Glossary of Botanical Names

English equivalents of Latin names of species

Plants may have one or more common names, which are like nicknames, but they only have one botanical name (which is also called a Latin name, scientific name or technical name). The botanical name of a plant consists of two words, the genus name (generic word, common to the entire group or genus), followed by the the species name (specific or particular word, designating the given species). The species name is often somehow descriptive of the plant, or where it was found, or derived from someone's name. So for example, Briza maxima is the large Briza, B. minor the small Briza, and B. media the intermediate Briza. Abies sibirica; the Siberian Abies, is a geographic example, while A. fraseri, Fraser's Abies, is commemorative.

Although the species-word is not always designative and is sometimes even inapplicable, nevertheless the student is aided if he knows what the word means in English translation; and the following list is inserted to supply this knowledge for characteristic Latin or Latinized descriptive adjectives (in some cases nouns in the genitive or in apposition) applied to the species of plants. These words are likely to be used in differing meanings in different genera and as applied by different authors; in many cases, they do not follow the usages of classical Latin: therefore a list of this kind cannot be exact or give all the meanings in which the words may be applied as specific names. The generic names (the first word in the combination) need not be listed here, for they are not adjectives of description but made-up substantives; and, moreover, their origins are explained at the entries in the text.

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A

• abbreviatus: abbreviated, shortened.
• abortivus: aborted, parts failing.
• abruptus: abrupt, suddenly changing in shape or character.
• abyssinicus: Abyssinian.
• acaulis: stemless.
• acephalus: headless.
• acerbus: acerb, harsh or sour (taste).
• aceroldes: acer-like, maple-like.
• acerosus: needle-shaped.
• acicularis: needle-like.
• acidissimus: exceedingly sour.
• acidus: acid, sour.
• acinaceus: scimetar-or saber-shaped.
• acris: acrid, sharp.
• aculeatus: prickly.
• acuminatus: acuminate, long-pointed, tapering.
• acutangulus: acutely or sharply angled.
• acutifidus: acutely or sharply cut.
• acutifolius: acutely leaved, sharp-leaved.
• acutilobus: acutely lobed.
• acutipetalus: petals acute or sharp (pointed).
• acutus: acute, sharp-pointed.
• admirabills: admirable, noteworthy.
• adnatus: adnate, joined to.
• adpressus: pressed against.
• adscendens: ascending.
• adsurgens: rising to an erect position, ascending.
• aduncus: hooked.
• advenus: newly arrived, adventive.
• aegyptiacus: Egyptian.
• aemulus: emulative, imitating.
• aeneus: brazen, bronze-coloured.
• aequinoctialis: pertaining to the equinox.
• aequipetalus: equal-petaled.
• aeruginosus: rusty, rust-coloured.
• aestivalis: summer.
• aestivus: summer.
• aethiopicus: Ethiopian, African.
• affinis: related (to another species).
• africanus: African.
• agavoides: Agave-like.
• ageratoides: ageratum-like.
• aggregatus: aggregate, clustered.
• agrarius: of the fields.
• agrestis: of or pertaining to the fields.
• aizoides: aizoon-like (Aizoon, an evergreen or tenacious plant).
• alatus: winged.
• albescens: whitish, becoming white.
• albicans: whitish.
• albicaulis: wnite-stemmed.
• albidus: white.
• albiflorus: white-flowered.
• albifrons: white-fronded, white-herbaged.
• albispinus: white-spined.
• albocinctus: white-girdled, white-crowned.
• albospicus: white-spiked.
• albus: white.
• alcicornis: elk-horned.
• aleppicus: of Aleppo (in Syria).
• alliaceus: of the alliums, garlic-like.
• aloides: aloe-like.
• alpestris: alpine.
• alpinus: alpine.
• altaicus: of the Altai Mts. (S. Siberia).
• alternans: alternating.
• alternus: alternating, alternate.
• altifrons: tall-fronded or -herbaged.
• altissimus: very tall, tallest.
• altus: tall.
• amabills: lovely.
• amarus: bitter.
• ambiguus: ambiguous, doubtful.
• amelloides: amellus-like.
• americanus: American.
• amethystinus: amethystine, violet-coloured.
• amoenus: charming, pleasing.
• amphibius: amphibious, growing both in water and on land.
• amplexicaulis: stem-clasping.
• amplissimus: most or very ample.
• amplus: ample, large, extended.
• amurensis: of the Amur River region (E. Siberia).
• amygdalinus: pertaining to or like amygdalus.
• anacanthus: without spines.
• anatolicus: of Anatolia (Asia Minor).
• anceps: two-headed, two-edged.
• andicolus: native of the Andes.
• andinus: Andiuc, Andian, pertaining to the Andes
• androgynus: with both staminate and pistillate flowers in one cluster.
• anfractuosus: twisted.
• anglicus: English, pertaining to England.
• anguinus: snaky, pertaining to serpents.
• angularis: angular, angled.
• angulatus: angular, angled.
• angulosus: angular, angled.
• angustus: narrow.
• annotinus: year-old.
• annularis: annular, ringed.
• annulatus: annular.
• annuus: annual, living but one year.
• anomalus: anomalous, out of the ordinary or usual.
• antillaris: of the Antilles (W. Indies).
• antipodum: of the antipodes.
• antiquorum: of the ancients.
• antiquus: ancient.
• apenninus: pertaining to the Apennines (Italy).
• apertus: uncovered, bare.
• apetalus: without petals.
• aphyllus: leafless.
• apiculatus: apiculate, tipped with a point.
• appendiculatus: appendaged, bearing an extension or additional part or process.
• applanatus: flattened.
• applicatus: joined, attached.
• apterus: wingless.
• aquaticus, aquat ilis: aquatic.
• aqueus: aqueous, watery.
• aquilinus: aquiline, pertaining to the eagle.
• arabicus: Arabian.
• arachnoides: spider-like, cobwebby.
• arborescens: becoming tree-like, woody.
• arboreus: tree-like.
• arcticus: arctic.
• arcuatus: bow-like, bowed.
• arenarius: of sand or sandy places.
• areolatus: areolate, pitted.
• argentatus: silvery, silvered.
• argenteus: silvery.
• argophyllus: silver-leaved.
• argutus: sharp-toothed.
• argyraeus: silvery.
• aridus: arid.
• arietinus: like a ram's head.
• aristatus: aristate, bearded.
• aristosus: bearded.
• armatus: armed (as with thorns).
• aromaticus: aromatic.
• arrectus: raised up, erect.
• articulatus: articulated, jointed.
• arundinaceus: reed-like.
• arvensis: pertaining to cultivated fields.
• ascendens: ascending.
• asiaticus: Asian.
• asper: rough.
• asperatus: rough.
• aspericaulis: rough-stemmed.
• asperrimus: very rough.
• assimilis: similar, like to.
• assurgens: assurgent, clambering.
• ater: coal-black.
• atlunticus: Atlantic, growing in Atlantic regions.
• atratus: blackened.
• atropurpureus: dark purple.
• atrorubens: dark red.
• atrosanguineus: dark blood-red.
• atrovirens: dark green.
• attenuatus: attenuated, produced to a point.
• atticus: pertaining to Attica or Athens, Greek.
• augustissimus: very notable.
• augustus: august, notable, majestic.
• aurantiacus: orange-red.
• aureolus: golden.
• aureus: golden.
• auriculatus: auricled, eared.
• australiensis: belonging to Australia.
• australis: southern.
• austriacus: Austrian.
• autumnalis: autumnal.
• axillaris: axillary, borne in the axils, pertaining to the axils.
• azureus: azure, sky-blue.

B

• baccatus: berried.
• baccifera: berry-bearing.
• balearicus: Balearian, of the Balearic Islands.
• balsameus: balsamic, balsam-1ike, with balsam odor.
• balsamifera: balsam-bearing.
• bambusoides: bambusa-like, bamboo-like.
• banaticus: of Banat (S. Hungary).
• barbadensis: of Barbadoes.
• barbarus: foreign, from a strange country.
• barbatus: barbed, bearded.
• barbigera: bearing barbs or beards.
• basilaris: pertaining to the base or bottom.
• bellus: handsome.
• benedictus: blessed.
• benghalensis: of Bengal (E. India).
• betuloides: Betula-like, birch-like.
• bicarinatus: twice-keeled, with two keels.
• bicolor: two-coloured.
• bicarnis: two-horned.
• bicornutus: two-horned.
• bidentatus: two-toothed.
• biennis: biennial, living only two years.
• bifidus: twice cut, in two parts.
• bifiorus: two-flowered.
• bifurcatus: twice-forked.
• bigibbus: with two swellings or projections.
• biglumis: two-glumed.
• bijugus: yoked two together, joined, fastened together.
• bilobus: two-lobed.
• binatus: twin, double, two-and-two.
• binervis: two-nerved.
• binocularis: binocular, two-eyed, two-spotted.
• bipartitus: two-parted.
• bipetalus: two-petaled.
• bipinnatifidus: bipinnatifid, twice pinnately cut.
• bipinnatus: bipinnate, twice pinnate.
• bipunctatus: two-spotted.
• bisectus: cut in two parts.
• bispinosus: two-spined.
• biternatus: twice ternate.
• blandus: bland, mild.
• bonus: good.
• burbonicus: of Bourbonne (in N. E. France).
• borealis: northern.
• botryoides: cluster-like, grape-like.
• brachiatus: brachiate, branched at right angles.
• brachypodus: short-stalked.
• bracteatus: bracteate, bearing bracta.
• bracteosus: bract-bearing.
• brevicaulis: short-stemmed.
• brevifrons: short-fronded, short- leaved.
• brevipes: short-footed, as with abort pedicel or petiole.
• brevirostris: short-beaked.
• brevis: short.
• brevisetus: short-bristled.
• brevispathus: short-spathed.
• brevissimus: very short, shortest.
• brilliantissimus: most brilliant, very brilliant.
• brunneus: deep brown.
• bucephalus: ox-headed.
• bufonius: pertaining to the toad.
• bulbifera: bulb-bearing.
• bulbosus: bulbous.
• bullatus: inflated,swelling, puckered, bullate.
• byzantinus: Byzantine (of the Constantinople region).

