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− | {{Taxobox | + | __NOTOC__{{Plantbox |
− | | color = lightgreen
| |
| | name = ''Persea'' | | | name = ''Persea'' |
| + | | common_names = <!--- if multiple, list all, if none, leave blank --> |
| + | | growth_habit = ? <!--- tree, shrub, herbaceous, vine, etc --> |
| + | | high = ? <!--- 1m (3 ft) --> |
| + | | wide = <!--- 65cm (25 inches) --> |
| + | | origin = ? <!--- Mexico, S America, S Europe, garden, etc --> |
| + | | poisonous = <!--- indicate parts of plants which are known/thought to be poisonous --> |
| + | | lifespan = <!--- perennial, annual, etc --> |
| + | | exposure = ? <!--- full sun, part-sun, semi-shade, shade, indoors, bright filtered (you may list more than 1) --> |
| + | | water = ? <!--- frequent, regular, moderate, drought tolerant, let dry then soak --> |
| + | | features = <!--- flowers, fragrance, fruit, naturalizes, invasive --> |
| + | | hardiness = <!--- frost sensitive, hardy, 5°C (40°F), etc --> |
| + | | bloom = <!--- seasons which the plant blooms, if it is grown for its flowers --> |
| + | | usda_zones = ? <!--- eg. 8-11 --> |
| + | | sunset_zones = <!--- eg. 8, 9, 12-24, not available --> |
| + | | color = IndianRed |
| | image = Persea borbonia.jpg | | | image = Persea borbonia.jpg |
− | | image_width = 240px | + | | image_width = 240px <!--- leave as 240px if horizontal orientation photo, or change to 180px if vertical --> |
| | image_caption = ''Persea borbonia'' foliage and fruit | | | image_caption = ''Persea borbonia'' foliage and fruit |
− | | regnum = [[Plant]]ae | + | | regnum = Plantae |
− | | divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]] | + | | divisio = Magnoliophyta |
− | | classis = [[Magnoliopsida]] | + | | classis = Magnoliopsida |
− | | ordo = [[Laurales]] | + | | ordo = Laurales |
− | | familia = [[Lauraceae]] | + | | familia = Lauraceae |
− | | genus = ''Persea'' | + | | genus = Persea |
− | | subdivision_ranks = [[Species]]
| |
− | | subdivision =
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− | See text.
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| }} | | }} |
| + | {{Inc| |
| + | Persea (ancient Greek name of an Egyptian tree with sweet fruit; |
| + | derivation unknown, probably from Perseus). Lauraceae. Woody plants |
| + | sometimes grown for ornament; and one of them yields the avocado, one |
| + | of the best of the semi-tropical fruits. |
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− | '''''Persea''''' is a [[genus]] of about 150 species of [[evergreen]] [[trees]] belonging to the laurel family, [[Lauraceae]]. The best-known member of the genus is the [[Avocado]] ''P. americana'', widely cultivated in subtropical regions for its large, edible [[fruit]].
| + | Leaves alternate, entire: fls. small, hermaphrodite, usually in |
| + | panicles; corolla wanting, the calyx deeply 6-parted; stamens usually |
| + | 12, in 4 series, with one series sterile; ovary sessile and tapering |
| + | into a slender style bearing a simple stigma.—Shrubs and trees |
| + | distributed throughout the tropics and subtropics, most of the |
| + | species being confined to S. Amer., but one coming from the Canary |
| + | Isls. and a few from S. E. Asia. As defined by Bentham & Hooker, the |
| + | genus contains about 100 species, but Meissner (DC. Prodr. 15, pt. 1. |
| + | 43) distributes some of the species in other genera and retains only |
| + | 50 in Persea. Mez, in his monograph on the American Lauraceae: |
| + | (Jahrb. Konigl. Bot. Gart. 1889, 5. 135), describes 47 American |
| + | species. P. gratissima, the avocado, widely cult, throughout Trop. |
| + | Amer. and elsewhere for its fr., is the only species of great |
| + | economic importance. Others are of ornamental value, and may prove |
| + | useful as stocks upon which to bud or graft the avocado, although |
| + | experiments have not been very encouraging up to the present. P. |
| + | Borbonia grows naturally as far north as N. C.; P. indica is now and |
| + | then seen in cult, in Fla. and Calif. Some of the Cent. American |
| + | types referred to P. gratissima seem distinct, and may be found to |
| + | constitute good species. |
| | | |
− | They are medium-size trees, 15-30 m tall at maturity. The [[leaf|leaves]] are simple, lanceolate to broad lanceolate, varying with species from 5-30 cm long and 2-12 cm broad, and arranged spirally or alternately on the stems. The [[flower]]s are in short panicles, with six small greenish-yellow perianth segments 3-6 mm long, nine stamens and an ovary with a single embryo. The [[fruit]] is an oval or pear-shaped [[drupe]], with a fleshy outer covering surrounding the single [[seed]]; size is very variable between the species, from 1-1.5 cm in e.g. ''P. borbonia'' and ''P. indica'', up to 10-20 cm in ''P. americana''.
