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Jatropha (view source)

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{{Taxobox
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{{SPlantbox
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| color = lightgreen
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|familia=Euphorbiaceae
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| name = ''Jatropha''
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|genus=Jatropha
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| image = Belize3.jpg
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|Temp Metric=°F
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| image_width = 250px
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|jumpin=If this plant info box on watering; zones; height; etc. is mostly empty you can click on the edit tab and fill in the blanks!
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| image_caption = [[Spicy jatropha]] (''Jatropha integerrima'')
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|image=Starr 070405-6823 Jatropha integerrima.jpg
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| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
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|image_width=240
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| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
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|image_caption=Jatropha integerrima (flowers and leaves)
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| classis = [[Magnoliopsida]]
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| ordo = [[Malpighiales]]
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| familia = [[Euphorbiaceae]]
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| subfamilia = [[Crotonoideae]]
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| tribus = [[Jatropheae]]
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| genus = '''''Jatropha'''''
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| subdivision_ranks = [[Species]]
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| subdivision =
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Approximately 175, see [[Jatropha#Species|Section Species]].
   
}}
 
}}
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'''''Jatropha''''' is a [[genus]] of approximately 175 [[succulent plant]]s, [[shrub]]s and trees (some are [[deciduous]], like ''[[Jatropha curcas]]'' L.), from the family [[Euphorbiaceae]]. The name is derived from Greek, and has the common name '''physic nut'''. ''Jatropha'' is native to Central America<ref name=&quot;Fairless &quot;>{{cite journal|author=Fairless D.|year= 2007|title=Biofuel: The little shrub that could - maybe| journal=Nature|volume=449|pages=652–655|doi=10.1038/449652a}}</ref> and has become [[Naturalisation (biology)|naturalized]] in many tropical and subtropical areas, including India, Africa, and North America. Originating in the Caribbean, ''Jatropha'' was spread as a valuable [[Hedge (barrier)|hedge]] plant to Africa and Asia by Portuguese traders. The mature small trees bear [[monoecious|separate]] male and female flowers, and do not grow very tall. As with many members of the family [[Euphorbiaceae]], ''Jatropha'' contains compounds that are highly toxic.
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'''''Jatropha''''' is a [[genus]] of approximately 175 [[succulent plant]]s, [[shrub]]s and [[tree]]s (some are [[deciduous]], like ''Jatropha curcas'' L.), from the family [[Euphorbiaceae]]. ''Jatropha'' is native to Central America <ref name="Fairless ">{{cite journal|author=Fairless D.|year= 2007|title=Biofuel: The little shrub that could - maybe| journal=Nature|volume=449|pages=652-655}}</ref>, and has become [[Naturalisation (biology)|naturalized]] in many tropical and subtropical areas, including [[India]], [[Africa]], and [[North America]].  Originating in the [[Caribbean]], the jatropha was spread as a valuable [[hedge]] plant to Africa and [[Asia]] by [[Portugal|Portuguese]] traders. The mature small trees bear male and female [[inflorescence]], and do not grow very tall.
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The hardy ''Jatropha'' is resistant to [[drought]] and [[pest]]s, and produces [[seed]]s containing 27-40% [[oil]].
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The hardy jatropha is resistant to [[drought]] and [[pest]]s, and produces [[seed]]s containing up to 40% oil. When the seeds are crushed and processed, the resulting oil can be used in a standard [[diesel engine]], while the residue can also be processed into [[biomass]] to power electricity plants.<ref>[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/article2155351.ece Poison plant could help to cure the planet] ''Times Online'', 28 July 2007.</ref>
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==Cultivation==