C

• caerulescens: becoming or turning dark blue.
• caeruleus: cerulean, dark blue.
• caesius: bluish gray.
• caespitosus: cespitose, tufted, growing in low dense clumps.
• catfer, caffra: Kafir.
• calabricus: from Calabria(in S. Italy).
• calathinus: basket-like.
• calcaratus: spurred, with spurs.
• calcareus, of or pertaining to lime.
• callosus: thick-skinned, with callosities.
• calvus: bald, hairless.
• calycinus: calyx-like.
• calyculatus: calyx-like, calyx-bearing, fruit inclosed in a calyx.
• cambricus: Cambrian, Welsh.
• campanulatus: campanulate, bell-shaped.
• campestris: of the fields or plains.
• canadensis: Canadian.
• canaliculatus: channeled, grooved.
• canariensis: of the Canary Isle.
• candicans: white, hoary, particularly white-hairy or white-woolly.
• candidissimus: very white-hairy or hoary.
• cantabricus: from Cantabria (in Spain).
• candidus: white, white-hairy, shining.
• canescens: gray-pubescent.
• canus: ash-coloured, hoary.
• capensis: of the Cape (of Good Hope).
• capillaris: hair-like.
• capreolatus: winding, twining.
• capsularis: eapsular.
• cardinalis: cardinal.
• carinatus: keeled.
• carneus: flesh-coloured.
• carnonus: fleshy.
• carolinianus: Carolinian, pertaining to North or South Carolina, or indefinitely to the Carolinas.
• carpathicus: of the Carpathian region (Europe).
• cartilagineus: like cartilage.
• caryophyllaceus: clove-like; perhaps also pertaining to the pink family.
• cashmerianus: of Cashmere (Asia).
• catharticus: cathartic.
• cathayanus: of Cathay (China).
• caucusicus: belonging to the Caucasus (mountain region between the Black and Caspian Seas).
• caudatus: caudate, tailed.
• caulescens: caulescent, having a stem or stems.
• cauliflorus: stem-flowered.
• cenisius: of Mt. Cenis (between France and Italy).
• cephalatus: headed, bearing heads.
• cerasiformis: cherry-formed.
• cerefolius: wax-leaved.
• cerifera: wax-bearing.
• cernuus: bending forward, inclined, drooping, nodding.
• ceylanicus: of Ceylon; same as zeylanicus.
• chalcedonicus: of Chalcedon (on the Bosphorus).
• chilensis: belonging to Chile.
• chinensis: belonging to China.
• chloranthus: green-flowered.
• chrysanthus: golden-flowered.
• chrysocarpus: golden-fruited.
• chrysophyllus: golden-leaved.
• chrysostomus: golden-mouthed, golden-throated.
• ciliaris: ciliate, fringed with hairs on the margin.
• ciliatus: ciliate, hairy fringed.
• cilicicus: of Cilicia (in S. E. Asia Minor).
• cinctus: girded, girdled.
• cinereus: ash-coloured.
• cinnabarinus: cinnabar-red.
• cinnamomeus: cinnamon-brown.
• circinatus: circinate, coiled.
• cirrhosus: tendrilled.
• citratus: citrus-like.
• citrinus: bright yellow (citron-like).
• clandestinus: concealed.
• clavatus: clavate, club-shaped.
• clematideus: pertaining to or like Clematis.
• clypeatus: with a shield.
• coccifera: berry-bearing.
• coccineus: scarlet.
• cochlearis: spoon-like.
• cochleatus: spoon-like.
• coelestinus: sky-blue.
• coelestis: celestial, sky-blue.
• collinus: pertaining to a hill.
• coloratus: coloured (other than green).
• comatus: with coma or hair.
• communis: common, general, gregarious.
• commutatus: changed or changing.
• comosus: with long hair.
• compactus: compact, dense.
• complexus: circled, embraced.
• complicatus: complicate; page 162.
• compressus: compressed.
• comptus: adorned, ornamented.
• concavus: concave, hollowed out.
• concinnus: neat, well made.
• concolor: coloured similarly.
• condensus: condensed, crowded.
• confertus: crowded.
• conformis: similar, like to.
• confusus: confused, uncertain (as to characteristics).
• congestus: congested, brought together.
• conglomeratus: conglomerate, crowded together.
• conifera: cone-bearing.
• conjugatus: connected, joined together.
• conoideus: conoid, cone-like.
• consolidus: consolidated, solid, stable.
• conspicuus: conspicuous, marked.
• constrictus: constricted.
• contiguus: contiguous, near together.
• contortus: contorted, twisted.
• contractus: contracted.
• coralliflorus: coral-flowered.
• corallinus: coral-red.
• cordatus: cordate, heart-shaped.
• cordifolius: cordate-leaved, heart-leaved.
• coriaceus: leathery.
• corniculatus: horned.
• cornigera: horn-bearing.
• cornutus: horned.
• coronarius: used for or belonging to garlands.
• coronatus: crowned.
• corrugatus: corrugated, wrinkled.
• corsicus: Corsican (island in the Mediterranean).
• corticosus: heavily furnished with bark.
• coruscans: vibrating, glittering.
• corymbifera: corymb-bearing.
• corymbosus: corymbose.
• costatus: costate, ribbed.
• crassicaulis: thick-stemmed.
• crassifolius: thick-leaved.
• crassipes: thick-footed or -stalked.
• crassus: thick, fleshy.
• crenatus: crenate, scalloped.
• crenulatus: crenulate, somewhat scalloped.
• crepidatus: sandaled, slippered.
• crepitans: rattling, rustling.
• cretaceus: cretaceous, pertaining to chalk.
• creticus: of Crete (island in Eastern Mediterranean).
• crinitus: hairy, provided with hair.
• crispus: crisped, curled.
• cristatus: cristate, crested.
• crocatus: saffron-yellow.
• croceus: saffron yellow.
• cruciatus: cruciate, cross-like.
• crucifera: cross-bearing.
• cruentus: bloody.
• crystallinus: crystalline.
• cubensis: Cuban.
• cucullatus: hooded.
• cultratus: cultrate, knife-shaped.
• cuneatus: cuneate, wedge-shaped.
• cuneifolius: wedge-leaved.
• cuneiformis: wedge-formed.
• cupreus: copper-like or -coloured.
• curvatus: curved.
• cuspidatus: cuspidate, with a cusp or sharp stiff point.
• cyaneus: blue.
• cylindraceus: cylindrical.
• cylindricus: cylindrical.
• cymbiformis: boat-formed.
• cymosus: cymed, having a cyme or cymes.
• cypreus: copper-like; see cupreus.

D

• dactyifera: finger-bearing.
• dahuricus, davuricus: Of Dahuria or Dauria (in trans-Baikal Siberia, near the frontier of China).
• dalmaticus: Dalmatian (on eastern side of the Adriatic).
• damascenus: of Damascus.
• dasycarpus: thick-fruited.
• dealbatus: whitened, white-washed.
• debilis: weak, frail.
• decandrus: ten-stamened.
• decapetalus: ten-petaled.
• deciduus: deciduous, with parts falling.
• decipiens: deceptive.
• declinatus: declined, bent downward.
• decolorans: discoloured, staining.
• decompositus: decompound, more than once compound or divided.
• decorans: adorning.
• decorus: elegant, comely, becoming.
• decumbens: decumbent, reclining at the base but the top or tips upright.
• decurrens: decurrent, as a leaf extending down the stem.
• deflexus: deflexed, bent abruptly downward.
• deformis: misshapen, deformed.
• delectus: chosen.
• delicatissimus: most or very delicate.
• delicatus: delicate, tender.
• deliciosus: delicious.
• deltoideus: deltoid, triangular.
• demissus: low, weak.
• dendroideus: tree-like.
• densiflorus: densely flowered.
• densus: dense.
• dentatus: toothed.
• denticulatus: denticulate, slightly toothed.
• dentosus: toothed.
• denudatus: denuded, naked.
• depauperatus: depauperate, starved, dwarfed.
• dependens: hanging down.
• depressus: depressed.
• deustus: burned.
• devastator: (feminine devastatrix): devastating, laying waste.
• diacanthus: two-spined.
• diadema: a diadem, crown.
• diandrus: with two stamens.
• diaphanus: diaphanous, very thin, transparent.
• dichotomus: forked, two-branched equally.
• dichrous: of two colours.
• dicoccus: with two berries.
• didymus: in a pair, as of anthers.
• difformis: of differing forms.
• diffusus: diffuse, spreading.
• digititus: digitate, compound in form like the fingers.
• dilatatus: dilated, expanded.
• dilutus: dilated, spread out.
• dimidiatus: halved, in two equal parts.
• dimorphus: dimorphous, two-formed.
• diodon: with two teeth.
• dioicus: dioecious.
• dipetalus: two-petaled.
• diphyllus: two-leaved.
• dipsaecus: of the teasel Dipsacus.
• discoideus: discoid, rayless.
• discolor: of two or of different colours.
• dispar: dissimilar, unlike.
• dissectus: dissected, deeply cut.
• dissimilis: dissimilar, unlike.
• dissitiflorus: remotely or loosely flowered.
• distachyus: two-spiked.
• distans: distant, separate, remote.
• distichus: two-ranked, with leaves or flowers in ranks on opposite sides of stem.
• distylus: two-styled.
• diurnus: day-flowering.
• divaricatus: divaricate, spreading, widely divergent.
• divergens: diverging, wide-spreading.
• diversiflorus: diversely flowered, variable-flowered.
• diversifolius: variable-leaved.
• divisus: divided, separated.
• dodecandrus: twelve-stamened.
• dolabriformis: hatchet- or axe-shaped.
• dolosus: deceitful.
• domesticus: domestic, domesticated.
• drupaceus: drupe-like.
• drupifera: drupe-bearing.
• dubius: dubious, doubtful.
• dulcis: sweet.
• dumetorum: of bushea or hedges.
• dumosus: bushy.
• duplex: double.
• duplicatus: duplicate, double.
• durabilis: durable, lasting.
• duracinus: hard-berried.
• duriusculus: somewhat hard or rough.

E

• ebenaceus: ebony-like.
• ebracteatus: bractless.
• eburneus: ivory-white.
• echinatus: bristly, prickly.
• echinocarpus: prickly-fruited,
• echinosepalus: prickly-sepaled.
• ecornutus: hornless.
• edulis: edible.
• effusus: very loose-spreading.
• elasticus: elastic.
• elatior: taller.
• elatus: tall.
• elegans: elegant.
• elegantissimus: most elegant, very elegant.
• elephantum: of the elephants.
• elllpticus: elliptical.
• elongatus: elongated, lengthened.
• emarginatus: emarginate, with a shallow notch at the apex.
• emeticus: emetic.
• eminens: eminent, prominent.
• enneaphyilus: nine-leaved.
• ensatus: sword-shaped.
• ensifolius: sword-leaved.
• ensiformis: sword-formed or –shaped.
• entomophilus: insect-loving.
• equestris: pertaining to the horse.
• equinus: of horses.
• erectus: erect, upright.
• erianthus: woolly-flowered.
• ericoides: erica-like, heath-like.
• eriocarpus: woolly-fruited.
• eriocephalus: woolly-headed.
• erosus: erose, jagged, as if gnawed.
• erraticus: erratic, unusual, sporadic.
• erubescens: blushing.
• erythrocarpus: red-fruited.
• erythrocephalus: red-headed.
• erythropodus: red-footed, red-stalked.
• erythropterus: red-winged.
• esculentus: esculent, edible.
• estriatus: without stripes.
• etuberosus: without tubers.
• europaeus: Europeans.
• exaltatus: exalted, very tall.
• excavatus: excavated, hollowed out.
• excellens: excellent, excelling.
• excelsus: tall.
• excisus: excised, cut away.
• exiguus: little, small, poor.
• eximius: distinguished, out of the ordinary.
• exitiosus: pernicious, destructive.
• exoletus: mature, fully grown, dying away.
• exoticus: exotic, from another country.
• expansus: expanded.
• exsculptus: dug out, carved out.
• exsertus: exserted, protruding from.
• exsurgens: rising up, standing up.
• extensus: extended.
• exudans: exuding.

