Ficus
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Ficus (pronounced /ˈfaɪkəs/)[1] is a genus of about 850 species of woody trees, shrubs, vines, epiphytes, and hemiepiphyte in the family Moraceae. Collectively known as fig trees or figs, they are native throughout the tropics with a few species extending into the semi-warm temperate zone. The so-called Common Fig (F. carica) is a temperate species from the Middle East and eastern Europe (mostly Ukraine), which has been widely cultivated from ancient times for its fruit, also referred to as figs. The fruit of most other species are also edible though they are usually of only local economic importance or eaten as bushfood. However, they are extremely important food resources for wildlife. Figs are also of paramount cultural importance throughout the tropics, both as objects of worship and for their many practical uses.
Ficus is a pan-tropical genus of trees, shrubs and vines occupying a wide variety of ecological niches; most are evergreen, but some deciduous species are endemic to areas outside of the tropics and to higher elevations.[2] Fig species are characterized by their unique inflorescence and distinctive pollination syndrome, which utilizes wasp species belonging to the Agaonidae family for pollination.
Some better known species that represent the diversity of the genus include the Common Fig which is a small temperate deciduous tree whose fingered fig leaf is well-known in art and iconography; the Weeping Fig (F. benjamina) a hemi-epiphyte with thin tough leaves on pendulous stalks adapted to its rain forest habitat; the rough-leaved sandpaper figs from Australia; the Creeping Fig (F. pumila), a vine whose small, hard leaves form a dense carpet of foliage over rocks or garden walls.
ExpandRead about Ficus in the Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture
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Cultivation
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Propagation
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Pests and diseases
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Species
About 800, including:
- Ficus abutilifolia (Miq.) Miq. (= F. soldanella Warb.)
- Ficus adhatodifolia Schott
- Ficus aguaraguensis
- Ficus albert-smithii
- Ficus albipila — Abbey Tree, Phueng Tree, tandiran
- Ficus altissima
- Ficus amazonica
- Ficus americana
- Ficus andamanica
- Ficus angladei
- Ficus apollinaris Dugand (= F. petenensis Lundell)
- Ficus aripuanensis
- Ficus arpazusa[3]
- Ficus aspera
- Ficus aspera var. parcelli
- Ficus aurea — Florida Strangler Fig
- Ficus auriculataTemplate:Verify source — Roxburgh Fig
- Ficus barbata — Bearded Fig
- Ficus battieriTemplate:Verify source
- Ficus beddomei — Thavital
- Ficus benghalensis — Indian Banyan, Bengal Fig, East Indian Fig, borh (Pakistan), vad/vat/wad, nyagrodha, "indian fig"
- Ficus benjamina — Weeping Fig, Benjamin's Fig
- Ficus bibracteata
- Ficus bizanae
- Ficus blepharophylla
- Ficus bojeri
- Ficus broadwayi
- Ficus bubu Warb.
- Ficus burtt-davyi Hutch.
- Ficus calyptroceras
- Ficus capreifolia Del.
- Ficus carchiana C.C.Berg
- Ficus carica — Common Fig, anjeer (Iran, Pakistan), dumur (Bengali)
- Ficus castellviana
- Ficus catappifolia
- Ficus citrifolia — Short-leaved Fig, Wild Banyantree
- Ficus clusiifoliaTemplate:Verify source
- Ficus congesta
- Ficus cordata Thunb.
- Ficus cordata ssp. salicifolia (Vahl) Berg
- Ficus coronata — Creek Sandpaper Fig
- Ficus costaricana (Liebm.) Miq.
- Ficus cotinifolia
- Ficus crassipes — Round-leaved Banana Fig
- Ficus crassiuscula Standl.
- Ficus craterostoma Warb. ex Mildbr. & Burr.
- Ficus cristobalensis
- Ficus cyclophylla
- Ficus dammaropsis — Highland Breadfruit, kapiak (Tok Pisin)
- Ficus dendrocida
- Ficus deltoidea — Mistletoe Fig
- Ficus destruens
- Ficus drupacea
- Ficus ecuadorensis C.C.Berg
- Ficus elastica — Indian Rubber Plant, Rubber Fig, "rubber tree", "rubber plant"
- Ficus elastica cv. 'Decora'
- Ficus elastica var. variegata
- Ficus elasticoidesTemplate:Verify source
- Ficus elliotianaTemplate:Verify source
- Ficus enormisTemplate:Verify source
- Ficus erecta — Japanese fig, イヌビワ
- Ficus faulkneriana
- Ficus fischeri Warb. ex Mildbr. & Burr. (= F. kiloneura Hornby)
- Ficus fistulosa
- Ficus fraseri — Shiny Sandpaper Fig, White Sandpaper Fig, "figwood", "watery fig"
- Ficus fulvo-pilosa Summerh.