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Outdoors: likes moderately rich soil, with humus, and some grit for good drainage. Plant in full sun.  
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[[Goldman Sachs]] recently cited ''[[Jatropha curcas]]'' as one of the best candidates for future biodiesel production.<ref>[http://online.wsj.com/article/SB118788662080906716.html?mod=googlenews_wsj Jatropha Plant Gains Steam In Global Race for Biofuels]</ref> However, despite its abundance and use as an oil and [[Land reclamation|reclamation]] plant, none of the ''Jatropha'' species have been properly [[domestication|domesticated]] and, as a result, its productivity is variable, and the long-term impact of its large-scale use on soil quality and the environment is unknown. <ref name="Fairless"/>
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Indoors under glass: 2 parts potting mix (soil based) to one part grit and one part leaf mold. Give strong light, but protect from hot sun under glass. Water moderately in Spring/Summer, with monthly fertilizer, and keep very dry in Fall/Winter.
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== Vegoil and biodiesel ==
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===Propagation===
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{{Main|Jatropha oil}}
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Seed should be sown in Spring or Summer at 74F (25C).
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===Pests and diseases===
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Susceptible to mushroom root rot, [[rust]], fungal leaf spot, [[scale]] insects, [[mealybugs]].
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<gallery>
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Image:071027-07.jpg|''Jatropha curcas'' seedlings in a greenhouse in Nicaragua
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</gallery>
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Currently the oil from ''[[Jatropha curcas]]'' [[seed]]s is used for making [[biodiesel]] fuel in [[Philippines]], promoted by a law authored by Philippine senators Miriam Defensor-Santiago and Miguel Zubiri. Likewise, jatropha oil is being promoted as an easily grown biofuel crop in hundreds of projects throughout India and other developing countries. <ref name="Fairless"/> <ref>http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/news/default.asp?NewsID=75F25096-4E40-4437-B445-37AD534D033F</ref> The rail line between [[Mumbai]] and [[Delhi]] is planted with Jatropha and the train itself runs on 15-20% [[biodiesel]]. <ref name="Fairless"/> In Africa, cultivation of jatropha is being promoted and is grown successfully in countries such as Mali. <ref>{{cite news |first= |last= |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=Mali’s Farmers Discover a Weed’s Potential Power |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/09/world/africa/09biofuel.html?em&ex=1189483200&en=b8f0eb75c65f04f3&ei=5087%0A |quote=But now that a plant called jatropha is being hailed by scientists and policy makers as a potentially ideal source of biofuel, a plant that can grow in marginal soil or beside food crops, that does not require a lot of fertilizer and yields many times as much biofuel per acre planted as corn and many other potential biofuels. By planting a row of jatropha for every seven rows of regular crops, Mr. Banani could double his income on the field in the first year and lose none of his usual yield from his field. |publisher=[[New York Times]] |date=[[September 9]], [[2007]] |accessdate=2007-08-21 }}</ref>
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The plant can grow in [[wasteland]]s, fertilises the soil that it grows in, and yields more than four times as much fuel per hectare as soybean; more than ten times that of corn. A [[hectare]] of jatropha produces 1,892 liters of fuel (about 6.5 barrels per acre).<ref name=MIT>{{cite journal
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| title=India's Big Plans for Biodiesel
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| url=http://www.technologyreview.com/Energy/17940/
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| journal=Technology Review
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| publisher=[[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]
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| date=[[December 27]] [[2006]]
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| author=Michael Fitzgerald
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| accessdate=2007-05-03
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}}</ref>
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Jatropha can also be [[intercropping|intercropped]] with other cash crops such as coffee, sugar, fruits and vegetables.<ref>[http://www.reuk.co.uk/Jatropha-for-Biodiesel-Figures.htm Jatropha for biodiesel]</ref>.
   