F

• fabaceus: faba-like, bean-like.
• falcatus: falcate, sickle-shaped or scythe-shaped.
• falcifolius: falcate-leaved.
• falciformis: sickle-formed.
• fallax: deceptive.
• farinaceus: containing farina or starch, or like flour; perhaps also farinose,
• farinifera: farina-bearing.
• farinosus: farinose, mealy, powdery.
• fasciatus: fasciate, abnormally flattened and broadened.
• fascicularis: fascicled, clustered, brought together.
• fasciculatus: fascicled.
• fascinator: fascinating, charming.
• fastigiatus: fastigiate, branches erect and close together.
• fastuosus: proud.
• febrifugus: febrifuge, fever-dispelling.
• fenestralis: with window-like openings.
• ferox: ferocious; very thorny.
• ferreus: pertaining to iron.
• ferrugineus: rusty, of the colour of iron rust.
• fertilis: fertile, fruitful.
• festivus: festive, gay, bright.
• fibrosus: fibrous, bearing prominent fibres.
• ficoldeus: fig-like.
• filamentosus: filamentous, composed of threads or bearing threads.
• filicatus: fern-like, ferny.
• filicifolius: fern-leaved.
• filicinus: fern-like.
• fllicoides: fern-like.
• filifera: bearing filaments or threads.
• filifolius: thread-leaved, with leaves cut into thread-like divisions.
• filiformis: filiform, thread-like.
• filipes: with stalks thread-like.
• fimbriatus: fimbriated, fringed.
• firmatus: firm, made firm.
• firmus: firm, strong.
• fissifolius: split-leaved.
• fissilis: fissile, cleft or split.
• fissus: cleft, split.
• fistulosus: fistular, hollow-cylindrical.
• flabellatus: flabellate, with fan-like parts.
• flabelliformis: fan-formed.
• flaccidus: flaccid, soft.
• flagellaris: flagellate, whip-like.
• flagellatus: whip-like.
• flagelliformis: whip-formed.
• flagellum: a scourge or flail.
• flammeus: flame-coloured.
• flavescens: yellowish, becoming yellow or yellowish.
• flavicomus: yellow-wooled or -haired.
• flavidus: yellow, yellowish.
• fiavispinus: yellow-spined.
• flavissimus: very yellow, deep yellow.
• flavus: yellow.
• flexilis: flexible, pliant.
• flexuosus: flexuose, tortuous, zig-zag.
• floccosus: woolly.
• flore-albo: with white flowers.
• florentinus: Florentine.
• flore-pleno: with full or double flowers.
• floribundus: free-flowering, blooming profusely.
• floridus: flowering, full of flowers.
• fluitans: floating.
• fluviatilis: pertaining to a river.
• foemina: female.
• foeniculaceus: fennel-like.
• foetidissimus: very fetid.
• foetidus: fetid, bad-smelling.
• foliatus: with leaves.
• foliolatus: with leaflets.
• foliosus: leafy, full of leaves.
• follicularis: bearing follicles, follicled.
• forficatus: shear-shaped.
• formicaeformis: ant-shaped, ant-like,
• formosissimus: most or very beautiful.
• formosus: beautiful, handsome.
• foveatus: pitted.
• fragilis: fragile, brittle.
• fragrans: fragrant, odoroua.
• fragrantissimus: very fragrant.
• fraxineus: fraxinous, like Fraxinus or ash trees.
• frigidus: cold, of cold regions.
• frondosus: fronded, leafy.
• fructifera: fruit-bearing, fruitful.
• fructigenus: fruitful.
• frutescens: shrubby, bushy.
• fruticosus: fruticose, shrubby, bushy.
• fucatus: painted, dyed.
• fugax: swift.
• fulgens: shining, glistening.
• fulgidus: fulgid, shining.
• fuliginosus: soot coloured.
• fulvescens: fulvous or becoming fulvous.
• fulvus: fulvous, tawny, orange-gray-yellow.
• funalis: of a rope or cord.
• funebris: funereal.
• fungosus: fungous, pertaining to a fungus, spongy.
• funiculatus: of a slender rope or cord; with a funicle (stalk of an ovule or seed).
• furcans: forked.
• furcatus: furcate, forked.
• fuscus: fuscous, brown, dusky.
• fusiformis: spindle-shaped.

G

• galericulatus: helmet-like.
• gallicus: of Gaul or France; also pertaining to a cock or rooster.
• gandavensis: belonging to Ghent, Belgium.
• garganicus: belonging to Gargano (Eastern Italy).
• gelidus: ice-cold.
• geminatus: twin.
• geminiflorus: twin-flowered.
• gemmatus: gemmed, jewelled; also bearing buds.
• gemmifera: bud-bearing.
• genevensis: belonging to Geneva.
• geniculatus: jointed, kneed.
• geoides: of the earth.
• geometricus: geometrical, in a pattern.
• germanicus: German, of Germany.
• gibberosus: humped, hunchbacked.
• gibbiflorus: gibbous-flowered.
• gibbosus: swollen on one side.
• gibbus: gibbous, swollen on one side.
• giganteus: gigantic, very large.
• giganticus: gigantic.
• gigas: of giants, immense.
• glabellus: smoothish.
• glaber: glabrous, smooth.
• glaberrimus: most smooth, smoothest.
• glabratus: somewhat glabrous or smooth.
• glabrescens: smoothish, or becoming so.
• glacialis: icy, frozen.
• gladiatus: sword-like.
• glandulifera: gland-bearing.
• glandulosus: glandular.
• glastifolius: with leaves like the dyer's woad (Isatis, once called Glastum).
• glaucescens: glaucescent, becoming glaucous.
• glaucifolius: glaucous-leaved
• glaucophyllus: glaucous-leaved.
• glaucus: glaucous, with a bloom, grayish.
• globosus: globose, spherical, nearly or quite globular.
• globularis: of a little ball or sphere.
• globulifera: globule-bearing, globe-bearing.
• globulosus: globuled, like a little ball.
• glomeratus: glomerate, clustered.
• gloriosus: glorious, superb.
• glumaceus: glumed, with glumes or glume-like structures.
• glutinosus: glutinous, gluey, sticky.
• gongylodes: roundish.
• gracilentus: slender.
• gracilis: graceful, slender.
• gracillimus: graceful, very slender.
• graecus: of Greece, Greek.
• gramineus: grassy, grass-like.
• graminifolius: grass-leaved.
• grandiceps: large-headed.
• grandicuspis: with large cusps or points.
• grandidentatus: large-or big-toothed.
• grandiflorus: large-flowered.
• grandifolius: large-leaved.
• grandiformis: on a large scale, of a big kind.
• grandipunctatus: with large spots.
• grandis: large, big.
• granulatus: granulate, covered with minute grains.
• granulosus: granulate, granulose.
• gratissimus: very pleasing or agreeable.
• gratus: pleasing, agreeable.
• graveolens: heavy-scented.
• groenlandicus: of Greenland.
• guianensis: of Guiana (South America).
• guineensis: of Guinea (Africa).
• gummifera: gum-bearing.
• guttatus: spotted, speckled.
• gymnocarpus: naked-fruited.
• gyrans: gyrating, revolving in a circle.

H

• haemanthus: blood-red-flowered.
• hamatus: hooked.
• hamosus: hooked.
• harpophyllus: sickle-leaved.
• hastatus: hastate, spear-shaped.
• hastifera: spear-bearing.
• hastilis: of a javelin or spear.
• hebecarpus: pubescent-fruited.
• hederaceus: of the ivy (Hedera).
• helianthus: sunflower.
• helveticus: Swiss, of Helvetia (Switzerland).
• helvolus: pale yellow.
• hemisphaericus: hemispherical.
• heptaphyllus: seven-leaved.
• herbaceus: herbaceous, dying to the ground and not woody.
• herbariorum: of the herbaria.
• heteracanthus: various-spined.
• heteranthus: various-flowered, variable in flowers.
• heterocarpus: various-fruited.
• heterodon: various-toothed.
• heteroglossus: various-tongued.
• heteromorphus: various in form.
• heterophyllus: various-leaved, with leaves of more than one shape.
• hexagonopterus: six-angled-winged.
• hexagonus: hexagonal, six-angled.
• hexapetalus: six-petaled.
• hians: open, gaping.
• hibernalis: of or pertaining to winter.
• hibernicus: Hibernian, of or pertaining to Ireland.
• hieroglyphicus: hieroglyphic, marked as if with signs.
• himalaicus: Himalayan.
• hircinus: of a goat, with a goat's odor.
• hirsutissimus: very hairy, most hairy.
• hirsutulus: somewhat hirsute or hairy.
• hirsutus: hirsute, hairy.
• hirtellus: somewhat hairy.
• hirtiflorus: hairy-flowered.
• hirtipes: hairy-stalked or-stemmed.
• hirtus: hairy.
• hispanicus: Spanish, of Spain.
• hispidissimus: most or very bristly.
• hispidulus: somewhat hispid or bristly.
• hispidus: hispid, bristly.
• histrionicus: histrionic, pertaining to the stage or to actors.
• holosericeus: woolly-silky. .
• horizontalis: horizontal.
• horridus: provided with spines or barbs, prickly.
• hortensis: belonging to the hortus or garden.
• horticolus: a little garden; of the garden.
• hortorum: of gardens.
• hortulanus: pertaining to a garden.
• humifusus: sprawling on the ground.
• humilis: low-growing, dwarf.
• hyacinthinus: hyacinthine, sapphire- coloured.
• hyacinthoides: like the hyacinth.
• hyalinus: transparent, translucent.
• hybridus: hybrid, mixed, mongrel.
• hyemalis: of winter; also hiemalis.
• hygrometricus: hygrometric, taking up water.
• hymenanthus: membranaceous-flowered.
• hymenodes: membrane-like.
• hyperboreus: far northern.
• hypocrateriformis: salver-shaped, flower with a slender cylindrical tube and flat spreading limb.
• hypogaeus: underground, subterranean.
• hypoglaucus: glaucous beneath.
• hypoleucus: whitish, pale.
• hypophyllus: under the leaf.
• hystrix: porcupine-like, bristly.

