, Nutt. Evergreen rigid shrub to 8 ft. or occasionally tree to 30 ft.: lvs. oblong to obovate, entire or sinuately toothed, pubescent, grayish green, 1/4-2, rarely to 3 in. long: fr. usually solitary and sessile; acorn oval, 1/2-1 1/2 in. long, embraced one-third to two-thirds by the cup. Very variable. Calif. S.S. 8:392.—Q. Emoryi, Torr. Evergreen tree, to 40 ft.: allied to Q. chrysolepis: lvs. usually cordate, oblong-lanceolate, spiny-toothed, soon almost glabrous, 1-2 1/2 in. long: acorn oblong, 1/2-3/4in. high. Texas to Aris. S.S. 8:397.—Q. Engleriana, Seemen (Q. sutchuenensis, Franch.). Evergreen tree, about 30 ft.: branchlets brown, soon glabrous: lvs. ovate-oblong, acuminate, rounded at the base, with few small spiny appressed teeth, sometimes entire, finally glabrous, 2 1/2-5 in. long: fr. 1-3, short-stalked; acorn ovoid, scarcely 1/2in.; cup with thin glabrescent brown scales, cup-shaped. Cent. China.—Q. Esculus, Linn. A S. European form of Q. sessilifora, with the lvs. pubescent when young and deeply pinnatifid.: synonym of Q. sessilifora var. aurea, DC.—Q. Fabri, Hance. Tree, to 80 ft.: branchlets pubescent: lvs. short-stalked, obovate to oblong, obtusish, sinuately lobed with 6-10 pairs of short rounded rarely acutish lobes, grayish tomentulose and reticulate beneath, 3-6 in. long: fr. short-stalked; acorn oblong-cylindric, 3/4in. long. cup glabrescent, brown. China.—Q. Fargesii, Franch. =O. oxyodon var. Fargesii.-Q. fruticosa, Brot.=Q. humilis.—Q. fulhamnns, Hort. See Q. Lucombeana.—Q. Gambelii, Nutt. Small tree or shrub, very variable: allied to Q. alba: lvs. smaller, pale or yellowish green and usually finely pubescent below: fr. smaller, sessile. Colo. to Utah and Mex. S.S. 8:366, 367. Gt. 44, p. 7.—Q. georgiana, Curtis. Shrub, 6-8 ft., rarely small tree: allied to Q. palustris: lvs. smaller, less deeply lobed and lobes mostly entire. Ga, S.S. 8:425. Hardy.—Q. Gilliana, Rehd. & Wilson. Evergreen small tree, to 2O ft. or scrubby: lvs. subsessile, oval, rounded at the spiny-pointed apex, subcordate or rounded at the base, spiny-toothed, quite glabrous at maturity, 1-2 in. long: fr. sessile, ripening the first year; acorn ovoid, 1/2in. long, inclosed nearly one-half by the hemispherical cup. W. China.—Q. glabra, Thunb.= Pasania glabra.—Q. Grarmuntia, Linn.=Q. llex.—Q. Haas, Kotschy. Closely allied to Q. pedunculata: lvs. sparingly stellate-pubescent beneath, larger: fr. larger. E. Eu., W. Asia. Hardy.—Q. Henryi, Seemen=Pasania Henryi, Schottky. Evergreen tree, to 60 ft.: lvs. slender-petioled, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, lustrous above, covered beneath with a thin scaly tomentum, finally glabrescent, 4-8 in. long: fr. in stout spikes 4-7 in. long; acorn depressed-globose, 2/3in. across, embraced only at the base by the saucer-shaped cup. Cent. China. —Q. heterophylla, Michx. Supposed hybrid of Q. Phellos and Q. velutina: lvs. oblong, narrowed into the petiole, sinuately lobed or toothed or entire. S.S. 8:436.—Q. humilis, Walt.=Q. cinerea.—Q. humilis, Lam. Half-evergreen shrub, with oval, coarsely dentate lvs., grayish tomentose beneath: fr. almost sessile. Portugal. Sometimes Q. prinoides is sold under this name.—Q. inacana, Roxbg. Evergreen tree, to 60 ft.: allied to Q. serrata: lvs. oblong to ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, mucronate-serrate, with 14-20 pairs of veins, glossy above, whitish tomentose beneath, 3-6 in. long: fr. sessile; acorn about 1 in. long, at first almost inclosed by the campanulate, rather thin cup. Himalayas. Sometimes united with Q. lanata.—Q. infectoria, Oliver=Q. lusitanica var. infectoria.