==Species==
 
==Species==
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[[Image:Jatropha4.jpg|thumb|right|250px|''Jatropha multifida'']]
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[[Image:Bellyache Bush (Jatropha gossipifolia) in Hyderabad, AP W IMG 9219.jpg|thumb|''[[Jatropha gossipifolia]]'' in [[Hyderabad, India]]. ]]
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Species of Jatropha include:
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[[Image:Jatropha4.jpg|thumb|''Jatropha multifida'']]
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[[File:Jatropha podagrica (Buddha Belly plant) in Hyderabad W IMG 8812.jpg|thumb|''[[Jatropha podagrica]]'' in [[Hyderabad, India]]. ]]
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* ''[[Jatropha cuneata]]'' '''limberbush''', whose stems are used for basketmaking by the [[Seri people]] in [[Sonora]], [[Mexico]], who call it ''haat'' {{IPA|[ʔaat]}}. The stems are roasted, split and soaked through an elaborate process. The reddish color dye that is often used is made from the root of another plant species, ''Krameria grayi''.
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Species of ''Jatropha'' include:
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* ''[[Jatropha curcas]]'', also called '''physic nut''', is used to produce the non-edible Jatropha oil, for making candles and [[soap]], and as a feedstock for producing [[biodiesel]]. Prior to pressing, the seed can be shelled with the [[Universal Nut Sheller]] which reduces the arduous task of removing the seeds from the shell. This is historically done by hand. Once the seeds have been pressed, the remaining cake can be used as feed in [[digester]]s and gasifiers to produce biogas for cooking and in engines, or be used for fertilizing, and sometimes even as animal [[fodder]]. The whole seed (with oil) can also be used in digesters to produce biogas. Extracts have an anti-[[tumor]] activity. The seeds can be used as a remedy for [[constipation]], wounds can be dressed with the [[sap]], and the boiled leaves remedy [[malaria]] and [[fever]].  Large plantings and nurseries have been undertaken in [[India]] by many research institutions, and by women's [[self-help]] groups who use a system of [[microcredit]] to ease poverty among semi-literate Indian women.
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* ''[[Jatropha gossypifolia]]'', also called '''bellyache bush''': its fruits and foliage are toxic to humans and animals. It is a major weed in [[Australia]].
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* ''[[Jatropha integerrima]]'' [[Nicolaus Joseph von Jacquin|Jacq.]], or '''Spicy jatropha''': ornamental in the tropics, continuously [[crimson]], flowers almost all year.
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* ''[[Jatropha multifida]]'' [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]], or '''coral plant''': bright red flowers, like red coral, charactertised by strongly incised leaves.
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* ''[[Jatropha podagrica]]'' or '''buddha belly plant''' or '''bottleplant shrub''' was used to [[tanning|tan]] [[leather]] and produce a red [[dye]] in Mexico and the Southwestern [[United States]]. It is also used as a house plant.
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===Gallery of Buddha Belly plant (''Jatropha podagrica'')===
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<gallery>
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* ''[[Jatropha cuneata]]'' '''limberbush''', whose stems are used for basketmaking by the [[Seri people]] in [[Sonora]], Mexico, who call it '''haat''' ({{pron|ʔaːt}}). The stems are roasted, split and soaked through an elaborate process. The reddish color dye that is often used is made from the root of another plant species, ''Krameria grayi''.
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Image:Trunk_I_IMG_9718.jpg|Trunk at Kolkata, West Bengal, India
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* ''[[Jatropha curcas]]'', also known as '''physic nut''', '''piñoncillo''' and '''Habb-El-Melúk''', is used to produce the non-edible [[Jatropha oil]], for making candles and [[soap]], and as a feedstock for producing [[biodiesel]]. Prior to pressing, the seed can be shelled with the [[Universal Nut Sheller]] which reduces the arduous task of removing the seeds from the shell by hand. Once the seeds have been pressed, the remaining cake can be used as feed in [[digester]]s and gasifiers to produce biogas for cooking and in engines, or be used for fertilizing, and sometimes even as animal [[fodder]]. The whole seed (with oil) can also be used in digesters to produce biogas. Large plantings and nurseries have been undertaken in India by many research institutions, and by women's [[self-help]] groups who use a system of [[microcredit]] to ease poverty among semi-literate Indian women.
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Image:Leaves & flowers I IMG 9716.jpg|Leaves & flowers at Kolkata, West Bengal, India
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* ''[[Jatropha gossypifolia]]'', also called '''bellyache bush''': its fruits and foliage are toxic to humans and animals. It is a major weed in Australia.
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Image:Fruit I IMG 9792.jpg|Fruit at Kolkata, West Bengal, India
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* ''[[Jatropha integerrima]]'' <small>[[Nicolaus Joseph von Jacquin|Jacq.]]</small>, or '''spicy jatropha''': ornamental in the tropics, continuously [[crimson]], flowers almost all year.
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Image:Flowers I IMG 9716.jpg|Flowers at Kolkata, West Bengal, India
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* ''[[Jatropha multifida]]'' <small>[[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]</small>, or '''coral plant''': bright red flowers, like red coral, charactertised by strongly incised leaves.
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</gallery>
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* ''[[Jatropha podagrica]]'' or '''buddha belly plant''' or '''bottleplant shrub''' was used to [[tanning|tan]] [[leather]] and produce a red [[dye]] in Mexico and the Southwestern United States. It is also used as a house plant.
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== Synonyms ==
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Synonyms -- This genus is also known as:
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This genus is also known as:
   
* ''Adenorhopium'' <small>[[Rchb.]]</small>
 
* ''Adenorhopium'' <small>[[Rchb.]]</small>
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* ''Adenoropium'' <small>[[Pohl]]</small>
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* ''Adenoropium'' <small>[[Johann Baptist Emanuel Pohl|Pohl]]</small>
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* ''Castiglionia'' <small>[[Ruiz]] & [[Pav.]]</small>
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* ''Aamanakku / Kaattaamanakku'' <small>[[Tamil, India]]</small>
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* ''Castiglionia'' <small>[[Hipólito Ruiz López|Ruiz]] & [[Pav.]]</small>
 
* ''Collenucia'' <small>[[Chiov.]]</small>
 
* ''Collenucia'' <small>[[Chiov.]]</small>
 
* ''Curcas'' <small>[[Adans.]]</small>
 
* ''Curcas'' <small>[[Adans.]]</small>
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* ''Jarak'' <small>[[Indonesia]]</small>
 
* ''Jatropa'' <small>[[Scop.]]</small>, orth. var.
 