I

• ianthinus: violet, violet-blue.
• ibericus: of Iberia (the Spanish peninsula).
• icosandrus: twenty-stamened.
• ignescens: fiery.
• igneus: fiery.
• ilicifolius: ilex-leaved, holly-leaved.
• illustratus: pictured.
• illustris: bright, brilliant, lustrous.
• illyricus: of Illyria (Grecian Peninsula).
• imberbis: without beards or spines.
• imbricans: imbricating.
• imbricatus: imbricated, lapping over, shingled.
• immaculatus: immaculate, spotless.
• immersus: immersed, under water.
• imperator: commanding, imperious.
• imperialis: imperial, kingly.
• implexus: implicated, interwoven.
• impressus: impressed, sunken in.
• inaequalifolius: unequal-leaved.
• inaequalis: unequal.
• inaequilaterus: unequal-sided.
• incanus: hoary.
• incarnatus: flesh-coloured.
• incertus: uncertain, doubtful.
• incisifolius: cut-leaved.
• incisus: incised, cut.
• inclinatus: inclined, bent downward.
• incomparabilis: incomparable, excelling.
• incomptus: rude, unadorned, not attractive.
• inconspicuus: inconspicuous, not prominent.
• incurvatus: incurved, bent inward.
• incurvus: incurved.
• indentatus: indented, dented
• indicus: Indian, of India or the East Indies.
• indivisus: undivided.
• inermis: unarmed, without thorns or spines.
• infectorius: used for dying, pertaining to dyes.
• infestus: dangerous, unsafe.
• inflatus: inflated, swollen up.
• infortunatus: unfortunate.
• infractus: broken.
• infundibuliformis: funnel-shaped, trumpet-shaped.
• infundibulum: a funnel.
• inodorus: without odor, scentless.
• inornatus: without ornament, not showy.
• inquinans: polluting, discolouring.
• inscriptus: inscribed, written on.
• insignis: remarkable, distinguished, marked.
• insititius: grafted.
• intactus: intact, untouched.
• integer: entire.
• integerrimus: very entire.
• integrifolius: entire-leaved.
• interjectus: interjected, put between.
• intermedius: intermediate.
• interruptus: interrupted.
• intertextus: interwoven, intertwined.
• intricatus: intricate, entangled.
• introrsus: introrse, turned inward.
• intumescens: swollen, puffed up, tumid.
• intybaceus: pertaining to chicory (Intybus).
• inversus: inverse, turned over, upside down.
• invisus: unseen, overlooked.
• involucratus: involucred, with an involucre.
• involutus: involute, rolled inward.
• ionanthus: with flowers like the violet.
• ionopterus: with wings like the violet.
• iridescens: iridescent.
• iridiflorus: iris-flowered.
• irregularis: irregular.
• isandrus: with equal stamens.
• isopetalus: equal-petaled.
• isophyllus: equal-leaved.
• italicus: Italian.

J

• jamaicensis: of Jamaica.
• japonicus: Japanese, of Japan.
• jasmineus: jasmine-like.
• jasminiflorus: jasmine-flowered.
• javanicus: Javan, of Java.
• Jubatus: crested, with a mane.
• jucundus: agreeable, pleasing.
• jugosus: joined, yoked.
• junceus: Juncus-like, rush-like.

K

• kashmirianus: of Cashmere or Kashmere.
• kewensis: belonging to Kew (Kew Gardens, England).
• koraianus: of Corea; also coreanus.

L

• labiatus: labiate, lipped.
• labiosus: lipped.
• lachryma: a tear.
• laciniatus: laciniate, torn, cut or slashed into narrow lobes.
• laciniosus: laciniose, laciniate.
• lactatus: milky.
• lacteus: milk-white.
• lacticolor: milk-coloured.
• lactifera: milk-bearing, milky-juiced.
• lactiflorus: flowers milk-coloured.
• lacunosus: witn holes or pits.
• lacustris: pertaining to lakes.
• ladanifera: ladanum-bearing.
• laetevirens: light green, vivid green.
• laetus: bright, vivid.
• laevicaulis: smooth-stemmed.
• laevigatus: smooth.
• laevipes: smooth-footed, smooth-stalked.
• laevis: smooth.
• laeviusculus: smoothish, somewhat smooth.
• lanatus: woolly.
• lanceolatus: lanceolate.
• lanceus: lance-like.
• lancifolius: lance-leaved.
• lanigera: wool-bearing.
• lanuginosus: woolly, downy.
• lappaceus: pertaining to a globular hooked bur; Lappa-like.
• lapponicus: of Lapland.
• laricifolius: larch-leaved.
• laricinus: Larix-like, larch-like.
• lasiocarpus: rough-fruited, rough-hairy.
• lasiopetalus: with petals rough-hairy.
• lateriflorus: lateral-flowered, with flowers on the side.
• lateritius: brick-red.
• latifolius: broad-leaved.
• latifrons: broad-fronded, broad-herbaged, broad-leaved.
• latimaculatus: broad-spotted.
• latipes: broad-footed, broad-stalked.
• latissimus: broadest, very broad.
• latus: broad, wide.
• laurifolius: laurel-leaved.
• laurinus: laurel-like.
• lavandulaceus: lavender-like.
• laxiflorus: loose-flowered.
• laxifolius: loose-leaved.
• laxus: lax, open, loose.
• leianthus: smooth-flowered.
• leiocarpus: smooth-fruited.
• leiophyllus: smooth-leaved.
• lenticularis: lenticular, lens-shaped.
• lentus: pliant, tenacious, tough.
• leontoglossus: lion-tongued or -throated.
• leopardinus: leopard-spotted.
• lepidophyllus: scaly-leaved.
• leprosus: of leprosy, scurfy.
• leptocaulis: thin-stemmed, slender-stemmed.
• leptocladus: thin-stemmed or -branched.
• leptolepis: thin-scaled.
• leptophyllus: thin-or slender-leaved.
• leptosepalus: thin-sepaled.
• leptopus: thin- or slender-stalked.
• leucanthus: white-flowered.
• leucobotrys: with white clusters.
• leucocephalus: white-headed.
• leuconeurus: white-nerved.
• leucophyllus: white-leaved.
• leucorhizus: white-rooted.
• liburnicus: of Liburnia (west of Adriatic).
• lignosus: woody.
• ligularis: ligulate, strap-shaped.
• lilacinus: lilac.
• liliiflorus: lily-flowered.
• limbatus: bordered.
• limosus: of muddy or marshy places.
• linariifolius: linaria-leaved.
• linearifolius: linear-leaved.
• linearilobus: linear-lobed.
• linearis: linear.
• lineatus: lined, with lines or stripes.
• lingulatus: tongue-shaped.
• linifolius: linum-leaved, flax-leaved.
• linophyllus: flax-leaved.
• lithospermus: with seeds stone-like.
• littorulis: of the seashore.
• lividus: livid, bluish.
• lobatus: lobed.
• lobularis: lobed.
• loliaceus: Lolium-like (Lolium comprises the rye-grasses).
• longebracteatus: long-bracted.
• longepedunculatus: long-pedunculate.
• longicaudatus: long-tailed.
• longiflorus: long-flowered.
• longifolius: long-leaved.
• longihamatus: long-hooked.
• longilaminatus: with long laminae or plates.
• longilobus: long-lobed.
• longimucronatus: long-mucronate.
• 1ongipes: long-footed, long-stalked.
• longipetalus: long-petaled.
• longipinnatus: long-pinnate.
• longiracemosus: long-racemed.
• longiscapus: long-scaped.
• longisepalus: long-sepaled.
• longispathus: long-spathed.
• longispinus: long-spined.
• longissimus: longest, very long.
• longistylus: long-stalked.
• longus: long.
• lorifolius: strap-leaved.
• lucidus: lucid, bright, shining, clear.
• ludovicianus: of Louisiana.
• lugdunensis: belonging to the region of Lyons.
• lunatus: lunate, moon-shaped, moon-like, crescent-shaped.
• lunulatus: somewhat moon-shaped.
• lupulinus: Lupulus-like, hop-like.
• luridus: lurid, wan, sallow, pale yellow.
• luteolus: yellowish.
• lutescens: yellowish, becoming yellow.
• luteas: yellow.
• luxunans: luxuriant, thrifty.
• lyratus: lyrate, pinnatifid with large terminal lobe.

