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'''''Abies grandis''''' ('''Grand Fir''', '''Giant Fir''', '''Lowland White Fir''', '''Great Silver Fir''', '''Western White Fir''', '''Vancouver Fir''', or '''Oregon Fir''') is a [[fir]] native to the [[Pacific Northwest]] of [[North America]], occurring at altitudes of sea level to 1,800 m. It is a large [[evergreen]] [[Pinophyta|coniferous]] [[tree]] growing to 40-70 m (exceptionally 80 m) tall and with a trunk diameter of up to 2 m.
'''''Abies grandis''''' ('''Grand Fir''', '''Giant Fir''', '''Lowland White Fir''', '''Great Silver Fir''', '''Western White Fir''', '''Vancouver Fir''', or '''Oregon Fir''') is a [[fir]] native to the [[Pacific Northwest]] of [[North America]], occurring at altitudes of sea level to 1,800 m. It is a large [[evergreen]] [[Pinophyta|coniferous]] [[tree]] growing to 40-70 m (exceptionally 80 m) tall and with a trunk diameter of up to 2 m.
The [[leaf|leaves]] are needle-like, flattened, and grow in a single flat plane (this can help in distinguishing the species from other fir species),3-6 cm long and 2 mm wide by 0.5 mm thick, glossy dark green above, and with two green-white bands of [[stomata]] below, and slightly notched at the tip. The leaf arrangement is spiral on the shoot, but with each leaf variably twisted at the base so they all lie in two more-or-less flat ranks on either side of the shoot. The [[conifer cone|cones]] are 6-12 cm long and 3.5-4.5 cm broad, with about 100-150 scales; the scale bracts are short, and hidden in the closed cone. The winged [[seed]]s are released when the cones disintegrate at maturity about 6 months after pollination.
The [[leaf|leaves]] are needle-like, flattened, and grow in a single flat plane (this can help in distinguishing the species from other fir species),3-6 cm long and 2 mm wide by 0.5 mm thick, glossy dark green above, and with two green-white bands of [[stomata]] below, and slightly notched at the tip. The leaf arrangement is spiral on the shoot, but with each leaf variably twisted at the base so they all lie in two more-or-less flat ranks on either side of the shoot. The [[conifer cone|cones]] are 6-12 cm long and 3.5-4.5 cm broad, with about 100-150 scales; the scale bracts are short, and hidden in the closed cone. The winged [[seed]]s are released when the cones disintegrate at maturity about 6 months after pollination.
{{Inc|(A. amabilis, Murr., not Forbes. A. Gordoniana, Carr. Picea grandis, Loud.). Tree, 200-300 ft.: trunk becoming 4 ft. in diam.: lvs. thin and flexible, deeply grooved, very dark green above and silvery white beneath: cones cylindrical, 2-4 in. long, rounded or retuse at the apex, the broad scales somewhat squarrose and irregularly serrate and furnished with a short point. Coast of N. Calif, to Vancouver Isl. and to the western slopes of the Rocky Mts. of Mont. —Occasional specimens are seen in choice grounds, but it rarely does well in the eastern states.}}
{{Inc|(A. amabilis, Murr., not Forbes. A. Gordoniana, Carr. Picea grandis, Loud.). Tree, 200-300 ft.: trunk becoming 4 ft. in diam.: lvs. thin and flexible, deeply grooved, very dark green above and silvery white beneath: cones cylindrical, 2-4 in. long, rounded or retuse at the apex, the broad scales somewhat squarrose and irregularly serrate and furnished with a short point. Coast of N. Calif, to Vancouver Isl. and to the western slopes of the Rocky Mts. of Mont. —Occasional specimens are seen in choice grounds, but it rarely does well in the eastern states.}}
==Varieties==
==Varieties==
There are two [[variety (biology)|varieties]], probably better treated at [[subspecies]] rank though not yet formally published as such:
There are two [[variety (biology)|varieties]], probably better treated at [[subspecies]] rank though not yet formally published as such:
* ''Abies grandis'' var. ''grandis''. '''Coast Grand Fir'''. Coastal lowland forests, at sea level to 900 m altitude, from [[Vancouver Island]] and coastal [[British Columbia]], [[Canada]], south to [[Sonoma County, California]], [[United States]]. A large, very fast-growing tree to 70 m tall. Foliage strongly flattened on all shoots. Cones slightly narrower (mostly less than 4 cm broad), with thinner, fairly flexible scales. Tolerates winter [[temperature]]s down to about -25° to -30°C; growth on good sites may exceed 1.5 m per year when young.
* ''Abies grandis'' var. ''grandis''. '''Coast Grand Fir'''. Coastal lowland forests, at sea level to 900 m altitude, from [[Vancouver Island]] and coastal [[British Columbia]], [[Canada]], south to [[Sonoma County, California]], [[United States]]. A large, very fast-growing tree to 70 m tall. Foliage strongly flattened on all shoots. Cones slightly narrower (mostly less than 4 cm broad), with thinner, fairly flexible scales. Tolerates winter [[temperature]]s down to about -25° to -30°C; growth on good sites may exceed 1.5 m per year when young.
* ''Abies grandis'' var. ''idahoensis''. '''Interior Grand Fir'''. Interior forests, at (600-) 900-1800 m altitude, on the east slope of the [[Cascades]] in [[Washington]] and northern [[Oregon]] and in the [[Rocky Mountains]] from southeast [[British Columbia]] south to central [[Idaho]], northeast [[Oregon]] and western [[Montana]]. A smaller, slow-growing tree to 40-45 m tall. Foliage not strongly flattened on all shoots, the leaves often raised above the shoot, particularly on upper crown shoots. Cones slightly stouter (mostly over 4 cm broad), with thicker, slightly woody scales. Tolerates winter temperatures down to about -40°C; growth on good sites not exceeding 0.6 m per year even when young.
* ''Abies grandis'' var. ''idahoensis''. '''Interior Grand Fir'''. Interior forests, at (600-) 900-1800 m altitude, on the east slope of the [[Cascades]] in [[Washington]] and northern [[Oregon]] and in the [[Rocky Mountains]] from southeast [[British Columbia]] south to central [[Idaho]], northeast [[Oregon]] and western [[Montana]]. A smaller, slow-growing tree to 40-45 m tall. Foliage not strongly flattened on all shoots, the leaves often raised above the shoot, particularly on upper crown shoots. Cones slightly stouter (mostly over 4 cm broad), with thicker, slightly woody scales. Tolerates winter temperatures down to about -40°C; growth on good sites not exceeding 0.6 m per year even when young.
Grand Fir is very closely related to [[White Fir]], with the interior variety ''idahoensis'' particularly similar to the western forms of White Fir from western Oregon and California, intergrading with it where they meet in the Cascades of central Oregon.
Grand Fir is very closely related to [[White Fir]], with the interior variety ''idahoensis'' particularly similar to the western forms of White Fir from western Oregon and California, intergrading with it where they meet in the Cascades of central Oregon.