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{{Taxobox
| color = lightgreen
| name = Buckthorn family
| image = Alphitoniaponderosa1web.jpg
| image_width = 250px
| image_caption = Hawaii kauilatree (''Alphitonia ponderosa'')
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
| classis = [[Magnoliopsida]]
| ordo = [[Rosales]]
| familia = '''Rhamnaceae'''
| familia_authority = [[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu|Juss.]]
| subdivision_ranks = Genera
| subdivision =
See text.
}}
'''''Rhamnaceae''''', the '''Buckthorn''' family, is a large family of flowering [[plant]]s, mostly trees, [[shrub]]s and some vines.
The family contains 50-55 genera and approximately 870-900 species. The Rhamnaceae have a worldwide distribution, but are more common in the subtropical and tropical regions. The earliest fossil evidence of Rhamnaceae is from the [[Eocene]].
The simple [[Leaf|leaves]] can be either alternate and spiraling, or opposite. Stipules are present. These leaves are modified into spines in many genera, in some (e.g. ''[[Paliurus spina-christi]]'' and ''Colletia cruciata'') spectacularly so. ''Colletia'' stands out by having two [[axil]]lary buds instead of one, one developing into a thorn, the other one into a shoot.
[[Image:Ceanothus flowers.jpg|thumb|left|Flowers of ''Ceanothus cuneatus'']]
The [[flower]]s are radially symmetrical. There are 5 (sometimes 4) separate sepals and 5 (sometimes 4 or none) separate petals. The petals may be white, yellowish, greenish, pink or blue, and are small and inconspicuous in most genera, though in some (e.g. ''Ceanothus'') the dense clusters of flowers are conspicuous. The 5 or 4 stamens are isomerous with the petals (i.e. one stamen opposite each petal). The ovary is superior, with 2 or 3 ovules (or one by abortion)
The [[fruit]]s are mostly berries, fleshy drupes or nuts. Some are adapted to wind carriage, but most are dispersed by mammals and birds. Chinese jujube is the fruit of the jujube tree (''Ziziphus zizyphus'') and is a major fruit in China.
The American genus ''Ceanothus'', which has several showy ornamental species, has nitrogen-fixing root nodules.
Economic uses of the Rhamnaceae are chiefly as ornamental plants and as the source of many brilliant green and yellow [[dye]]s. The [[wood]] of ''Rhamnus'' was also the most favoured species to make [[charcoal]] for use in [[gunpowder]] before the development of modern propellants.
== Genera ==
* Tribe '''[[Ampelozizipheae]]'''
**''[[Ampelozizyphus]]''
* Tribe '''[[Bathiorhamneae]]'''
**''[[Bathiorhamnus]]''
* Tribe '''[[Colletieae]]'''
**''[[Adolphia]]''
**''[[Colletia]]''
**''[[Discaria]]''
**''[[Kentrothamnus]]''
**''[[Retanilla]]''
**''[[Trevoa]]''
* Tribe '''[[Doerpfeldieae]]'''
**''[[Doerpfeldia]]''
* Tribe '''[[Gouanieae]]'''
**''[[Alvimiantha]]''
**''[[Crumenaria]]''
**''[[Gouania]]''
**''[[Helinus]]''
**''[[Johnstonia]]''
**''[[Reissekia]]''
* Tribe '''[[Maesopsideae]]'''
**''[[Maesopsis]]''
* Tribe '''[[Paliurieae]]'''
**''[[Hovenia]]'' – Raisin Tree
**''[[Paliurus]]'' – [[Christ's Thorn]]
**''[[Ziziphus]]'' – Jujube, Buffalo-thorn
* Tribe '''[[Phyliceae]]'''
**''[[Nesiota]]''†
**''[[Noltea]]''
**''[[Phylica]]'' – Hard-leaf
* Tribe '''[[Pomaderreae]]'''
**''[[Blackallia]]''
**''[[Cryptandra]]''
**''[[Pomaderris]]''
**''[[Siegfriedia]]''
**''[[Spyridium]]''
**''[[Stenanthemum]]''
**''[[Trymalium]]''
* Tribe '''[[Rhamneae]]'''
**''[[Auerodendron]]''
**''[[Berchemia]]'' – Bird plum, Red Ivory
**''[[Berchemiella]]''
**''[[Chaydaia]]''
**''[[Condalia]]'' - Bluewood
**''[[Buckthorn|Frangula]]''
**''[[Karwinskia]]''
**''[[Krugiodendron]]''
**''[[Reynosia]]''
**''[[Rhamnella]]''
**''[[Buckthorn|Rhamnus]]'' – Buckthorn
**''[[Sageretia]]''
**''[[Scutia]]'' – Cat-thorn
* Tribe '''[[Ventilagineae]]'''
**''[[Smythea]]''
**''[[Ventilago]]''
*''[[Alphitonia]]''
*''[[Ceanothus]]''
*''[[Colubrina]]''
*''[[Emmenosperma]]''
*''[[Lasiodiscus]]''
*''[[Schistocarpaea]]''
*''[[Talguenea]]''
==References==
*Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. "Rhamnaceae" (06 December 2006) [http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/family.pl?953]
[[Category:Plant families]]
[[Category:Rhamnaceae]]
[[Category:Rosales]]
| color = lightgreen
| name = Buckthorn family
| image = Alphitoniaponderosa1web.jpg
| image_width = 250px
| image_caption = Hawaii kauilatree (''Alphitonia ponderosa'')
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
| classis = [[Magnoliopsida]]
| ordo = [[Rosales]]
| familia = '''Rhamnaceae'''
| familia_authority = [[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu|Juss.]]
| subdivision_ranks = Genera
| subdivision =
See text.