M

• macilentus: lean, meager.
• macrandrus: with large anthers.
• macranthus: large-flowered.
• macrobotrys: large-clustered.
• macrocarpus: large-fruited.
• macrocephalus: large-headed.
• macrodactylus: large-fingered.
• macrodontus: large-toothed.
• macropetalus: with large petals.
• macrophyllus: large-leaved.
• macroplectron: large-spurred.
• macropodus: large-footed or -stalked.
• macropterus: large-winged.
• macrospadix: with large spadix.
• macrostachyus: large-spiked.
• macrostegius: large-decked.
• macrostemus: with large filaments.
• macrostylus: large-styled.
• macrourus: large-tailed.
• maculatus: spotted.
• maculosus: spotted.
• maesiacus: of Moesia, ancient name of Bulgaria and Servia.
• magellanicus: Straits of Magellan region.
• magnificus: magnificent, eminent, distinguished.
• majalis: of May, Maytime.
• majesticus: majestic.
• major, majus: greater, larger.
• malabaricus: of Malabar (in British India).
• maliformis: apple-formed.
• malvaceus: Malva-like, mallow-like.
• mammosus: breasted, with breasts.
• manicatus: manicate, long-sleeved, covered densely as with thick hairs so that the covering can be removed as such.
• marcescens: withering but not falling.
• marcidus: withering but not falling off.
• margaritaceus: pearly, of pearls.
• marginalis: marginal, marked in some way along the margins or edges.
• marginatus: margined.
• marginellus: somewhat margined.
• marilandicus: of the Maryland region; also written marylandicus.
• maritimus: maritime, of the sea.
• marmoratus: marbled, mottled.
• marmoreus: marbled.
• marmorophyllus: leaves marbled.
• maroccanus: of Morocco.
• mas: male.
• masculatus: masculine.
• masculus: male, masculine.
• matronalis: pertaining to matrons.
• mauritanicus: of Mauretania (N. Africa).
• maxillaris: maxillary, of the jaw.
• maximus: largest.
• mediterraneus: of the Mediterranean region.
• medius: medium, intermediate.
• medullaris: of the marrow or center or pith.
• megalanthus: large-flowered.
• megaphyllus: large-leaved.
• megapotamicus: of the large river.
• megarrhizus: large-rooted.
• megaspermus: large-seeded.
• megastachyus: large-spiked.
• megastigmus: with large stigma.
• melananthus: black-flowered.
• melancholicus: melancholy, hanging or drooping.
• melanocaulon: black-stemmed.
• melanococcus: black-berried.
• melanoleucus: black-and-white.
• melanoxylon: bluck-wooded.
• meleagris: like a guinea-fowl, speckled.
• melleus: pertaining to honey.
• meliffera: honey-bearing.
• meloformis: melon-shaped.
• membranaceus: membranaceous, membranous, thin and more or less translucent.
• meniscifolius: crescent-leaved.
• mesoleucus: mixed with white.
• metallicus: metallic (colour or lustre).
• mexicanus: Mexican, of Mexico.
• micans: glittering, sparkling, mica- like.
• micranthus: small-flowered.
• microcarpus: small-fruited.
• microdon: email-toothed.
• microglossus: small-tougued.
• microlepis: small-scaled.
• micromeris: small-numbered, of small number of parts.
• micropetalus: small-petaled.
• microphyllus: small-leaved.
• micropterus: small-winged.
• microsepalus: small-sepaled.
• microstemus: of small filaments or stemlets.
• militaris: military.
• millefoliatus: thousand-leaved.
• millefolius: thousand-leaved, leaves or parts very many.
• mimus: mimic.
• minax: threatening, forbidding.
• miniatus: cinnabar-red.
• minimus: least, smallest.
• minor, minus: smaller.
• minutissimus: very or most minute.
• minutus: minute, very small.
• mirabilis: marvellous, extraordinary, wonderful.
• mistassinicus: of Lake Mistassini, (Quebec).
• mitis: mild, gentle.
• mitratus: turbaned.
• mixtus: mixed.
• modestus: modest.
• moldavicus: of Moldavia (in Rumania).
• mollis: soft, soft-hairy.
• mollissimus: very soft-hairy.
• moluccanus: of the Moluccas (East Indies).
• monadelphus: in one group or bundle.
• mongolicus: of Mongolia.
• monilifera: bearing a necklace.
• monacanthus: one-spined.
• monocephalus: single-headed.
• monogynus: of one pistil.
• monoicus: monoecious.
• monopetalus: one-petaled.
• monophyllus: one-leaved.
• monopterus: one-winged.
• monopyrenus: bearing one stone or pyrene.
• monosepalus: one-sepaled.
• monospermus: one-seeded.
• monostachyus: single-spiked.
• monspeliensis: of Montpelier.
• monspessulanus: of Montpelier.
• monstrosus: monstrous, wholly abnormal or deformed, teratological.
• montanus: pertaining to mountains or mountainous regions.
• montevidensis: of Montevideo (Uruguay).
• monticolus: native of mountains.
• moschatus: musky, musk-scented.
• mucronatus: mucronato, tipped with a short sharp point or mucro.
• mucronulatus: with a small mucro or point.
• multibracteatus: many-bracted.
• multicaulis: many-stemmed, with numerous stems.
• multiceps: many-headed, many branched.
• multicolor: many-coloured.
• multifidus: multifid, many times parted.
• multiflorus: many-flowered.
• multifurcatus: much-forked, many times forked.
• multijugus: many in a yoke, many times joined.
• multinervis: many-nerved.
• multiplex: many-folded.
• multiradiatus: many-radiate, with numerous rays.
• multisectus: many times cut, much cut or dissected.
• mundulus: trim, neat.
• munitus: defended, fortified.
• muralis: of walls, growing on walls.
• muricatus: muricate, roughed by means of hard points.
• muscipula: a mouse-trap.
• mutabilis: changeable, variable, mutant.
• mutatus: changeable.
• muticus: blunt, pointless.
• mutilatus: mutilated.
• myriacanthus: numberless spined, very many-spined.
• myriocarpus: very many-fruited.
• myrmecophilus: ant-loving.
• myrtifolius: myrtle-leaved.

N

• nanus: dwarf.
• mapiformis: turnip-shaped.
• narbonensis: of Narbonne (ancient region or province of S. France).
• natans: floating, swimming.
• navicularis: pertaining to a ship.
• neapolitanus: Neapolitan.
• nebulosus: nebulous, clouded, indefinite, obscure.
• neglectus: neglected, overlooked.
• nemoralis: of groves or woods.
• nemorosus: of groves or woods and shady places.
• nepalensis: of Nepal (Himalayan region).
• neriifolius: nerium-leaved, oleander-leaved.
• nervosus: nerved.
• nevadensis: of the Sierra Nevadas (in Spain or N. America).
• nictitans: blinking, moving.
• nidus: nest.
• niger: black.
• nigratus: blackish.
• nigrescens: blackish, becoming black.
• nigricans: black.
• nigricornis: black-horned.
• nigripes: black-footed or -atalked.
• nilotica: of the Nile.
• nitens: shining.
• nitidus: shining.
• nivalis: snowy, pertaining to snow.
• niveus: snowy.
• nivosus: snowy, full of snow.
• nnbilior: more noble.
• nobilis: noble, famous, renowned.
• nobilissimus: most or very noble.
• nodidflorus: with flowers at nodes.
• nodosus: with nodes, jointed.
• nonscriptus: undescribed.
• nootkatensis: of Nootka (Nootka Sound is by Vancouver Island).
• notatus: marked.
• novae-angliae: of New England.
• novae-caesareae: of New Jersey.
• novae-zealandiae: of New Zealand.
• noveboracensis: of New York.
• novi-belgii: of New Belgium or New Netherlands (i. e., New York).
• nubicolus: dwelling among clouds.
• nucifera: nut-bearing.
• nudatus: nude, stripped.
• nudicaulis: naked-stemmed.
• nudiflorus: naked-flowered.
• nudus: nude, naked.
• numismatus: pertaining to money, coin-like.
• nutans: nodding.
• nycticalus: night-blooming.

O

• obconicus: inversely conical.
• obcordatus: obcordate, inversely cordate.
• obesus: obese, fat.
• obfuscatus: clouded, confused.
• obliquus: oblique, unequal and slanting.
• obliteratus: obliterated, erased, not apparent.
• oblongatus: oblong.
• oblongifo1ius: oblong-leaved.
• oblungus: oblong.
• obovatus: obovate, inverted ovate.
• obscurus: obscure, hidden.
• obsoletus: obsolete, rudimentary.
• obtusatus: obtuse, blunt.
• obtusifolius: blunt-leaved.
• obtusilobus: blunt-lobed.
• obtusus: obtuse, blunt, rounded.
• occidentalis: occidental, western.
• oceanicus: oceanic; perhaps of Oceanica.
• ocellatus: eyeleted, with small eyes.
• ochreatus: with an ochrea or boot-sheath.
• ochroleucus: yellowish white.
• octandrus: with eight anthers.
• octopetalus: eight-petaled.
• octophyllus: eight-leaved.
• oculatus: eyed, with eye-like marks.
• odontites: tooth.
• odontochilus: with toothed lip or margin.
• odoratissimus: most or very odorous, very fragrant.
• odoratus: odorous, fragrant.
• odorus: odorous, fragrant.
• officinalis: officinal, medicinal, recognized in the pharmacopea.
• officinarum: of the apothecaries.
• oleaefolius: Olea- or olive-leaved.
• oleifera: oil-bearing.
• oleraceus: oleraceous, vegetable-garden herb used in cooking.
• oliganthus: few-flowered.
• oligocarpus: few-fruited.
• oligosperrnus: few-seeded.
• olitorius: pertaining to vegetable-gardens or -gardeners.
• olivaceus: olive-like, olive-coloured.
• olivaeformis: olive-shaped.
• olympicus: of Olympus or Mt. Olympus (in Greece).
• omnivorus: omnivorous, of all kinds of food.
• opacus: opaque, shaded.
• operculatus: with a lid.
• oppositiflorus: opposite-flowered.
• oppositifolius: opposite-leaved.
• opuliflorus: flowers of Opulus (a Viburnum).
• orbicularis: round.
• orbiculatus: round.
• orchideus: orchid-like.
• orchioides: orchid-like.
• oreganus: of Oregon.
• orgyalis: length of the arms extended, about 6 feet.
• orientalis: oriental, eastern.
• ornatissimus: most showy or ornate.
• ornatus: ornate, adorned.
• ornithocephalus: like a bird's head.
• ornithopodus: like a bird's foot.
• ornithorhynchus: shaped like a bird's beak.
• orthocarpus: straight-fruited.
• orthochilus: straight-lipped.
• orthopterus: straight-winged.
• ovalifolius: oval-leaved.
• ovalis: oval.
• ovatifolius: ovate-leaved.
• ovatus: ovate.
• ovifera: egg-bearing.
• ovigera: egg-bearing.
• ovinus: pertaining to sheep.
• oxyacanthus: sharp-thorned or -spined.
• oxygonus: sharp-angled.
• oxyphyllus: sharp-leaved.
• oxysepalus: with sharp sepals.

