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Propagation is readily accomplished by seeds, gathered at maturity and sown in fall, or usually kept dry during the winter, or stratified; but B. nigra, which ripens its fruits in June, must be sown at once, and by fall the seedlings will be several inches high. The seeds should be sown in sandy soil, rather thick, as the percentage of perfect seeds is not very large, slightly or not at all covered, but pressed firmly into the ground and kept moist and shady. The seedlings must be transplanted when one year old. Rarer species and varieties are grafted, usually on B. lenta, B. papyrifera, B. nigra or B. pendula. Cleft or tongue-grafting in early spring, on potted stock in the greenhouse, is the best method. Budding in summer is also sometimes practised. Shrubby forms may also be increased by layers, and B. nana by greenwood cuttings under glass.
Propagation is readily accomplished by seeds, gathered at maturity and sown in fall, or usually kept dry during the winter, or stratified; but B. nigra, which ripens its fruits in June, must be sown at once, and by fall the seedlings will be several inches high. The seeds should be sown in sandy soil, rather thick, as the percentage of perfect seeds is not very large, slightly or not at all covered, but pressed firmly into the ground and kept moist and shady. The seedlings must be transplanted when one year old. Rarer species and varieties are grafted, usually on B. lenta, B. papyrifera, B. nigra or B. pendula. Cleft or tongue-grafting in early spring, on potted stock in the greenhouse, is the best method. Budding in summer is also sometimes practised. Shrubby forms may also be increased by layers, and B. nana by greenwood cuttings under glass.
B. acuminata, Wall.-B. alnoides.—B. alaskana, Sarg. Allied to B. occidentalis. Tree, to 40. rarely 80, ft.: bark grayish white: branchlets densely glandular: Lvs. rhombic-ovate, 1½-3 in. long, truncate to broadly cuneate, pubescent, on the veins beneath or finally glabrous; petiole about 1 in. long: scales of strobiles ciliate. Alaska. S.S. 14:726.—B. alleghaniensis, Brit. Intermediate between B. lenta and B. lutea. Bark cither close and furrowed or peeling off in thin flakes: young branchlets pubescent: Lvs. usually cordate at base and pubescent beneath: strobiles ovoid-oblong, about 1 in. long; scales ¼ in. long, 3-lobed about to the middle. Que. and Mich, to Ga.—B. alnoides, Hamil. (B. acuminata, Wall. B. cylindrostachya, Wall.). Allied to B. Maximowiczii. Tree, to 60 ft.: young branchlets pubescent: bark brown: Lvs. ovate-oblong to ovate- lanceolate, 2½-6 in. long, rounded at the base, doubly cuspidate- serrate, with 10-13 pairs of veins: strobiles in racemes. Himalayas, S.W. China. W.B. 90.—B. alpestris, Fries-B. intermedia.—B. Borggrevei, Zabel (B. papyrifera X B. pumila). Shrubby. Intermediate between the parents, but more similar to B. pumila. Raised at Hann.. Muenden, Germany, from American seed.—B. caerulea, Blanch. Allied to B. pendula. Tree, to 00 ft.: young branchlets hairy: lvs. ovate, 2-3½ in. long, rounded or cuneate at base, acuminate, sharply serrate, dull bluish green above, slightly hairy along the veins beneath: scales of strobiles similar to those of B. populifolia. Vt., Me. S.M. 201.—B. carpinifolia, Sieb. & Zucc.- B. grossa.—B. carpinifolia, Ehrh.-B. lenta.—B. corylifolia. Regel. Allied to B. nigra. Lvs. broadly elliptic or obovate, 1¾-2½ in. long, coarsely dentate, silky on the veins beneath, with 10-14 impressed pairs of veins: strobiles cylindric. Japan. S.I.F. 2:14. W.B. 60.— The plant cult, under this name is usually B. Ermanii.—B. cylindrostachya, Wall.-B. alnoides.—B. dahurica, Pall. Allied to B. pubescens. Tree, to 60 ft.: bark brown: branchlets glandular, hairy when young: Lvs. ovate, 1-2 in. long, pubescent on the veins beneath: strobiles oblong; wings of nutlet half as broad as body or less. Dahuria, Manchuria. Pallas, Fl. Ross. 39.—B. excelsa. Ait. (B. alba var. excelsa. Regel). Allied to B. pubescens. Large tree: bark yellowish brown: young branchlets densely pubescent: Lvs. broadly ovate to obovate, 1-2⅓ in. long, rounded or subcordate at the base, acute, pubescent beneath: strobile cylindric-oblong, upright or nodding; lateral lobes of scales slightly shorter than the middle one. Of unknown origin. W.D.B. 2:95. N.D.3:52.