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{{otheruses}}
{{Taxobox
| color = lightgreen
| name = Clover
| image = Trefle2.1s.JPG
| image_width = 240px
| image_caption = clover inflorescence
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
| classis = [[Magnoliopsida]]
| ordo = [[Fabales]]
| familia = [[Fabaceae]]
| subfamilia = [[Faboideae]]
| tribus = [[Trifolieae]]
| genus = '''''Trifolium'''''
| genus_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision = See text
}}
{{commons|Trifolium}}
{{Wiktionary|trifolium}}
'''Clover''' ('''''Trifolium''''') is a [[genus]] of about 300 [[species]] of [[plant]]s in the pea family [[Fabaceae]]. The genus has a [[cosmopolitan distribution]]; the highest diversity is found in the temperate [[Northern Hemisphere]], but many species also occur in [[South America]] and [[Africa]], including at high altitudes on mountains in the tropics.
They are small [[annual plant|annual]], [[biennial plant|biennial]], or short-lived [[perennial plant|perennial]] [[herbaceous]] plants. The leaves are trifoliate (rarely 5- or 7-foliate), with stipules adnate to the leaf-stalk, and heads or dense spikes of small red, purple, white, or yellow flowers; the small, few-seeded pods are enclosed in the [[flower|calyx]].
Other closely related genera often called clovers include ''[[Melilotus]]'' ([[sweet clover]]) and ''[[Medicago]]'' ([[alfalfa]] or 'calvary clover'). The "[[shamrock]]" of popular iconography is sometimes considered to be young clover.
The scientific name derives from the [[Latin]] ''tres'', "three", and ''folium'', "leaf", so called from the characteristic form of the leaf, which has three [[leaflet]]s (trifoliate); hence the popular name '''[[trefoil]]'''. Clovers are used as food plants by the [[larva]]e of some [[Lepidoptera]] species; see [[list of Lepidoptera which feed on Clovers]].
[[Image:Red clover.jpg|right|thumb|Red clover (''Trifolium pratense'')]]
;Selected species
{|
|- valign=top
|
* ''[[Trifolium africanum]]''
* ''[[Trifolium albopurpureum]]''
* ''[[Trifolium alexandrinum]]''
* ''[[Trifolium amabile]]''
* ''[[Trifolium ambiguum]]''
* ''[[Trifolium amoenum]]''
* ''[[Trifolium andersonii]]''
* ''[[Trifolium andinum]]''
* ''[[Trifolium angustifolium]]''
* ''[[Hare's-foot clover|Trifolium arvense]]''
* ''[[Trifolium attenuatum]]''
* ''[[Large Hop Trefoil|Trifolium aureum]]''
* ''[[Trifolium barbigerum]]''
* ''[[Trifolium beckwithii]]''
* ''[[Trifolium bejariense]]''
* ''[[Trifolium bifidum]]''
* ''[[Trifolium bolanderi]]''
* ''[[Trifolium brandegeei]]''
* ''[[Trifolium breweri]]''
* ''[[Trifolium buckwestiorum]]''
* ''[[Trifolium calcaricum]]''
* ''[[Hop Trefoil|Trifolium campestre]]''
* ''[[Trifolium carolinianum]]''
* ''[[Trifolium cernuum]]''
* ''[[Trifolium ciliolatum]]''
* ''[[Trifolium cyathiferum]]''
* ''[[Trifolium dalmaticum]]''
* ''[[Trifolium dasyphyllum]]''
* ''[[Trifolium dedeckerae]]''
* ''[[Trifolium depauperatum]]''
* ''[[Trifolium dichotomum]]''
* ''[[Trifolium douglasii]]''
* ''[[Trifolium dubium]]''
* ''[[Trifolium echinatum]]''
|
* ''[[Trifolium eriocephalum]]''
* ''[[Trifolium fragiferum]]''
* ''[[Trifolium friscanum]]''
* ''[[Trifolium fucatum]]''
* ''[[Trifolium glomeratum]]''
* ''[[Trifolium gracilentum]]''
* ''[[Trifolium gymnocarpon]]''
* ''[[Trifolium haydenii]]''
* ''[[Trifolium hirtum]]''
* ''[[Trifolium howellii]]''
* ''[[Trifolium hybridum]]''
* ''[[Trifolium incarnatum]]''
* ''[[Trifolium jokerstii]]''
* ''[[Trifolium kingii]]''
* ''[[Trifolium lappaceum]]''
* ''[[Trifolium latifolium]]''
* ''[[Trifolium leibergii]]''
* ''[[Trifolium lemmonii]]''
* ''[[Trifolium longipes]]''
* ''[[Trifolium lupinaster]]''
* ''[[Trifolium macraei]]''
* ''[[Trifolium macrocephalum]]''