P

• pachyanthus: thick-flowered.
• pachyneurus: thick-nerved.
• pachypterus: thick-winged.
• pacificus: of the Pacific, of regions bordering the Pacific Ocean.
• palaestinus: of Palestine.
• paleaceus: with palea (bracts in grass flowers), or palea-like, chaffy.
• pallens: pale.
• pallescens: palish, becoming pale
• palliatus: palliated, cloaked.
• pallidiflorus: pale-flowered.
• pallidifolius: pale-leaved.
• pallidispinus: pale-spined.
• pallidus: pale.
• palliflavens: pale yellow.
• palmatifidus: polmately cut.
• palmatus: palmate, divided or lobed like the hand.
• paludosus: of marshes, marsh-loving.
• palustris: marsh-loving.
• panduratus: fiddle-shaped.
• paniculitus: paniculate.
• paniculigera: panicle-bearing.
• pannonicus: of Pannonia (Roman province on the Danube, now western Hungary).
• pannosus: ragged, tattered.
• papaveraceus: Papaver-like, poppy-like.
• papilionaceus: butterfly-like, the form of the pea flower.
• papillosus: papillate, with minute nipple-like projections or protuberances.
• papyraceus: papery.
• papyrifera: paper-bearing.
• paradisiacus: of parku or gardens.
• paradoxus: paradoxical, strange.
• parasiticus: parasitical, of a parasite.
• pardalinus: leopard-like, spotted.
• pardinus: leopard-spotted.
• partitus: parted.
• parviflorus: small-flowered.
• parvifolius: small-leaved.
• parvissimus: smallest, very small.
• parvulus: very small, very slight.
• parvus: small.
• patagonicus: of Patagonia.
• patellaris: circular, disk-shaped, like a knee-pan.
• patens: spreading.
• patulus: spreading.
• pauciflorus: few-flowered.
• paucifoliue: few-leaved.
• pauperculus: poor.
• pavoninus: peacock-like.
• pectinaceus: pectinate.
• pectinatus: pectinate, comb-like, pin-natifid with very narrow close divisions or parts.
• pectinifera: comb-bearing.
• pectoralis: shaped like a breast-bone
• pedatus: footed, of the foot or feet; also pedate, like a bird's foot, being palmately divided and the side parts 2-cleft.
• pedemontanus: of Piedmont (northern Italy).
• peduncularis: peduncled, stalked.
• pedunculatus: peduncled.
• pedunculosus: with many peduncles.
• pellucidus: pellucid, with translucent dots.
• peltatus: peltate.
• peltifolius: peltate-leaved.
• pelviformis: pelvis-shaped.
• penduliflorus: pendulous-flowered.
• pendulinus: somewhat pendulous.
• pendulus: pendulous, hanging.
• penicillatus: hair penciled, like a little brush; pinnate.
• pennatus: feathered, as the veins or lobes standing off at right angles from a midrib; pinnate.
• penninervis: feather-veined.
• pennsylvanicus: of Pennsylvania.
• pentagonus: five-angled.
• pentagynus: of five pistils.
• pentandrus: of five stamens.
• pentanthus: five-flowered.
• pentaphyllus: five-leaved.
• perbellus: very beautiful.
• peregrinus: exotic, foreign, from a strange country.
• perennans: perennial.
• perennis: perennial, living three or more years.
• perfoliatus: perfoliate, with leaf surrounding the stem.
• perforatus: perforated, with holes.
• permixtus: much mixed or confused.
• persicaefolius: peach-leaved.
• persicus: of Persia; also the peach.
• perspicuus: clear, transparent.
• pertusus: thrust through, forced through, perforated.
• peruvianus: Peruvian, of Peru.
• petaloideus: petal-like.
• petiolaris: petioled, with a leaf-stalk.
• petiolatus: petioled.
• petraeus: rock-loving.
• phlogiflorus: flame-flowered.
• phoeniceus: purple-red.
• phrygius: of Phrygia (in Asia-Minor).
• phyllomaniacus: running wildly to leaves, leafy.
• picturatus: painted-leaved, pictured, variegated.
• pictus: painted.
• pilifera: bearing soft hairs.
• pilosiusculus: somewhat or slightly pilose.
• pilosus: pilose, shaggy, with soft hairs.
• pilulifera: globule-bearing.
• pinetorum: of pine forests.
• pineus: of the pine.
• pinifolius: pine-leaved.
• pinnatifidus: pinnatifid, pinnately cleft.
• pinnatifrons: pinnate-fronded or -foliaged.
• pinnatinervis: pinnate-nerved.
• pinnatus: pinnate, with leaflets on the sides of a main leaf axis.
• pisifera: Pisum-bearing, pea-bearing.
• pisocarpus: pea-fruited.
• placatus: quiet, calm.
• planiflorus: plane-flowered, flat-flowered.
• planifolius: flat-leaved.
• plantagineus: plantain-like.
• planus: plane, flat.
• platanoides: Platanus-like, plane-tree-like.
• platycanthus: broad-spined.
• platycarpus: broad-fruited.
• platycladus: broad-branched.
• platyglossus: broad-tongued.
• platyphyllus: broad-leaved.
• plenissimus: very full or double.
• plenus: full, used to designate doubleness in flowers (as in flore-pleno).
• pleurostachys: side-spiked.
• plicatus: plicate, plaited, folded lengthwise.
• plumarius: plumed.
• plumatus: plumed.
• plumbeus: of lead.
• plumosus: feathery.
• poculiformis: deep cup-shaped.
• podocarpus: with stalked fruit.
• poeticus: pertaining to poets
• polifolius: Polium-leaved, white-leaved.
• politus: polished.
• polyacanthus: many-spined.
• polyandrus: of many stamens.
• polyanthus: many-flowered.
• polycephalus: many-headed.
• polydactylus: many-fingered.
• polygamus: polygamous, having both perfect and imperfect flowers.
• polymorphus: of many forms, variable.
• polypetalus: many-petaled.
• polyphyllus: many-leaved.
• polyspermus: many-seeded.
• polystachyus: many-spiked.
• polystictus: many-dotted.
• pomaceus: pome-like, resembling the apple or pear.
• pomeridianus: afternoon.
• ponderosus: ponderous, heavy, weighty.
• ponticus: of Pontus (in Asia Minor).
• populifolius: populus-leaved, poplar-leaved.
• populneus: pertaining to poplars.
• porcinus: pertaining to swine.
• porrifolius: Porrum- or leek-leaved.
• praealtus: very tall.
• praecox: precocious, premature, very early.
• praestans: distinguished, excelling.
• praetextus: bordered.
• prasinatus: greenish.
• prasinus: grass-green.
• pratensis: of meadows.
• precatorius: praying, prayerful.
• primulinus: primrose-like.
• princeps: princely, first.
• prismaticus: prismatic, prism-shaped.
• proboscideus: proboscis-like.
• procerus: tall.
• prucumbens: procumbent, lying on the ground.
• procurrens: extended.
• productus: produced, lengthened.
• profusus: profuse.
• prolifera: producing offshoots, bearing abnormal supernumerary parts.
• prolificus: prolific, fruitful.
• propendens: hanging down.
• propinquus: related, near to.
• prostratus: prostrate, lying flat.
• protrusus: protruding.
• provincialis: provincial; or of Provence, southern France.
• pruinatus: pruinose.
• pruinosus: pruinose, with a hoary or frost-like bloom.
• prunifolius: plum-leaved.
• pruriens: itching.
• pseud- pseudo-: in combinations means false, not genuine, not the true or the typical, as Pseudotsuga, false tsuga.
• psittacinus: of the parrot.
• pubens: downy.
• puberulus: puberulous, somewhat pubescent.
• pubescens: pubescent, downy.
• pudicus: bashful, retiring, shrinking.
• pulchellus: pretty, beautiful.
• pulcher: handsome, beautiful.
• pulcherrimus: very handsome.
• pullus: dark, dusky, almost black.
• pulverulentus: powdered, dust-covered.
• pulvinatus: cushioned, cushion-like.
• pumilus: dwarf.
• punctatissimus: most spotted, very spotted.
• punctatus: punctate, dotted.
• pungens: piercing, sharp-pointed.
• puniceus: reddish purple.
• purpuraceus: purple.
• purpurascens: purplish, becoming purple.
• purpuratus: purple.
• purpureus: purple.
• pusillus: very small, insignificant.
• pycnacanthus: densely spined.
• pycnanthus: densely flowered.
• pygmaeus: pigmy.
• pyramidalis: pyramidal.
• pyrenaicus: of the Pyrenees.
• pyrifolius: pear-leaved.
• pyriformis: Pyrus-formed, pear-shaped.

Q

• quadrangularis: quadrangular, four-angled.
• quadrangulatus: four-angled.
• quadratus: in four or fours, squared.
• quartricolor: of four colours.
• quartridentatus: four-toothed.
• quadrifidus: four-cut.
• quadrifolius: four-leaved.
• quadripartitus: four-parted.
• quadrivalvis: four-valved.
• quercifolius: Quercus-leaved, oak-leaved.
• quercinus: of Quercus the oak.
• quinatus: quinate, in fives.
• quinquecolor: five-coloured.
• quinqueflorus: five-flowered.
• quinquefolius: five-leaved.
• quinquelocularis: five-loculed, of five cells or compartments.
• quinquenervis: five-nerved.
• quinquepunctatus: five-spotted.

R

• racemiflorus: raceme-flowered.
• racemosus: racemose, flowers in racemes.
• radiatus: radiate, rayed.
• radicans: rooting.
• radicosus: many-rooted.
• radicum: of roots.
• radiosus: radiate, with many rays.
• ramentaceus: bearing a hair-like covering.
• ramiflorus: with branching inflorescence.
• ramosissimus: most- or much- branched.
• ramosus: branched.
• ranifera: bearing frogs.
• rapaceus: pertaining to rape or turnips.
• rariflorus: scattered-flowered, with flowers loose or few.
• rarus: rare, uncommon.
• raucus: hoarse, raw.
• reclinatus: reclined, bent back.
• rectus: straight, upright.
• recurvatus: recurved.
• recurvifolius: recurved-leaved.
• recurvus: recurved, curved back.
• redivivus: restored, brought to life.
• reduplicatus: duplicated again, doubled again, redoubled.
• reflexus: reflexed, bent back.
• refractus: broken, broken in pieces.
• refulgens: brightly shining, reflecting light.
• regalis: regal, royal.
• regina: queen.
• regius: regal, royal, kingly, pertaining to a king.
• religiosus: used for religious purposes, venerated.
• remotus: remote, with parts distant.
• reniformis: reniform, kidney-shaped.
• repandus: repand, with margin wavy.
• repens: repent, creeping.
• reptans: creeping.
• resectus: cut off, curtailed, pruned.
• resinosus: resin-bearing, full of resin.
• reticulatus: reticulate, netted, net- veined.
• retortus: twisted back.
• retroflexus: reflexed.
• retusus: retuse, notched slightly at a rounded apex.
• reversus: reversed, end-for-end.
• revolutus: revolute, rolled backward from the margins.
• rex: king.
• rhamnifolius: Rhamnus-leaved, buckthorn-leaved.
• rhizophyllus: root-leaved, acaulescent.
• rhodanthus: rose-flowered.
• rhodochilus: rose-lipped or -margined.
• rhodocinctus: rose-girdled.
• rhodoneurus: red-nerved.
• rhomboideus: rhomboidal.
• ricinifolius: Ricinus-leaved, with leaves of castor-oil plant.
• rigidulus: somewhat stiff or rigid.
• rigidus: rigid, stiff.
• ringens: ringent, gaping, open-mouthed.
• riparius: of river banks.
• rivalis: pertaining to brooks.
• rivularis: brook-loving.
• robustus: robust, stout.
• rosaceus: rose-like.
• rosaeflorus: rose-flowered.
• roseus: rose, rosy.
• rostratus: rostrate, beaked.
• rosularis: rosulate, in rosettes.
• rotatus: rotate, wheel-shaped.
• rotundifolius: round-leaved.
• rotundus: rotund, round.
• rubellus: reddish.
• rubens: red, ruddy.
• ruber: red, ruddy.
• ruberrimus: very red.
• rubescens: reddish, becoming red.
• rubiaefolius: rubus- or bramble-leaved.
• rubicundus: rubicund, red.
• rubiginosus: rusty.
• rubricaulis: red-stemmed.
• rubrifolius: red-leaved.
• rubronervis: red-veined.
• rufescens: reddish, becoming red.
• rufinervis: red-nerved.
• rufus: red, reddish.
• rugosus: rugose, wrinkled.
• runcinatus: runcinate, retrorsely or backwardly incised or toothed.
• rupestris: rock-loving.
• rupicolus: growing on cliffs or ledges.
• rusticus: rustic, belonging to the country.
• ruthenicus: Ruthenian, Russian.
• rutilans: red, becoming red.