—Q. insignis, Mart. A Gal., the Mexican white oak, has been intro. recently by the U. S. Dept. Agric.: said to be best suited to a moist warm climate: a rapid-growing tree, erect, 75 ft., and making large branches 3O-40 ft. from the ground: branchlets densely hairy: lvs. short-stalked, obovate-oblong, remotely serrate, hairy, on both sides, 5-9 in. long: fr. subsessile; cup 3/4in across, fulvous-pubescent.—Q. inversa, Lindl.= Pasania thalassica.—Q. Koehnei, Ambrozy (Q. Pseudoturneri, Veitch Cat., not Schneid.). Probably Q. Ilex X Q. sessiliflora. Lvs. oblong-obovate, cuneate, very obtuse at the apex, with few short lobes, glabrous; midrib yellow, changing to dull red in fall. Garden origin.—Q. lanata, Wall. Evergreen tree, to 80 ft.: allied to Q. incana: lvs. oblong-lanceolate, with 10-16 pairs of veins, remotely toothed, 4-8 in. long: fr. smaller, cup hemispherical. Himalayas. —Q. lanuginosa, Don=Q. lanata.-Q. Leana, Nutt. Supposed hybrid of Q. imbricaria and Q. velutina: lvs. oblong or obovate-oblong,sinuately toothed or entire, rounded at the base. S.S. 8:434. Hardy.—Q. Libani, Oliver. Half-evergeeen shrub or small tree: lvs. oblong-ovate, coarsely serrate, light green and at length almost glabrous beneath, 2—4 in. long: acorn almost wholly inclosed; scales little spreading. Asia Minor. R.H. 1872, p. 155; 1877, p. 173. (not p. 172. which is probably Q. AEgilops). Gn. 1, p. 618.—Q. Lucombeana, Sweet (Q. Cerris var. Lucombeana, Loud. Q. Cerris var. subperennis, DC.). Supposed hybrid of Q. Cerris and Q. Suber. Half-evergreen tree to 70 ft., with broad, round head: lvs. oval-ovate, coarsely serrate, tomentose beneath, 2-3 1/2 in. long: cup with subulate spreading scales. Probably of the same parentage as Q. fulhamensis, differing by symmetrical pyramidal habit and more corky bark. Gn. 27, pp. 476-8.—Q. lusitanica, Lam. Half-evergreen tree, sometimes shrub: lvs. oval to ovate-lanceolate, coarsely and deeply serrate, pubescent beneath, 1-2 in. long: cup with appressed scales, embracing one-half to one-third of the nut. S. Eu. Var. infectoria, DC., is more shrubby and has the lvs. less pubescent beneath.—Q. macedonica, DC. Evergreen tree or shrub: lvs. oval-oblong, serrate, light green and sparingly pubescent beneath, 1 1/2-3 in. long: cup with the lower scales appressed, the middle ones spreading and the upper ones inversed, almost inclosing the nut. Macedonia, Albania.—Q. macranthera, Fisch. & Mey. Tree, to 50 ft.: allied to Q. conferta: lvs. larger and less deeply lobed, with 8-10 ovate lobes on each side, each lobe 1/2-1 in. long, sometimes with 1-3 teeth on its lower side, pale and densely soft-pubescent beneath, 4-7 in. long: fr. nearly sessile; acorn about 1 in. long, embraced nearly half by the cup covered with lanceolate pubescent scales. Caucasus to N. Persia. A handsome and hardy oak with large striking foliage.—Q. macrolepis, Kotschy. A variety of Q. .AEgilops, with larger, less deeply lobed lvs. and the scales of the cup large and strongly recurved. Crete.— —Q. Maroaretta, Ashe. Allied to Q. stellata. Shrub or small tree, to 30 ft.: lvs. obovate, with 3-5 rounded lobes, pale green or glaucous and pubescent on the veins beneath, 2 1/2-3 1/2 in. long: nut ovoid-oblong, 1/2in. long, one-half or less included in the cup. Va. to Fla. and Ala.—Q. Mirbeckii, Durand. Allied to Q. lanuginosa. Tree, to 100 ft.: branchlets glabrous or nearly so: lvs. ovate-oblong, with 9-12 short obtusish teeth on each side, pubescent beneath while young, 4-6 in. long: fr. 1-4 on a stalk 1/2-1 in. long. N. Afr. G.M. 56:139.—Q. mongolica, Hort., not Fisch.=Q. lanuginosa.