* ''Jatropa'' <small>[[Scop.]]</small>, orth. var.
 
* ''Loureira'' <small>[[Cav.]]</small>
 
* ''Loureira'' <small>[[Cav.]]</small>
 
* ''Mesandrinia'' <small>[[Constantine Samuel Rafinesque-Schmaltz|Raf.]]</small>
 
* ''Mesandrinia'' <small>[[Constantine Samuel Rafinesque-Schmaltz|Raf.]]</small>
 
* ''Mesandrinia'' <small>Ortega</small>
 
* ''Mesandrinia'' <small>Ortega</small>
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* ''Tempate'' <small>[[El Salvador]]; [[Nicaragua]]</small>
   
* ''Zimapania'' <small>[[Adolf Engler|Engl.]] & [[Ferdinand Albin Pax|Pax]]</small>
 
* ''Zimapania'' <small>[[Adolf Engler|Engl.]] & [[Ferdinand Albin Pax|Pax]]</small>
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* ''Nkran Dedua''
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* ''Pourghère'' <small>[[French term]]</small>
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* ''Pulga''
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* ''Tempate''
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==Toxicity==
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Characteristic of many members of the family [[Euphorbiaceae]], ''Jatropha'' plants contain several toxic compounds, including [[lectin]], [[saponin]], carcinogenic [[phorbol]], and a [[trypsin inhibitor]]. Despite this, the seeds are occasionally eaten after roasting, which reduces some of the toxicity. Its sap is a skin irritant, and ingesting as few as three untreated seeds can be fatal to humans. In 2005 Western Australia banned ''[[Jatropha gossypifolia]]'' as invasive and highly toxic to people and animals.
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== See also ==
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==Gallery==
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{{EnergyPortal}}
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<gallery perrow=5>
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*[[Jatropha In India]]
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File:J macrantha ies.jpg
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File:J integerrima ies.jpg
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File:J spicata2 ies.jpg
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File:Jatropha integerrima bain boeuf DSC 9488a.jpg
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File:Jatropha in Paraguay Chaco.jpg
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File:Jatropha dhofarica ies.jpg
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File:Jatropha cinera ies.jpg
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File:Jatropha interregima.JPG
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File:Jatropha malacophylla ies.jpg
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File:Starr 031108-0142 Jatropha integerrima.jpg
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File:Starr 070405-6821 Jatropha integerrima.jpg
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File:Starr 980529-4190 Jatropha integerrima.jpg
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File:Starr 070906-8396 Jatropha integerrima.jpg
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File:Starr 070906-8338 Jatropha integerrima.jpg
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Image:Bellyache Bush (Jatropha gossipifolia) in Hyderabad, AP W IMG 9470.jpg|in [[Hyderabad, India]].
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Image:Bellyache Bush (Jatropha gossipifolia) in Hyderabad, AP W IMG 9378.jpg|in [[Hyderabad, India]].
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Image:Bellyache Bush (Jatropha gossipifolia) in Hyderabad, AP W IMG 9473.jpg|in [[Hyderabad, India]].
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</gallery>
    
==References==
 
==References==
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{{reflist}}
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<references/>
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*[[Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture]], by L. H. Bailey, MacMillan Co., 1963
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<!--- xxxxx  *Flora: The Gardener's Bible, by Sean Hogan. Global Book Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0881925381  -->
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<!--- xxxxx  *American Horticultural Society: A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants, by Christopher Brickell, Judith D. Zuk. 1996. ISBN 0789419432  -->
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<!--- xxxxx  *Sunset National Garden Book. Sunset Books, Inc., 1997. ISBN 0376038608  -->
    
==External links==
 
==External links==
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{{external links|date=July 2007}}
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*{{wplink}}
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{{Commons|Jatropha}}
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*[http://www.reuk.co.uk/Jatropha-for-Biodiesel-Figures.htm Jatropha Facts and Figures]
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*[http://www.jatropha.de/ An Integrated Approach of Rural Development in Tropical & Subtropical Countries].
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*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/6278140.stm BBC News website article re. Jatropha and biofuels]
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*[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/article2155351.ece Times Online Article]
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*[http://www.renewableenergyaccess.com/rea/news/story?id=49611 Brazil Opens its First Commercial Jatropha Biodiesel Facility]
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*[http://www.jatrophaafrica.com/ Biodiesel producers in Africa].
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*[http://www.agroils.com/ Agroils]
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*[http://www.terasollabs.com/ Jatropha Plant Science]
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[[Category:Euphorbiaceae]]
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{{stub}}
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[[Category:Energy crops]]
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