S

• saccatus: saccate, bag-like.
• saccharatus: containing sugar, sweet.
• saccharifera: sugar-bearing.
• saccharinus: saccharine.
• saccharum: sugar.
• saccifera: bag-bearing.
• sachalinensis: of Saghalien Isl. (N. Japan).
• sagittalis: of the arrow, sagittate.
• sagittatus: sagittate, arrow-like.
• sagittifolius: arrow-leaved.
• salicifolius: salix-leaved, willow-leaved.
• salicinus: willow-like.
• salignus: of the willow.
• sailnus: salty.
• sambucinus: sambucus- or elder-like.
• sanctus: holy.
• sandwicensis: of the Sandwich or Hawaiian Isls.
• sanguineus: bloody, blood-red.
• sapidus: savory, pleasing to taste.
• sapientum: of the wise men or authors.
• saponaceus: soapy.
• sarcodes: flesh-like.
• sarmaticus: of Sarmatia (an ancient territory in S. Russia and Poland).
• sarmentosus: sarmentose, bearing runners.
• sativus: cultivated.
• saurocephalus: lizard-headed.
• saxatilis: found among rocks.
• saxicolus: growing among rocks.
• saxosus: full of rocks.
• scaber: scabrous, rough.
• scabrellus: somewhat scabrous.
• scandens: scandent, climbing.
• scaposus: with scapes.
• sceptrum: of a scepter.
• schizoneurus: cut-nerved.
• schizopetalus: cut-petaled.
• schizohyllus: cut-leaved.
• scholaris: pertaining to a school.
• sclerocarpus: hard-fruited.
• sclerophyllus: hard-leaved.
• scotica: Scottish, of Scotland.
• sculptus: carved.
• scutellaris: salver- or dish-shaped.
• scutum: a shield.
• sebifera: tallow-bearing.
• sebosus: full of tallow or grease.
• sechellarus: of the Seychelles (Indian Ocean).
• secundus: secund, side-flowering.
• securigera: axe-bearing.
• segetum: of cornfields.
• semialatus: semi-winged, half or somewhat winged.
• semicaudatus: semi- or partially tailed.
• semicylindricus: semi- or somewhat cylindrical.
• semipinnatus: half or imperfectly pinnate.
• semperflorens: ever flowering.
• sempervirens: ever green.
• senilis: senile, old, white-haired.
• sensibilis: endowed with feeling, sensitive.
• sensitivus: sensitive.
• sepiarius: pertaining to hedges.
• sepium: of hedges or fences.
• septangularis: seven-angled.
• septumlobus: seven-lobed.
• septempunctatus: seven-spotted.
• septentrionalis: northern, belonging to the North.
• sepultus: sepulchered, interred.
• sericeus: silky.
• serotinus: late, late-flowering or late-ripening.
• serpens: creeping, crawling.
• serpentinus: of snakes, serpentine, looping or waving.
• serratifolius: serrate-leaved, saw-edge-leaved.
• serratus: serrate, saw-toothed.
• serrulatus: serrulate, somewhat serrate.
• sesquipedalis: one foot and a half long or high.
• sessiflorus: sessile-flowered, without pedicel.
• sessifolius: sessile-leaved, without petiole.
• sessilifolius: sessile-leaved.
• sessilis: sessile, stalkless, sitting.
• setaceus: setaceous, bristle-like.
• setigera: bristly, bristle-bearing.
• setosus: setose, full of bristles.
• setulosus: full of small bristles.
• sibiricus: of Siberia.
• signatus: marked, designated, attested.
• sikkimensis: of Sikhim or Sikkim (N. India).
• siliceus: pertaining to or growing in sand.
• siliculosus: bearing silicles.
• silvaticus: pertaining to woods, sylvan; sometimes sylvalictus.
• silvestris: pertaining to woods.
• simplex: simple, unbranched.
• simplicicaulis: simple-stemmed.
• simplicifolius: simple-leaved.
• simplicissimus: simplest, very unbranched.
• simulans: similar to, resembling.
• sinensis: Chinese, of China.
• sinicus: Chinese.
• sinuatus: sinuate, wavy-margined.
• sinuosus: sinuate.
• sitchensis: belonging to Sitka, Alaskan.
• smaragdinus: of emerald.
• smilacinus: of smilax.
• sobolifera: bearing creeping rooting stems or shoots.
• socialis: sociable, companionable.
• socotranus: of the Island of Socotra (south of Arabia).
• solaris: solar, of the sun.
• solidus: solid, dense, not hollow.
• somnifera: sleep-producing.
• sordidus: dirty, unclean, foul.
• spadiceus: with a spadix.
• sparsiflorus: sparsely or few-flowered.
• sparsifolius: sparsely or few-leaved.
• sparsus: sparse, scattered, few.
• sparteus: pertaining to the broom.
• spathaceus: with a spathe.
• spathulatus: spatulate, spoon-shaped, narrowed toward the base from a rounded top.
• speciosissimus: very showy.
• speciosus: showy, good-looking.
• spectabilis: spectacular, worth seeing, remarkable, showy.
• spectandus: showy.
• spectrum: an image, apparition.
• sphacelatus: dead, withered, diseased.
• sphaericus: spherical.
• sphaerocarpus: spherical-fruited.
• sphaerocephalus: spherical-headed.
• sphaeroideus: sphere-like.
• sphaerostachyus: spherical-spiked.
• spicatus: spicate, with spikes.
• spicigera: spike-bearing.
• spinosissimus: most or very spiny.
• spinosus: full of spines.
• spinulifera: bearing small spines.
• spinulosus: somewhat or weakly spiny.
• spiralis: spiral.
• spirellus: a spiral, little spiral.
• splendens: splendid.
• splendidissimus: very splendid.
• splendidus: splendid.
• spumarius: frothing, of froth or spume.
• spurius: spurious, false, bastard.
• squalens: daubed, filthy.
• squalidus: squalid, filthy.
• squamatus: squamate, with squamae or small scale-like leaves or bracts.
• squamosus: squamate, full of scales.
• squarrosus: squarrose, with parts spreading or even recurved at ends.
• stamineus: bearing prominent stamens.
• stans: standing, erect, upright.
• stauracanthus: with spines cross-shaped.
• stellaris: starry.
• stellatus: stellate, starry.
• stellulatus: of little stars.
• stenocephalus: narrow-headed.
• stenogynus: with a narrow stigma.
• stenopetalus: narrow-petaled.
• stenophyllus: narrow-leaved.
• stenopterus: narrow-winged.
• sterilis: sterile, infertile.
• stigmaticus: marked, of stigmas.
• stigmosus: much marked, pertaining to stigmas.
• stipulaceus: stipuled, with stipules.
• stipularis: stipuled.
• stipulatus: stipuled.
• stolonifera: bearing stolons or runners that take root.
• stramineus: straw-coloured.
• strangulatus: strangled, constricted.
• streptocarpus: twisted-fruited.
• streptopetalus: with petals twisted.
• streptophyllus: twisted-leaved.
• streptosepalus: with sepals twisted.
• striatulus: somewhat or faintly striped.
• striatus: striated, striped.
• strictiflorus: strict- or stiff-flowered.
• strictus: strict, upright, erect.
• strigillosus: somewhat strigose.
• strigosus: strigose, covered with sharp straight appressed hairs.
• strigulosus: beset with small or weak appressed hairs.
• striolatus: striolate, somewhat or faintly striped.
• strobilifera: cone-bearing.
• strumarius: of tumors or ulcers.
• strumatus: with tumors or ulcers.
• stylosus: with style or styles prominent.
• styracifluus: flowing with storax or gum.
• suaveolens: sweet-scented.
• suavis: sweet, agreeable.
• suavissimus: sweetest, very sweet-scented.
• subacaulis: somewhat stemmed, nearly stemless.
• subalpinus: subalpine, nearly alpine.
• subauriculatus: somewhat or rather auricled or eared.
• subcarnosus: nearly or rather fleshy.
• subcordatus: partially or imperfectly or somewhat cordate.
• subedentatus: nearly toothless.
• suberculatus: of cork, corky.
• suberectus: somewhat or rather erect.
• suberosus: cork-barked, full of cork.
• subfalcatus: somewhat falcate.
• subglaucus: somewhat or to some degree glaucous.
• subhirtellus: somewhat hairy.
• sublunatus: somewhat lunate or crescent-shaped.
• submersus: submerged, under water.
• subperennis: imperfectly or nearly perennial.
• subpetiolatus: somewhat or partially petioled.
• subsessilis: nearly sessile, not completely sessile.
• suhsinuatus: somewhat sinuate or wav>r-margined.
• subterraneus: subterranean, underground.
• subulatus: subulate, awl-shaped.
• subumbellatus: somewhat or incompletely umbellate.
• subvillosus: somewhat villose or soft-hairy.
• subvolubilis: somewhat twining.
• succulentus: succulent, fleshy.
• suecicus: Swedish, of Sweden.
• suffrutescens: slightly shrubby, becoming somewhat shrubby.
• suffruticosus: slightly shrubby.
• sulcatus: silicate, furrowed.
• sulphureus: sulfur-coloured.
• sumatranus: of the island of Sumatra.
• superbiens: superb, proud.
• superbus: superb, proud.
• superciliaris: eyebrow-like.
• superfluus: superfluous, redundant.
• surculosus: producing suckers.
• surinamensis: belonging to Surinam (Dutch Guiana).
• susianus: of the province of Susiana (Persia).
• suspensus: suspended, hung.
• sylvaticus: sylvan, forest-loving (also written silvaticus).
• sylvestris: of woods or forests.
• sylvicolus: growing in woods
• syphiliticus: syphilitic.
• syriacus: Syrian, of Syria.
• systylus: with styles joined.