* ''[[Trifolium medium]]''
* ''[[Trifolium michelianum]]''
* ''[[Trifolium microcephalum]]''
* ''[[Trifolium microdon]]''
* ''[[Trifolium minutissimum]]''
* ''[[Trifolium monanthum]]''
* ''[[Trifolium mucronatum]]''
* ''[[Trifolium nanum]]''
* ''[[Trifolium neurophyllum]]''
* ''[[Trifolium nigrescens]]''
* ''[[Trifolium obtusiflorum]]''
* ''[[Trifolium oliganthum]]''
|
* ''[[Trifolium olivaceum]]''
* ''[[Trifolium ornithopodioides]]''
* ''[[Trifolium owyheense]]''
* ''[[Trifolium parryi]]''
* ''[[Trifolium pinetorum]]''
* ''[[Trifolium plumosum]]''
* ''[[Trifolium polymorphum]]''
* ''[[Red clover|Trifolium pratense]]''
* ''[[Trifolium productum]]''
* ''[[Trifolium purpureum]]''
* ''[[Trifolium pygmaeum]]''
* ''[[Trifolium reflexum]]''
* ''[[White clover|Trifolium repens]]''
* ''[[Trifolium resupinatum]]''
* ''[[Trifolium rollinsii]]''
* ''[[Trifolium rueppellianum]]''
* ''[[Trifolium scabrum]]''
* ''[[Trifolium semipilosum]]''
* ''[[Trifolium siskiyouense]]''
* ''[[Trifolium spumosum]]''
* ''[[Trifolium squamosum]]''
* ''[[Running Buffalo Clover|Trifolium stoloniferum]]''
* ''[[Trifolium striatum]]''
* ''[[Subterranean clover|Trifolium subterraneum]]''
* ''[[Trifolium suffocatum]]''
* ''[[Trifolium thompsonii]]''
* ''[[Trifolium tomentosum]]''
* ''[[Trifolium trichocalyx]]''
* ''[[Trifolium uniflorum]]''
* ''[[Trifolium variegatum]]''
* ''[[Trifolium vesiculosum]]''
* ''[[Trifolium virginicum]]''
* ''[[Trifolium willdenowii]]''
* ''[[Trifolium wormskioldii]]''
|}
== Cultivation ==
[[Image:Trifolium-repens.jpg|thumb|left|White Clover flower-head and leaves]]
Several species are extensively cultivated as fodder-plants. The most widely cultivated clovers are [[White clover]] ''Trifolium repens'' and [[Red clover]] ''Trifolium pratense''. Clover, either sown alone or in mixture with [[ryegrass]], has for a long time formed a staple crop for soiling, for several reasons; it grows freely, shooting up again after repeated mowings; it produces an abundant crop; it is palatable to and nutritious for [[livestock]]; it grows in a great range of [[soil]]s and [[climate]]s; and it is appropriate either for pasturage or green composting.
In many areas, particularly on acidic soils, clover is short-lived due a combination of insect pests, diseases and nutrient balance; this is known as "clover-sickness". When [[crop rotation]]s are managed so that clover does not recur at shorter intervals than eight years, it grows with much of its pristine vigour.
"Clover sickness" in more recent times may also be linked to [[pollinator decline]]; clovers are most efficiently pollinated by [[bumblebee]]s, which have declined as a result of agricultural intensification. [[Honeybee]]s can also pollinate clover, and [[beekeeper]]s are often in heavy demand from farmers with clover pastures. Farmers enjoy the benefits of increased reseeding that occurs with increased bee activity, which means that future clover yields remain abundant. Beekeepers benefit from the clover bloom as clover is one of the main [[Northern Nectar Sources for Honeybees|nectar sources for honeybees]].
[[Image:Red clover close 800.jpg|thumb|Red Clover flowers]]
''T. repens'', White or Dutch clover, is a perennial abundant in meadows and good pastures. The flowers are white or pinkish, becoming brown and deflexed as the corolla fades. ''T. hybridum'', Alsike or Swedish clover, is a perennial which was introduced early in the [[19th century]] and has now become naturalized in Britain. The flowers are white or rosy, and resemble those of the last species. ''T. medium'', meadow or zigzag clover, a perennial with straggling flexuous stems and rose-purple flowers, is of little agricultural value.