-Q. oblongifolia, Torr. Evergreen small tree, to 30 ft., with spreading, often contorted branches: allied to Q. undulata. Lvs. ovate to obovate, entire or spiny-toothed, glabrous, bluish green, 1-3 in. long: cup embracing about one-third of the ovate nut. Ariz. to Mex. and W. Texas. S.S. 8:388. G.F. 1:140.—Q. oxyodon, Miq. Half- evergreen tree, about 30 ft.: lvs. oblong, acuminate, rounded or broadly cuneate at the base, serrate, veins prominent, close and numerous, glaucescent and silky beneath, 2 1/2-7 in. long: fr. in short spikes; acorns ovoid, about 3/4in., cup with concentric crenate rings, grayish tomentulose. Cent. China, Assam. Var. Fargesii, Rehd. & Wilson. Lvs. smaller: rings of cup entire.— Q. phillyraeoides, Gray. Evergreen tree or shrub, with broadly oval to oblong-oval lvs., crenately serrate, except at the base, glabrous, 1-2 1/2 in. long: cup with appressed scales, small. Japan. S.I.F. 1:31.—Q. pontica, Koch. Tree or shrub: lvs. oblong-oval, serrate, glabrous, glaucescent beneath, 4-6 in. long: cup with ovate-lanceolate scales, inclosing about one-half of the nut. Asia Minor. Gt. 40, p. 510. Hardy.—Q. Pseudosuber, Santi. Evergreen or half-evergreen tree, allied to Q. Suber: bark less corky: lvs. more deeply serrate, thinner and less tomentose beneath: cup with recurved scales. Italy, N. Afr. H.W. 2, p. 82.—Q. Pseudoturneri, Schneid. (Q. Aizoon, Koehne. Q. Turneri, Hort., not Willd. Q. austriaca sempervirens, Hort.). Probably hyhrid of Q. Ilex and Q. pedunculata. Half-evergreen: lvs. oblong-obovate, acute, cuneate, with about 5 pairs of ascending acutish lobes, somewhat pubescent beneath, midrib yellow, 2-4 in. long: fr. long-stalked. Garden origin.—Q. Pseudoturneri, Veitch Cat.=Q. Koehnei.—Q. pumila, Walt. (Q. Phellos var. pumila, Michx. Q. sericea, Willd.). Half-evergreen spreading shrub, to 12 ft., similar to Q. cinerea: lvs. oblong to linear-oblong, entire or coarsely toothed, tomentulose beneath, glabrous at length: acorn subglobose, 1/2in. high; maturation annual. N. C. to Fla. S.S. 8:404.—Q. Pyrami, Kotschy. Variety of Q. AEgilops, with the lvs. less deeply and very irregularly lobed: cup embracing one-third of the acorn, with the lower scales loosely appressed, the upper ones recurved. Asia Minor.—Q. reticulata, Humb. & Bonpl. Half-evergreen tree, to 30 ft., or shrub: lvs. oval or obovate, spiny-dentate toward the apex, bluish green, tomentose and reticulate beneath, 1-5 in. long: fr. in slender-stalked spikes; cup with appressed scales. Ariz. and New Mex. to Mex. S.S. 8:390.—Q. rotunda, Hort.=Q. phillyreoides.—Q. sclerophylla, Hort., not Lindl. Sometimes Q. Pseudoturneri is cult. under this name. The true Q. sclerophylla, Lindl., belongs to Castanopsis, see C. sclerophylla, below.—Q. sericea, Willd. =Q. pumila.—Q. serrata, Thunb. (Q. acutissima, Carruthers). Half-evergreen tree: lvs. obovate-oblong to oblong, acute, serrate, light green and glabrous below, 2-8 in. long: fr. sessile; cup with large, spreading and recurved scales, embracing two-thirds of the nut. Korea, Japan. S.I.F. 1:26.—Q. Skinneri, Benth. Tree, to 70 ft.: lvs. slender-stalked, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, sinuately serrate with bristly teeth, glabrous, 3-6 in. long: fr. sessile; acorn subglobose, large. S. Mex., Guatemala. G.C. 1841:116.—Q. sutchuenensis, Franch.=Q.Engleriana.-Q. thalassica, Hance=Pasania thalassica.-Q. Turneri, Willd. Half-evergreen tree: lvs. oval to elliptic-ovate, rounded at base, with 6-8 pairs of lobes, pubescent at least on the midrib beneath, midrib pale green. Origin unknown.—Q. Turneri, Hort.=Q. Pseudoturneri.—Q. undulata, Torr. Small tree or shrub: allied to Q. Douglasii; with smaller, less deeply lobed, bluish green lvs. pubescent below, nut smaller. Colo. to Ariz. and Texas. S.S. 8: 385.