- Ficus gardnerianaTemplate:Verify source
- Ficus gibbosa
- Ficus gigantosyce Dugand
- Ficus gilletiiTemplate:Verify source
- Ficus glabraTemplate:Verify source
- Ficus glaberrima
- Ficus glumosa (Miq.) Del. (=F. sonderi Miq.)
- Ficus godeffroyi (endemic to Samoa, known as Mati.)
- Ficus gomelleiraTemplate:Verify source
- Ficus greenwoodii Summerh.
- Ficus greiffiana
- Ficus grenadensis
- Ficus grossularioides — White-leaved Fig
- Ficus guajavoides Lundell
- Ficus guaranitica[4]
- Ficus guianensis[5]
- Ficus hartii
- Ficus hebetifolia
- Ficus hederacea
- Ficus heterophylla
- Ficus hirsuta
- Ficus hirta Vahl
- Ficus hispida
- Ficus hispita L.
- Ficus ilicina (Sond.) Miq.
- Ficus illiberalis
- Ficus insipida
- Ficus insipida ssp. insipida
- Ficus insipida ssp. scabra
- Ficus kerkhovenii — Johore Fig [6]
- Ficus luschnathiana (Miq.) Miq.
- Ficus infectoria — Wavy-leaved Fig, plaksa
- Ficus ingens (Miq.) Miq.
- Ficus krukovii
- Ficus lacor
- Ficus lacunata
- Ficus laevigata
- Ficus laevis
- Ficus lapathifolia
- Ficus lateriflora
- Ficus lauretana
- Ficus loxensis C.C.Berg
- Ficus lutea Vahl (= F. vogelii, F. nekbudu, F. quibeba Welw. ex Fical.)
- Ficus lyrata — Fiddle-leaved Fig
- Ficus macbrideiTemplate:Verify source Standl.
- Ficus maclellandii — Alii Fig or Banana-Leaf Fig
- Ficus macrocarpaTemplate:Verify source
- Ficus macrophylla — Moreton Bay Fig
- Ficus magnifolia
- Ficus malacocarpa
- Ficus mariaeTemplate:Verify source
- Ficus masonii Horne ex Baker
- Ficus mathewsii
- Ficus matiziana
- Ficus mauritiana
- Ficus maxima
- Ficus maximoides C.C.Berg
- Ficus meizonochlamys
- Ficus mexiae
- Ficus microcarpa — Chinese Banyan, Malayan Banyan, Curtain Fig, "Indian laurel"
- Ficus microcarpa var. hillii — Hill's Fig
- Ficus microcarpa var. nitida — often considered a subspecies of F. retusa or a distinct species
- Ficus microchlamys
- Ficus minahasae — longusei (SulawesiTemplate:Verify source)
- Ficus mollior F.Muell. ex Benth.
- Ficus monckii
- Ficus montana — Oakleaf Fig
- Ficus muelleri
- Ficus muelleriana
- Ficus mutabilis
- Ficus mutisii Dugand
- Ficus mysorensis
- Ficus natalensis Hochst. — mutuba (Luganda)
- Ficus natalensis ssp. leprieurii
- Ficus natalensis ssp. natalensis
- Ficus neriifolia
- Ficus nervosa
- Ficus noronhae
- Ficus nota — tibig
- Ficus nymphaeifoliaTemplate:Verify source
- Ficus oapana C.C.Berg
- Ficus obliqua — Small-leaved Fig
- Ficus obtusifolia
- Ficus obtusiuscula (Miq.) Miq.
- Ficus opposita — Sweet Sandpaper Fig, Sweet Fig, "figwood", "watery fig"
- Ficus organensis (Miq.) Miq.