[[Image:Trifolium repens2.jpg|left|thumb|White Clover flower]]
Other British species are: ''T. arvense'', Hare's-foot trefoil; found in fields and dry pastures, a soft hairy plant with minute white or pale pink flowers and feathery sepals; ''T. fragiferum'', Strawberry clover, with densely-flowered, globose, rose-purple heads and swollen calyxes; ''T. procumbens'', Hop trefoil, on dry pastures and roadsides, the heads of pale yellow flowers suggesting miniature hops; and the somewhat similar ''T. minus'', common in pastures and roadsides, with smaller heads and small yellow flowers turning dark brown. The last named is often called [[Shamrock]].
Clovers are a valuable survival food, as they are high in [[protein]], widespread, and abundant. They are not easy to digest raw, but this can be easily fixed by boiling for 5-10 minutes. Dried flowerheads and seedpods can also be ground up into a nutritious flour and mixed with other foods. Dried flowerheads can also be steeped in hot water for a healthy, tasty tea.
==Symbolism and mythology==
[[Image:Four-leaf clover.jpg|thumb|right|150px|A four-leaf clover ]][[Shamrock]], the traditional [[Ireland|Irish]] symbol coined by [[Saint Patrick]] for the [[Holy Trinity]], is commonly associated with clover, though also sometimes with ''[[Oxalis]]'' species, which also have trifoliate leaves.
Clovers occasionally have leaves with four leaflets, instead of the usual three. These [[four-leaf clover]]s, like other rarities, are considered lucky.
A common [[idiom]] is "to be in clover", meaning to be living a carefree life of ease, comfort, or prosperity.
The [[cloverleaf interchange]] is named for the resemblance to the leaves of a (four-leafed) clover when viewed from the air.
==References==
* {{1911}}
* quattrofolium [[http://www.quattrofolium.com/eng/index.html]]
[[Category:Faboideae]]
[[Category:Forages]]
[[Category:Plants and pollinators]]
[[Category:Pollination management]]
{{Taxobox
| color = lightgreen
| name = Clover
| image = Trefle2.1s.JPG
| image_width = 240px
| image_caption = clover inflorescence
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
| classis = [[Magnoliopsida]]
| ordo = [[Fabales]]
| familia = [[Fabaceae]]
| subfamilia = [[Faboideae]]
| tribus = [[Trifolieae]]
| genus = '''''Trifolium'''''
| genus_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision = See text
}}
{{commons|Trifolium}}
{{Wiktionary|trifolium}}
'''Clover''' ('''''Trifolium''''') is a [[genus]] of about 300 [[species]] of [[plant]]s in the pea family [[Fabaceae]]. The genus has a [[cosmopolitan distribution]]; the highest diversity is found in the temperate [[Northern Hemisphere]], but many species also occur in [[South America]] and [[Africa]], including at high altitudes on mountains in the tropics.
They are small [[annual plant|annual]], [[biennial plant|biennial]], or short-lived [[perennial plant|perennial]] [[herbaceous]] plants. The leaves are trifoliate (rarely 5- or 7-foliate), with stipules adnate to the leaf-stalk, and heads or dense spikes of small red, purple, white, or yellow flowers; the small, few-seeded pods are enclosed in the [[flower|calyx]].
Other closely related genera often called clovers include ''[[Melilotus]]'' ([[sweet clover]]) and ''[[Medicago]]'' ([[alfalfa]] or 'calvary clover'). The "[[shamrock]]" of popular iconography is sometimes considered to be young clover.
The scientific name derives from the [[Latin]] ''tres'', "three", and ''folium'', "leaf", so called from the characteristic form of the leaf, which has three [[leaflet]]s (trifoliate); hence the popular name '''[[trefoil]]'''. Clovers are used as food plants by the [[larva]]e of some [[Lepidoptera]] species; see [[list of Lepidoptera which feed on Clovers]].