—Q. Ungeri, Kotschy. Variety of Q. AEgilops: lvs. smaller, lobed: cup with recurved scales, not much shorter than acorn. Asia Minor.—Q. Veneris, Kern. Tree: branchlets pubescent: lvs. subcoriaceous, broadly oblong, with 6-8 pairs of small acutish teeth, pubescent beneath or nearly glabrous, 1 1/2-3 in. long: fr. nearly sessile; acorn embraced one-half by the hemispherical cup. Cyprus.—Q. Wilsonii, Seemen=Q. cleistocarpa.—Q. Wislizenii, DC. Evergreen tree, to 80 ft.: allied to Q. agrifolia: lvs. ovate to oblong- lanceolate, sinuately dentate or entire, glabrous, yellowish green beneath, 1-5 in. long: acorn embraced about one-half by the Cup. Colo. to Calif. and Texas. S.S. 8:406
Note on Castanopsis. A recently concluded study of the Chinese oaks has enabled us to name these Chinese species of Castanopsis which had not yet been determined when the article on that genus was written, and has furthermore convinced us that several species usually referred to Pasania or Quercus must be included in Castanopsis.
The following species of Castanopsis are known to be in cult.: C. ceratacantha, Rehd. & Wilson. Tree, to 50 ft.: branchlets densely villous: lvs. oblong-lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, obscurely toothed above the middle or entire, brownish villous-tomentose beneath, 4-6 in. long: frs. in stout spikes to 8 in. long, 1/4-1 in. across, fulvous-tomentulose, with stout prickles 1/4-1/2in. long and divided at the apex into several spreading spiny points; nuts 2-3, wholly inclosed. W. China.—C. chrysophylla, DC., see Vol. II, p. 682.—C. cuspidata, Schottky (Quercus cuspidata, Thunb. Pasania cuspidata, Oerst.). This species is already mentioned under Pasania, see p. 2479. The ovate pointed involucre is marked with 4 or 5 wavy concentric ridges of small tubercles and includes wholly the solitary nut. There are two varieties in cult.: var. latifolia, Rehd. & Wilson, with larger and broader lvs. to 4 1/2 in. long and to 2 1/2 in. broad; and var. variegata, Rehd. & Wilson, with small lvs. bordered by a broad, irregular, creamy white margin. G.C. II. 12:233.—C. Fargesii, Franch. Tree, to 100 ft.: branchlets glabrous: lvs. elliptic-oblong to lanceolate, acuminate, serrate above the middle, thinly and closely yellowish or grayish tomentulose beneath, finally nearly glabrous, 2-5 in. long: frs. in stout spikes to 6 in. long, about 3/4in. across, with stout, often reflexed fascicled spines, about 1/2in. long; nut usually solitary, wholly inclosed. Cent. China.—C. platyacantha, Rehd. & Wilson. Tree, to 80 ft.: branchlets glabrous: lvs. ovate-oblong to elliptic-oblong, acuminate, slightly toothed above the middle or entire, covered beneath, except the glabrous midrib, with a close fulvous tomentum, becoming paler the second year, 2 1/2-5 in. long: spikes short, 3-6- fruited: frs. about 1 in. across, grayish tomentulose, densely covered with short and stout fascicled prickles; nuts wholly inclosed, 1-3. W. China.—C. sclerophylla, Schottky (Q. sclerophylla, Lindl. Q. chinensis, Abel). Tree, to 60 ft.: lvs. oval to oblong-ovate or oblong, acuminate, serrate above the middle, glabrous, glaucescent beneath, 2 1/2-6 in. long: frs. in dense spikes with the peduncle to 4 in. long; involucre ovoid, with close concentric ridges of small tubercles, not wholly inclosing the solitary nut. E. and Cent.
China.
Alfred Rehder.
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:''This article is about oaks (Quercus). For other uses of "Oak" or "Oak tree", see [[Oak (disambiguation)]]''
:''This article is about oaks (Quercus). For other uses of "Oak" or "Oak tree", see [[Oak (disambiguation)]]''
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