- Ficus padifolia
- Ficus pakkensis
- Ficus pallida
- Ficus palmata
- Ficus pandurata
- Ficus pantoniana — Climbing Fig
- Ficus panurensis
- Ficus pertusa
- Ficus petiolaris (= F. palmeri)
- Ficus pilosa
- Ficus piresiana Vázq.Avila & C.C.Berg
- Ficus platypoda — Desert Fig, Rock Fig
- Ficus pleurocarpa — Banana Fig, Gabi Fig, Karpe Fig
- Ficus polita Vahl
- Ficus polita ssp. polita
- Ficus prolixa G.Forst. (= F. mariannensis Merr.)
- Ficus pseudopalma Blanco
- Ficus pulchella
- Ficus pumila — Creeping Fig
- Ficus pyriformis
- Ficus racemosa — Cluster Fig, Goolar Fig, udumbara (Sanskrit), umbar (India)
- Ficus ramiflora
- Ficus religiosa — Sacred Fig, arali, bo, pipal, pippala, pimpal (etc.), pou (Cambodia), Ashvastha
- Ficus retusa — Taiwan Fig, Ginseng Fig, "Indian laurel", "Cuban-laurel"
- Ficus rieberiana C.C.Berg
- Ficus roraimensis
- Ficus roxburghiiTemplate:Verify source
- Ficus rubiginosa — Port Jackson Fig, Little-leaved Fig, Rusty Fig, damun (Sydney Language)
- Ficus rumphii Blume — Rumpf's Fig
- Ficus salicifolia Vahl (= F. pretoriae Burtt Davy) — Willow-leaved Fig
- Ficus salzmanniana
- Ficus sansibarica Warb.
- Ficus sarmentosaTemplate:Verify source
- Ficus saussureana
- Ficus scabra G.Forst.
- Ficus schippii
- Ficus schultesii
- Ficus schumacheri
- Ficus septica Burm. F. var. septica Moraceae — Hauli Tree in Philippines
- Ficus sphenophylla
- Ficus stahlii
- Ficus stuhlmannii Warb.
- Ficus subpuberula
- Ficus superba
- Ficus superba var. henneana
- Ficus sur Forssk. (= F. capensis)
- Ficus sycomorus — Sycamore Fig, Fig-mulberry
- Ficus sycomorus ssp. sycomorus
- Ficus sycomorus ssp. gnaphalocarpa (Miq.) C.C. Berg
- Ficus tettensis Hutch. (= F. smutsii Verdoorn)
- Ficus thonningii
- Ficus tinctoria — Dye Fig, Humped Fig
- Ficus tobagensis
- Ficus tomentellaTemplate:Verify source
- Ficus tomentosa
- Ficus tonduzii Standl.
- Ficus tremula Warb.
- Ficus tremula ssp. tremula
- Ficus triangularis
- Ficus trichopoda Bak. (= F. hippopotami Gerstn.)
- Ficus trigona L.f.
- Ficus trigonata
- Ficus triradiata — Red-stipule Fig
- Ficus ulmifolia
- Ficus umbellataTemplate:Verify source
- Ficus ursina
- Ficus variegata Bl.
- Ficus variegata var. chlorocarpa King
- Ficus variolosa
- Ficus velutina
- Ficus verruculosa Warb.
- Ficus virens — White Fig, pilkhan, an-borndi (Gun-djeihmi)
- Ficus virens var. sublanceolata White Fig, New South Wales
- Ficus virgata
- Ficus wassa
- Ficus watkinsiana — Watkins' Fig, Nipple Fig, Green-leaved Moreton Bay Fig
- Ficus yoponensis Desv.
ExpandRead about Ficus in the Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture
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Gallery
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Figs of a variegated Ficus aspera
Giant Ficus obliqua.
Fruits on the trunk of a Ficus in India
References
- Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture, by L. H. Bailey, MacMillan Co., 1963
External links
- w:Ficus. Some of the material on this page may be from Wikipedia, under the Creative Commons license.
- Ficus QR Code (Size 50, 100, 200, 500)
- ↑ Sunset Western Garden Book, 1995:606–607
- ↑ Handbook of Flowering Volume 6 of CRC Handbook of Flowering ISBN 9780849339165
- ↑ Brazil. Described by Carauta & Diaz (2002): pp.38–39
- ↑ Brazil, Paraguay and Argentina: Carauta & Diaz (2002): pp.64–66
- ↑ Brazil: Carauta & Diaz (2002): pp.67–69
- ↑ Changitrees