[[Image:Red clover.jpg|right|thumb|Red clover (''Trifolium pratense'')]]
;Selected species
{|
|- valign=top
|
* ''[[Trifolium africanum]]''
* ''[[Trifolium albopurpureum]]''
* ''[[Trifolium alexandrinum]]''
* ''[[Trifolium amabile]]''
* ''[[Trifolium ambiguum]]''
* ''[[Trifolium amoenum]]''
* ''[[Trifolium andersonii]]''
* ''[[Trifolium andinum]]''
* ''[[Trifolium angustifolium]]''
* ''[[Hare's-foot clover|Trifolium arvense]]''
* ''[[Trifolium attenuatum]]''
* ''[[Large Hop Trefoil|Trifolium aureum]]''
* ''[[Trifolium barbigerum]]''
* ''[[Trifolium beckwithii]]''
* ''[[Trifolium bejariense]]''
* ''[[Trifolium bifidum]]''
* ''[[Trifolium bolanderi]]''
* ''[[Trifolium brandegeei]]''
* ''[[Trifolium breweri]]''
* ''[[Trifolium buckwestiorum]]''
* ''[[Trifolium calcaricum]]''
* ''[[Hop Trefoil|Trifolium campestre]]''
* ''[[Trifolium carolinianum]]''
* ''[[Trifolium cernuum]]''
* ''[[Trifolium ciliolatum]]''
* ''[[Trifolium cyathiferum]]''
* ''[[Trifolium dalmaticum]]''
* ''[[Trifolium dasyphyllum]]''
* ''[[Trifolium dedeckerae]]''
* ''[[Trifolium depauperatum]]''
* ''[[Trifolium dichotomum]]''
* ''[[Trifolium douglasii]]''
* ''[[Trifolium dubium]]''
* ''[[Trifolium echinatum]]''
|
* ''[[Trifolium eriocephalum]]''
* ''[[Trifolium fragiferum]]''
* ''[[Trifolium friscanum]]''
* ''[[Trifolium fucatum]]''
* ''[[Trifolium glomeratum]]''
* ''[[Trifolium gracilentum]]''
* ''[[Trifolium gymnocarpon]]''
* ''[[Trifolium haydenii]]''
* ''[[Trifolium hirtum]]''
* ''[[Trifolium howellii]]''
* ''[[Trifolium hybridum]]''
* ''[[Trifolium incarnatum]]''
* ''[[Trifolium jokerstii]]''
* ''[[Trifolium kingii]]''
* ''[[Trifolium lappaceum]]''
* ''[[Trifolium latifolium]]''
* ''[[Trifolium leibergii]]''
* ''[[Trifolium lemmonii]]''
* ''[[Trifolium longipes]]''
* ''[[Trifolium lupinaster]]''
* ''[[Trifolium macraei]]''
* ''[[Trifolium macrocephalum]]''
* ''[[Trifolium medium]]''
* ''[[Trifolium michelianum]]''
* ''[[Trifolium microcephalum]]''
* ''[[Trifolium microdon]]''
* ''[[Trifolium minutissimum]]''
* ''[[Trifolium monanthum]]''
* ''[[Trifolium mucronatum]]''
* ''[[Trifolium nanum]]''
* ''[[Trifolium neurophyllum]]''
* ''[[Trifolium nigrescens]]''
* ''[[Trifolium obtusiflorum]]''
* ''[[Trifolium oliganthum]]''
|
* ''[[Trifolium olivaceum]]''
* ''[[Trifolium ornithopodioides]]''
* ''[[Trifolium owyheense]]''
* ''[[Trifolium parryi]]''
* ''[[Trifolium pinetorum]]''
* ''[[Trifolium plumosum]]''
* ''[[Trifolium polymorphum]]''
* ''[[Red clover|Trifolium pratense]]''
* ''[[Trifolium productum]]''
* ''[[Trifolium purpureum]]''
* ''[[Trifolium pygmaeum]]''
* ''[[Trifolium reflexum]]''
* ''[[White clover|Trifolium repens]]''
* ''[[Trifolium resupinatum]]''
* ''[[Trifolium rollinsii]]''
* ''[[Trifolium rueppellianum]]''
* ''[[Trifolium scabrum]]''
* ''[[Trifolium semipilosum]]''
* ''[[Trifolium siskiyouense]]''
* ''[[Trifolium spumosum]]''
* ''[[Trifolium squamosum]]''
* ''[[Running Buffalo Clover|Trifolium stoloniferum]]''
* ''[[Trifolium striatum]]''
* ''[[Subterranean clover|Trifolium subterraneum]]''
* ''[[Trifolium suffocatum]]''
* ''[[Trifolium thompsonii]]''
* ''[[Trifolium tomentosum]]''
* ''[[Trifolium trichocalyx]]''
* ''[[Trifolium uniflorum]]''
* ''[[Trifolium variegatum]]''
* ''[[Trifolium vesiculosum]]''
* ''[[Trifolium virginicum]]''
* ''[[Trifolium willdenowii]]''
* ''[[Trifolium wormskioldii]]''
|}
== Cultivation ==
[[Image:Trifolium-repens.jpg|thumb|left|White Clover flower-head and leaves]]
Several species are extensively cultivated as fodder-plants. The most widely cultivated clovers are [[White clover]] ''Trifolium repens'' and [[Red clover]] ''Trifolium pratense''. Clover, either sown alone or in mixture with [[ryegrass]], has for a long time formed a staple crop for soiling, for several reasons; it grows freely, shooting up again after repeated mowings; it produces an abundant crop; it is palatable to and nutritious for [[livestock]]; it grows in a great range of [[soil]]s and [[climate]]s; and it is appropriate either for pasturage or green composting.