}}
'''''Rhamnaceae''''', the '''Buckthorn''' family, is a large family of flowering [[plant]]s, mostly trees, [[shrub]]s and some vines.
The family contains 50-55 genera and approximately 870-900 species. The Rhamnaceae have a worldwide distribution, but are more common in the subtropical and tropical regions. The earliest fossil evidence of Rhamnaceae is from the [[Eocene]].
The simple [[Leaf|leaves]] can be either alternate and spiraling, or opposite. Stipules are present. These leaves are modified into spines in many genera, in some (e.g. ''[[Paliurus spina-christi]]'' and ''Colletia cruciata'') spectacularly so. ''Colletia'' stands out by having two [[axil]]lary buds instead of one, one developing into a thorn, the other one into a shoot.
[[Image:Ceanothus flowers.jpg|thumb|left|Flowers of ''Ceanothus cuneatus'']]
The [[flower]]s are radially symmetrical. There are 5 (sometimes 4) separate sepals and 5 (sometimes 4 or none) separate petals. The petals may be white, yellowish, greenish, pink or blue, and are small and inconspicuous in most genera, though in some (e.g. ''Ceanothus'') the dense clusters of flowers are conspicuous. The 5 or 4 stamens are isomerous with the petals (i.e. one stamen opposite each petal). The ovary is superior, with 2 or 3 ovules (or one by abortion)
The [[fruit]]s are mostly berries, fleshy drupes or nuts. Some are adapted to wind carriage, but most are dispersed by mammals and birds. Chinese jujube is the fruit of the jujube tree (''Ziziphus zizyphus'') and is a major fruit in China.
The American genus ''Ceanothus'', which has several showy ornamental species, has nitrogen-fixing root nodules.
Economic uses of the Rhamnaceae are chiefly as ornamental plants and as the source of many brilliant green and yellow [[dye]]s. The [[wood]] of ''Rhamnus'' was also the most favoured species to make [[charcoal]] for use in [[gunpowder]] before the development of modern propellants.
== Genera ==
* Tribe '''[[Ampelozizipheae]]'''
**''[[Ampelozizyphus]]''
* Tribe '''[[Bathiorhamneae]]'''
**''[[Bathiorhamnus]]''
* Tribe '''[[Colletieae]]'''
**''[[Adolphia]]''
**''[[Colletia]]''
**''[[Discaria]]''
**''[[Kentrothamnus]]''
**''[[Retanilla]]''
**''[[Trevoa]]''
* Tribe '''[[Doerpfeldieae]]'''
**''[[Doerpfeldia]]''
* Tribe '''[[Gouanieae]]'''
**''[[Alvimiantha]]''
**''[[Crumenaria]]''
**''[[Gouania]]''
**''[[Helinus]]''
**''[[Johnstonia]]''
**''[[Reissekia]]''
* Tribe '''[[Maesopsideae]]'''
**''[[Maesopsis]]''
* Tribe '''[[Paliurieae]]'''
**''[[Hovenia]]'' – Raisin Tree
**''[[Paliurus]]'' – [[Christ's Thorn]]
**''[[Ziziphus]]'' – Jujube, Buffalo-thorn
* Tribe '''[[Phyliceae]]'''
**''[[Nesiota]]''†
**''[[Noltea]]''
**''[[Phylica]]'' – Hard-leaf
* Tribe '''[[Pomaderreae]]'''
**''[[Blackallia]]''
**''[[Cryptandra]]''
**''[[Pomaderris]]''
**''[[Siegfriedia]]''
**''[[Spyridium]]''
**''[[Stenanthemum]]''
**''[[Trymalium]]''
* Tribe '''[[Rhamneae]]'''
**''[[Auerodendron]]''
**''[[Berchemia]]'' – Bird plum, Red Ivory
**''[[Berchemiella]]''
**''[[Chaydaia]]''
**''[[Condalia]]'' - Bluewood
**''[[Buckthorn|Frangula]]''
**''[[Karwinskia]]''
**''[[Krugiodendron]]''
**''[[Reynosia]]''
**''[[Rhamnella]]''
**''[[Buckthorn|Rhamnus]]'' – Buckthorn
**''[[Sageretia]]''
**''[[Scutia]]'' – Cat-thorn
* Tribe '''[[Ventilagineae]]'''
**''[[Smythea]]''
**''[[Ventilago]]''
*''[[Alphitonia]]''
*''[[Ceanothus]]''
*''[[Colubrina]]''
*''[[Emmenosperma]]''
*''[[Lasiodiscus]]''
*''[[Schistocarpaea]]''
*''[[Talguenea]]''
==References==
*Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. "Rhamnaceae" (06 December 2006) [http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/family.pl?953]
[[Category:Plant families]]
[[Category:Rhamnaceae]]
[[Category:Rosales]]