| + | P. drymifolia, Cham. & Schlect,, is now considered to be a form of P. |
| + | gratissima; it is the type with anise-scented lvs. and small, |
| + | thin-skinned frs. described above as Mexican. Mez recognizes it as a |
| + | botanical variety and describes it along with another variety, |
| + | P.gratissima var. Schiediana,also indigenous to Mex-The hardy avocado |
| + | or yas of San Jose,Costa Rica has been referred by Werekle to |
| + | P.frigida Lind., but this name is of doubtful validity. The fr. is |
| + | figured by Collins (Bull. 77, Bur. Pl. Ind.), and is said to be of |
| + | possible value for hybridization with more tender species. It is |
| + | spherical, about 3 in. diam., with a very large seed.—P. lingue, |
| + | Nees, and P. Meyeniana, Nees, are two species which have recently |
| + | been intro. to the U. S. from Chile. |
| + | {{SCH}} |
| + | }} |
| | | |
− | The species of ''Persea'' have a disjunct distribution, with about 70 [[Neotropic]] species, ranging from [[Brazil]] and [[Chile]] in [[South America]] to [[Central America]] and [[Mexico]], the [[West Indies]], and the southeastern [[United States]]; a single species, ''P. indica'', [[endemic (ecology)|endemic]] to the [[Macaronesia]]n islands, including [[Madeira]] and the [[Canary Islands]]; and 80 species inhabiting [[East Asia|east]] and [[Southeast Asia|southeast]] [[Asia]]. None of the species is very tolerant of severe winter cold, with the hardiest, ''P. borbonia'', ''P. ichangensis'' and ''P. lingue'', surviving temperatures down to about -12°C; they also require continuously moist soil, and do not tolerate drought.
| + | ==Cultivation== |
| + | {{edit-cult}}<!--- Type cultivation info below this line, then delete this entire line --> |
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− | Fossil evidence indicates that the genus originated in [[West Africa]] during the [[Paleocene]], and spread to Asia, to South America, and to Europe and thence to [[North America]]. It is thought that the gradual drying of Africa, west Asia, and the [[Mediterranean]] from the [[Oligocene]] to the [[Pleistocene]], and the [[glaciation]] of [[Europe]] during the Pleistocene, caused the extinction of the genus across these regions, resulting in the present distribution.
| + | ===Propagation=== |
| + | {{edit-prop}}<!--- Type propagation info below this line, then delete this entire line --> |
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− | ''Persea'' species are used as food plants by the [[larva]]e of some [[Lepidoptera]] species including [[Giant Leopard Moth]], ''[[Coleophora|Coleophora octagonella]]'' (feeds exclusively on ''P. carolinensis'') and ''[[Hypercompe|Hypercompe indecisa]]''.
| + | ===Pests and diseases=== |
| + | {{edit-pests}}<!--- Type pest/disease info below this line, then delete this entire line --> |
| | | |
− | ===Classification=== | + | ==Species== |
− | The genus ''Persea'' is treated in three subgenera. The Asian subgenus ''Machilus'' is treated in a separate genus '''''Machilus''''' by many authors, including in the ''Flora of China'', while graft-incompatibility between subgenus ''Persea'' and subgenus ''Eriodaphne'' suggests that these too may be better treated as distinct genera, in fact [[André Joseph Guillaume Henri Kostermans|Kostermans]] (1993) founded the genus ''Mutisiopersea'' for these. Another closely related genus ''[[Beilschmiedia]]'' is also sometimes included in ''Persea''. | + | The genus ''Persea'' is treated in three subgenera{{SCH}}. The Asian subgenus ''Machilus'' is treated in a separate genus '''''Machilus''''' by many authors, including in the ''Flora of China'', while graft-incompatibility between subgenus ''Persea'' and subgenus ''Eriodaphne'' suggests that these too may be better treated as distinct genera, in fact [[André Joseph Guillaume Henri Kostermans|Kostermans]] (1993) founded the genus ''Mutisiopersea'' for these{{SCH}}. Another closely related genus ''[[Beilschmiedia]]'' is also sometimes included in ''Persea''{{SCH}}. |
| | | |
| ;Subgenus ''Persea'' - [[Central America]]. Two species. | | ;Subgenus ''Persea'' - [[Central America]]. Two species. |
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| *''Persea yunnanensis'' | | *''Persea yunnanensis'' |
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− | ==References and external links== | + | ==Gallery== |
− | *[[André Joseph Guillaume Henri Kostermans|Kostermans, A. J. G .H.]] (1993). Mutisiopersea Kostermans, a new genus in Lauraceae. ''Rheedea'' 3: 132–135. | + | {{photo-sources}}<!-- remove this line if there are already 3 or more photos in the gallery --> |
− | *Kopp, Lucille E. (1966) "A taxonomic revision of the genus Persea in the Western Hemisphere (''Persea-Lauracese'')" ''Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden'' 14(1): pp. 1-117 | + | |
− | *[http://www.avocadosource.com Avocado source] Extensive information on the [[Avocado]] and the genus generally, particularly the subgenera ''Persea'' and ''Eriodaphne'' | + | <gallery> |
− | *[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=124627 Flora of North America: ''Persea'']
| + | Image:Upload.png| photo 1 |
− | *[http://www.efloras.org/browse.aspx?flora_id=3&start_taxon_id=119262 Flora of China: ''Machilus''] Full list of species in ''Machilus'' in China | + | Image:Upload.png| photo 2 |
| + | Image:Upload.png| photo 3 |
| + | </gallery> |
| + | |
| + | ==References== |
| + | *[[Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture]], by L. H. Bailey, MacMillan Co., 1963 |
| + | <!--- xxxxx *Flora: The Gardener's Bible, by Sean Hogan. Global Book Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0881925381 --> |
| + | <!--- xxxxx *American Horticultural Society: A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants, by Christopher Brickell, Judith D. Zuk. 1996. ISBN 0789419432 --> |
| + | <!--- xxxxx *Sunset National Garden Book. Sunset Books, Inc., 1997. ISBN 0376038608 --> |
| + | |
| + | ==External links== |
| + | *{{wplink}} |
| + | |
| + | {{stub}} |
| + | [[Category:Categorize]] |
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− | [[Category:Laurales]]
| + | <!-- in order to add all the proper categories, go to http://www.plants.am/wiki/Plant_Categories and copy/paste the contents of the page here, and then follow the easy instructions! --> |