In many areas, particularly on acidic soils, clover is short-lived due a combination of insect pests, diseases and nutrient balance; this is known as "clover-sickness". When [[crop rotation]]s are managed so that clover does not recur at shorter intervals than eight years, it grows with much of its pristine vigour.
"Clover sickness" in more recent times may also be linked to [[pollinator decline]]; clovers are most efficiently pollinated by [[bumblebee]]s, which have declined as a result of agricultural intensification. [[Honeybee]]s can also pollinate clover, and [[beekeeper]]s are often in heavy demand from farmers with clover pastures. Farmers enjoy the benefits of increased reseeding that occurs with increased bee activity, which means that future clover yields remain abundant. Beekeepers benefit from the clover bloom as clover is one of the main [[Northern Nectar Sources for Honeybees|nectar sources for honeybees]].
[[Image:Red clover close 800.jpg|thumb|Red Clover flowers]]
''T. repens'', White or Dutch clover, is a perennial abundant in meadows and good pastures. The flowers are white or pinkish, becoming brown and deflexed as the corolla fades. ''T. hybridum'', Alsike or Swedish clover, is a perennial which was introduced early in the [[19th century]] and has now become naturalized in Britain. The flowers are white or rosy, and resemble those of the last species. ''T. medium'', meadow or zigzag clover, a perennial with straggling flexuous stems and rose-purple flowers, is of little agricultural value.
[[Image:Trifolium repens2.jpg|left|thumb|White Clover flower]]
Other British species are: ''T. arvense'', Hare's-foot trefoil; found in fields and dry pastures, a soft hairy plant with minute white or pale pink flowers and feathery sepals; ''T. fragiferum'', Strawberry clover, with densely-flowered, globose, rose-purple heads and swollen calyxes; ''T. procumbens'', Hop trefoil, on dry pastures and roadsides, the heads of pale yellow flowers suggesting miniature hops; and the somewhat similar ''T. minus'', common in pastures and roadsides, with smaller heads and small yellow flowers turning dark brown. The last named is often called [[Shamrock]].
Clovers are a valuable survival food, as they are high in [[protein]], widespread, and abundant. They are not easy to digest raw, but this can be easily fixed by boiling for 5-10 minutes. Dried flowerheads and seedpods can also be ground up into a nutritious flour and mixed with other foods. Dried flowerheads can also be steeped in hot water for a healthy, tasty tea.
==Symbolism and mythology==
[[Image:Four-leaf clover.jpg|thumb|right|150px|A four-leaf clover ]][[Shamrock]], the traditional [[Ireland|Irish]] symbol coined by [[Saint Patrick]] for the [[Holy Trinity]], is commonly associated with clover, though also sometimes with ''[[Oxalis]]'' species, which also have trifoliate leaves.
Clovers occasionally have leaves with four leaflets, instead of the usual three. These [[four-leaf clover]]s, like other rarities, are considered lucky.
A common [[idiom]] is "to be in clover", meaning to be living a carefree life of ease, comfort, or prosperity.
The [[cloverleaf interchange]] is named for the resemblance to the leaves of a (four-leafed) clover when viewed from the air.
==References==
* {{1911}}
* quattrofolium [[http://www.quattrofolium.com/eng/index.html]]
[[Category:Faboideae]]
[[Category:Forages]]
[[Category:Plants and pollinators]]
[[Category:Pollination management]]