—B. fontinalis, Sarg. (B occidentalis, Nutt., not Hook. B. rhombifolia. Null., not Tausch). Allied to B. occidentalis. Small tree, to 40 ft. or shrubby: bark dark bronze color, lustrous: branchlets glandular: Lvs. broadly ovate, 1-2 in. long, truncate to broadly cuneate, sharply, often doubly serrate: strobiles cylindric-oblong. 1-1¼ in. long; scales glabrous or puberulous. B. C. to Calif., cast to Dak. and Colo. 8.S. 9:453 (as B. occidentalis).—B. fruticosa, Pall. (B. Gmelinii, Bunge). Allied to B. glandulosa. Shrub, to 15 ft.: branchlets glandular and pubescent: Lvs. ovate-elliptic, ½-1½ in. long, glabrous at length and usually glandular beneath: strobiles oblong-cylindric, ¾-1 in. long, wings about as broad as nutlet. Siberia, Manchuria. Pallas, Fl. Ross. 40.—B. globispica. Shirai. Allied to B. ulmifolia. Tree, to 60 ft.: bark grayish brown: Lvs. broadly rhombic-ovate, 1½-2½ in. long, short-acuminate, unequally serrate, with about 10 pairs of veins, pubescent on the veins beneath: strobiles subglobose or ovoid, about 1½ in. long; scales deeply 3-lobed with spatulate lobes. Japan. S.I.F. 1:21. W.B. 68.—B. Gmelinii. Bunge-B. fruticosa. —B. grossa, Sieb. & Zucc. (B. carpinifolia. Sieb. & Zucc.). Tree: branchlets glabrous: Lvs. ovate, 2-4 in. long, unequally serrate, with 10-15 pairs of veins, pubescent on the veins beneath and glandular- punctate: strobiles nearly sessile, elliptic-ovoid; middle lobe of the scale slightly longer than the lateral ones. Japan. S.I.F, 1:22.—B. humilis, Schrank. Allied to B. glandulosa. Shrub, 2-6 ft.: branchlets glandular and slightly pubescent at first: Lvs. ovate or suborbicular. ½-1¼ in. long, crenately serrate, glabrous: strobiles ovoid, about ½in. long. N. and W. Eu., N. Asia. G.W.H. 2:149. H.W. 2: p.26. R.F.G. 12:1279.—B. intermidia. Thomas (B. alpentris. Fries. B. pubescens x B. nana). Shrub: Lvs. orbicular or ovate, ⅓-1 in. long, crenate-serrate, usually pubescent while young, and often glutinous, finely glabrous: strobiles oblong: lateral lobes of scale upright and usually shorter than the middle one. N. Eu.—Natural hybrid; very variable.—B. Jackii, Schneid. (B. lenta xpumila). Shrub: bark of the odor of B. lenta: Lvs. usually obovate, 1-2 in. long, usually with about 7 pairs of veins: strobiles oblong, ½-¾ in. long; lateral lobes of scales spreading, somewhat shorter than the middle one. Originated at the Arnold Arboretum. G.F. 8:245.— B. kenaica, Evans. Allied to B. occidentalis. Tree, to 40 ft. : bark grayish white or light reddish brown: branchlets glabrous, not or slightly glandular: Lvs. ovate, 1½-2 in. long, cuneate or rounded at the base, irregularly, often doubly serrate, glabrous: strobiles cylindric-oblong, about 1 in. long, glabrous. Alaska. S.S. 14:723.—B. Koehnei, Schneid. (B. papyrifera X pendula). Intermediate between the parents. Tree: branchlets sparingly pubescent: Lvs. ovate, 2-3½ in. long, usually truncate at base, acuminate; rather finely and doubly serrate: scales of strobiles similar to those of B. papyrifera. Origin unknown.—B. luminifera, Winkl. Allied to B. alnoides. Lvs. ovate, subcordate at the base, serrate with acuminate teeth, 3-5 in. long: strobiles solitary, 2-3 in. long. Cent. China, W. 92.—B. Mid-wedjewii, Regel. Allied to B. utilis. Tree: young branchlets hairy: Lvs. broadly ovate to obovate, 2-3 in. long, rounded or sometimes subcordate at the base, short-acuminate, glabrous or pubescent on the veins beneath: strobiles cylindric-oblong, 1-1¾ in. long; wings of nutlet often 4 times narrower than its body. Caucasus. Gt. 36, p. 384.—B. occidentalis, Nutt.. not Hook.-B. fontinalis.—B. Purpusii, Schneid. (B. lutea xpumila). Shrubby or small tree: Lvs. oblong-ovate, 1-2 in. long, with 7-9 pairs of veins, soft-pubescent beneath. Intro, to Eu. from Mich.—B. Raddeana, Trautv. Tree: Lvs. ovate-pubescent on the veins beneath, with 6-7 pairs of veins, 1-2 in. long: strobiles oblong, upright, ¾ in. long; wings as broad as nutlet. Caucasus. Gt. 36, p. 384.—B. rhombifolia, Nutt.-B. fontinalia.
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