T

• tabularis: pertaining to tablets.
• tabuliformis: tablet-formed.
• taedigera: torch-bearing, resin-bearing.
• taraxicifolius: Taraxicum- or dandelion-leaved.
• tardiflorus: late-flowered.
• tardivus: tardy, late.
• tataricus: of Tartary (old name for Central Asia).
• taureus: of oxen.
• tauricus: Taurian, Crimean.
• taurinus: bull-like.
• taxifolius: Taxus-leaved, yew-leaved.
• tectorum: of roofs or houses.
• tectus: concealed.
• temulentus: drunken.
• tenacissimus: most tenacious.
• tenax: tenacious, strong.
• tenebrosus: of dark or shaded places.
• tenellus: slender, tender, soft.
• tener: slender, tender, soft.
• tentaculatus: with tentacles or short projecting parts.
• tenuicaulis: slender-stemmed.
• tenuiflorus: slender-flowered.
• tenuifolius: slender-leaved.
• tenuilobus: slender-lobed.
• tenuior: more slender.
• tenuis: slender, thin.
• tenuissimus: very slender, very thin.
• terebinthinus: of turpentine.
• teres: terete, circular in cross-section.
• teretifolius: terete-leaved.
• terminalis: terminal, at the end of a stem or branch.
• ternatus: in threes, ternate.
• ternifolius: with leaves in threes.
• terrestris: of the earth, terrestrial.
• tessellatus: tessellate, laid off in squares or in dice-like pattern.
• testaceus: light brown, brick-coloured; also testaceous, bearing a prominent testa or outer seed-coat.
• testiculatus: testiculated, testicled.
• testudinarius: like a tortoise-shell.
• tetracanthus: four-spined.
• tetragonus: four-angled.
• tetrandrus: four-anthered.
• tetranthus: four-flowered.
• tetraphyllus: four-leaved.
• tetrapterus: four-winged.
• tetraquetrus: four-cornered.
• texanus, texen sis: of Texas, belonging to Texas.
• theifera: tea-bearing.
• thermalis: warm, of warm springs.
• thuyoides: like Thuja or arbor-vitae.
• thyrsiflorus: Thyrse-flowered.
• thyrsoideus: thyrse-like.
• tibicinis: of a flute player.
• tigrinus: tiger-striped.
• tinctorius: belonging to dyers, of dyes.
• tinctus: dyed.
• tipuliformis: of the shape of a daddy-long-legs.
• tomentosus: tomentose, matted-pubescent.
• torminalis: useful against colic.
• torosus: torose, cylindrical with contractions at certain places or at intervals.
• tortilis: twisted.
• tortuosus: much twisted.
• tortus: twisted.
• torulosus: somewhat torose.
• toxicarius: poisonous.
• toxicus: poisonous.
• toxifera: poison-producing.
• transparens: transparent.
• trapeziformis: trapezium-formed, a four-sided figure of which no two sides are alike.
• trapezioides: trapezium-like.
• tremuloides: like Tremulus, the trembling poplar.
• tremulus: quivering, trembling.
• triacanthus: three-spined.
• triandrus: with three anthers or stamens
• triangularis: three-angled.
• triangulatus: three-angled.
• triangulus: three-angular.
• tricaudatus: three-tailed.
• trichophyllus: hairy-leaved.
• trichosanthus: hairy-flowered.
• trichospe mus: hairy-seeded.
• trichotomus: thrice branched or forked.
• tricolor: three-coloured.
• tricornis: three-horned.
• tricuspidatus: three-cusped, three-pointed.
• tridactylus: three-fingered.
• tridens: with three teeth.
• tridentatus: three-toothed.
• trifasciatus: three-banded.
• trifidus: three-parted.
• triflorus: three-flowered.
• trifoliatus: three-leaved.
• trifoliolatus: three-leafleted.
• trifolius: three-leaved.
• trifurcatus: trifurcate, thrice-forked.
• trilineatus: three-lined.
• trilobatus: three-lobed.
• trilobus: three-lobed.
• trimestris: of three months.
• trinervis: three-nerved.
• trinotatus: three-marked or -spotted.
• tripartitus: three-parted.
• tripetalus: three-petaled.
• triphyllus: three-leaved.
• tripteris: three-winged.
• tripunctatus: three-spotted.
• triquetrus: three-cornered.
• tristis: sad, bitter, dull.
• triternatus: triternate, thrice in threes.
• triumphans: triumphant.
• trivialis: common, ordinary, very frequent, found everywhere.
• tropicus: of the tropics.
• truncatulus: somewhat or partially truncate.
• truncatus: truncate, cut off square.
• tuberculatus: tuberculate, with tubercles or small tubers.
• tuberculosus: tubercled, knotted.
• tuberosus: tuberous.
• tubiflorus: tube-flowered, trumpet-flowered.
• tubispathus: tube-spathed.
• tubulosus: tubulose, with tubes.
• tulipifera: tulip-bearing.
• tumidus: swollen.
• turbinatus: turbinate, top-shaped.
• turgidus: turgid, inflated, full.
• typhinus: smoky or dull; perhaps pertaining to fever.
• typicus: typical, conforming to the standard or norm.

U

• ulicinus: like the gorse or furze (Ulex).
• uliginosus: of wet or marshy places.
• ulmifolius: Ulmus-leaved, elm-leaved.
• umbeliatus: with umbels.
• umbellulatus: with umbellets.
• umbonatus: bossed, bearing at center an umbo or stout projection.
• umbraculifera: umbrella-bearing, shade-producing.
• umbrosus: shaded, shade-loving.
• uncinatus: hooked at the point.
• unditus: waved.
• undecimpunctatus: eleven-spotted.
• undulatifolius: undulate-leaved.
• undulatus: undulated, wavy.
• unguicularis: clawed, narrowed to a petiole-like base.
• unguiculatus: unguiculate, clawed.
• unguipetalus: petals clawed.
• unicolor: one-coloured.
• unicornis: one-horned.
• unidentatus: one-toothed.
• uniflorus: one-flowered.
• unilateralis: one-sided.
• univittatus: one-striped.
• urceolatus: urn-shaped.
• urens: burning, stinging.
• urentissimus: very burning, very stinging.
• urophyllus: tail-leaved.
• urustachyus: tail-spiked.
• ursinus: pertaining to bears.
• urticifolius: nettle-leaved (Urtica).
• usitatissimus: most useful.
• ustulatus: burnt, sere.
• utilis: useful.
• utilissimus: most useful.
• utriculatus: utriculate, with a utricle or small bladdery one-seeded fruit.
• utriculosus: utricled.
• uvifera: grape-bearing.

V

• vagans: wandering, vagabondish.
• vaginalis: vaginate, sheathed.
• vaginatus: sheathed.
• valdivianus, valdiviensis: Valdivian, of province of Valdivia (Chile).
• valentinus: Valentian, of Valentia (in Spain).
• validus: strong.
• variabilis: variable, of many forms.
• varians: variable.
• variatus: variable.
• variegatus: variegated.
• vaiiiformis: of variable or many forms.
• varius: various, diverse.
• vastator (feminine vastatrix): ravaging, devastating.
• vegetatus: full of growth, vigorous.
• vegetus: vigorous.
• velaris: pertaining to curtains or veils.
• velutinus: velvety.
• venenatus: poisonous.
• venosus: veiny.
• ventricosus: ventricose, swelling or inflated on one side or unevenly.
• venustus: handsome, charming.
• verecundus: modest, blushing.
• vermiculatus: worm-like, or like worm-tracks.
• vernalis: vernal.
• vernicifera: varnish-bearing.
• vernus: of spring, vernal.
• verrucosus: verrucose, warted.
• versicolor: variously coloured.
• verticillaris: verticillate.
• verticillatus: verticillate, whorled, arranged in a circle about the stem.
• verus: the true or genuine or standard.
• vescus: weak, thin, feeble.
• vesiculosus: with little bladders
• vespertinus: of the evening, western.
• vestitus: covered, clothed, as with hairs or pubescence.
• vexans: puzzling, vexatious.
• vexillarius: of the standard petal (as of pea-like flowers), with a standard.
• villosus: villous, soft-hairy.
• viminalis: of osiers, of basket willows.
• vimineus: of osiers or wicker-work.
• vinifera: wine-bearing.
• vinosus: full of wine.
• violaceus: violet.
• violescens: somewhat violet-coloured or becoming so.
• virens: green.
• virescens: greenish, becoming green.
• virgatus: twiggy.
• virginalis: virgin.
• virgineus: virgin.
• virginicus, virginien sis: Virginian, of Virginia.
• viridiflorus: green-flowered.
• viridifolius: green-leaved.
• viridis: green.
• viridissimus: greenest, very green.
• viridulus: greenish.
• viscidulus: somewhat viscid.
• viscidus: viscid, sticky.
• viscosissimus: very sticky.
• viscosus: viscid.
• vitellinus: dull yellow approaching red.
• vitifolius: Vitis-leaved, grape-leaved.
• vittatus: striped.
• vittigera: bearing stripes.
• viviparus: viviparous, producing the young alive (rather-than oviparous).
• volgaricus: of the Volga River region (also written wolgaricus).
• volubilis: twining.
• voluptas: pleasure, delight.
• volurus: rolled-leaved.
• vulgaris: vulgar, common.
• vulgatus: common.
• vulpinus: of the fox.

W

• wolgaricus: Volga River (see volgaricus).

X

• xanthacanthus: yellow-spined.
• xanthinus: yellow.
• xanthocarpus: yellow-fruited.
• xantholeucus: yellow-white.
• xanthophyllus: yellow-leaved.

Y

• yedoensis: of Yedo or Yeddo (Japan).
• yunnanensis: of Province of Yunnan, China.

Z

• zebrinus: zebra-striped.
• zeylanicus: Ceylonian, of Ceylon; Cingalese; same as ceylanicus.
• zonilis: zonal, zoned.
• zonatus: zoned, banded.

More information on species names

The species-adjective is made to agree with its genus in gender: thus the Latin adjective aureus (golden) takes the regular masculine termination in Calochortus aureus, because Calochortus is masculine; the feminine termination in Albuca aurea; the neuter in Acrostichum aureum; in Sorbus it is feminine (S. aurea) even though the generic name is masculine in form, because most trees are feminine whatever the termination of the name. In the following list, for convenience most of the adjectives are printed in the masculine form. The leading exceptions are those that terminate in -fer and -ger, meaning "bearuig," these being given in the feminine form.

The above examples illustrate prevailing terminations of species-words. Other adjectives have other forms, as niger; nigra, nigrum (black); asper, aspera, asperum (rough); acaulis, acaule (stemless); the termination -ensis (belonging to, citizen of), as in canadensis, canadense (not -um). Commemorative personal species-names may be in the genitive or in the form of an adjective; as Stanhopea Lindleyi. Lindley's stanhopea; Selenipedium Lindleyanum, Lindleyan selenipedium. If the person's name ends in a hard consonant, the termination (under the recent Vienna code) is in double ii, as Canna Lambertii. If for a woman, the termination is feminine, as Acacia Wayae. Substantive names in apposition hold their own termination, and the word in such cases should begin with a capital letter, if it is a proper name or an old generic name, as Hibiscus Sabdariffa, Artemisia Absinthium, Begonia Rex. Such words are usually old generic names or prominent vernacular substantives, and they commonly record some historical connection of the plant.

Very many names are compounded from generic or subgeneric names, representing similarity or likeness to. These the reader will be able to recognize at once, and they need not be entered in this list. Examples are: achilleaefolius, achillea-leaved; achilleoides, achillea-like; acrostichoides, acrostichum-like; bellidiflorus, bellis-flowered; lamiifolius, lamium-leaved; xiphioides, xiphium-like; tremuliformis, tremula-formed or -shaped; cacaliopsis, cacalia-like; atriplicis, atriplex-like; scillaris, scilla-like.