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{{Taxobox
| color = lightgreen
| name = Malvaceae
| image = Malva parviflora.jpg
| image_width = 240px
| image_caption = Least Mallow, ''Malva parviflora''
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
| classis = [[Dicotyledon|Magnoliopsida]]
| ordo = [[Malvales]]
| familia = '''Malvaceae'''
| familia_authority = [[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu|Juss.]]
| subdivision_ranks = Subfamilies
| subdivision = [[Bombacoideae]]<br/>
[[Brownlowioideae]]<br/>
[[Byttnerioideae]]<br/>
[[Dombeyoideae]]<br/>
[[Grewioideae]]<br/>
[[Helicteroideae]]<br/>
[[Malvoideae]]<br/>
[[Sterculioideae]]<br/>
[[Tilioideae]]
}}
'''Malvaceae''', or the mallow family, is a family of [[flowering plant]]s containing a number of genera, generally with five showy [[petal]]s and five green [[sepal]]s and numerous stamens that are fused at the base and form a tube around the pistil. Most species are [[herb]]s or [[shrub]]s but some species are trees. There are over 100 genera with close to 1,500 species in the family depending on the classification of some of the genera. Most species have stellate hairs and mucus like sap. The best recognized genera include ''[[Malva]],'' ''[[Abutilon]]'', ''[[Althaea]]'', ''[[Lavatera]]'', ''[[Abelmoschus]]'', ''[[Malope]]'', ''[[Hibiscus]]'' plus others that are grown as garden plants over many regions of the world. A number are pest species in [[agriculture]], including ''[[Abutilon theophrasti]]'' and ''Modiola caroliniana'' plus others that are garden escapes. [[Cotton]] (4 species of ''[[Gossypium]]''), [[kenaf]] (''Hibiscus cannabinus'') and [[okra]] (''Abelmoschus esculentus'') are important agricultural crops.
There are two main views on the circumscription of the family. One view takes the traditionally narrow view of the family, Malvaceae ''sensu stricto''. The [[Angiosperm Phylogeny Group|APG II]] system takes a broader circumscription on the basis of molecular phylogenies that show that while Malvaceae s.s. is [[cladistics|cladistically]] [[monophyletic]], several closely related families of order [[Malvales]] are not monophyletic. This definition of the family unites the core [[Malvales]] of the [[Cronquist system]], including [[Bombacaceae]], Malvaceae ''s.s.'', [[Sterculiaceae]] and [[Tiliaceae]], into the wider Malvaceae ''sensu lato''.
==Malvaceae ''sensu stricto''==
That Malvaceae ''s.s.'' comprise a [[cladistics|cladistically]] [[monophyletic]] group has been confirmed by recent molecular phylogenies. It is a homogeneous taxon, so homogeneous that the subfamily category is not applicable, Malvaceae ''s.s.'' is only subdivided in tribes.
The family most closely related to Malvaceae s.s. is Bombacaceae, and the two are separated primarily on the basis of pollen characters (smooth or rugose in Bombacaceae, spiny in Malvaceae). Malvaceae s.s. also tend to be herbs or shrubs, whereas Bombacaceae are usually trees. Molecular phylogenies have demonstrated that Bombacaceae is [[cladistics|cladistically]] [[paraphyletic]] with respect to Malvaceae s.s.
It has been recognised by most compilers of high-level classifications, including:
*[[A. P. de Candolle]] (1824-1873)
*[[George Bentham|Bentham]] & [[Joseph Dalton Hooker|Hooker]] (1862-1883) (except for Bombacaceae, considered tribe Bombaceae in Malvaceae)
*[[August W. Eichler|Eichler]] (1883)
*[[Karl Moritz Schumann]] in [[Adolf Engler|Engler]] & [[K. A. E. Prantl|K. Prantl]] (1895): Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien III. 6 updated by [[W. Schultze-Motel]] in [[H. Melchior]] (1964): Adolf Engler's Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien, 12th edition, II. Band.
*[[Wettstein]] (1901-1908)
*[[John Hutchinson (botanist)|John Hutchinson]] (1926-1934)
*[[Arthur Cronquist]] (1968, 1981)
*[[Aaron Goldberg (botanist)|Aaron Goldberg]] (1986)
*[[Takhtajan]] (1966, 1980)
*[[Rolf Martin Theodor Dahlgren |R.M.T.Dahlgren]] (1975)
Thus forming a solid consensus that was achieved mainly on the basis in [[morphology (biology)|morphological]] field.
Malvaceae is still accepted in its restricted sense in several nomenclatural compilations:
at [[Index Kewensis|IK]], APNI ([[Australian Plant Names Index]]) and GCI ([[Gray Card Index]]) at [http://www.ipni.org/ IPNI] (see also [[list of systems of plant taxonomy]]); and in several [[herbarium|herbaria]] of the whole world, besides being the classification "standard" of many reference works such as [[manual]]s, [[flora (book)|flora]]s and very important: [[identification key]]s (see [http://home.iae.nl/users/linea/start.html Thonner's analytical key to the families of flowering plants]).
A different approach was taken by Edlin (1935), who restricted Malvaceae even further by transferring the genera with capsular fruits, including ''Gossypium'' and ''Hibiscus'', into a more broadly defined Bombacaceae.
Malvaceae ''sensu stricto'' as traditionally defined consists of about 111-119 genera, totalling about 1,500 species. This includes the [[mallow]]s, [[cotton]] plants, [[okra]], [[hibiscus]], and [[hollyhock]]s.
=== Genera ===
Sources: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Kubitzki Vol. 5 (2003)(as subfamily Malvoideae) and [http://www.malvaceae.info/ Malvaceae Info Website].
{|
|- valign=top
|
*''[[Abelmoschus]]'' Medik.
*''[[Abutilon]]'' Mill.
*''[[Abutilothamnus]]'' Ulbr.
*''[[Acaulimalva]]'' Krapov.
*''[[Akrosida]]'' Fryxell & Fuertes
*''[[Alcea]]'' L.
*''[[Allosidastrum]]'' (Hochr.) Krapov., Fryxell & D.M.Bates
*''[[Allowissadula]]'' D.M.Bates
*''[[Althaea (genus)|Althaea]]'' L.
*''[[Alyogyne]]'' Alef.
*''[[Andeimalva]]'' J.A.Tate
*''[[Anisodontea]]'' C.Presl
*''[[Anoda]]'' Cav.
*''[[Anotea]]'' (DC.) Kunth
*''[[Asterotrichion]]'' Klotzsch
*''[[Azanza]]'' Alef.
*''[[Bakeridesia]]'' Hochr.
*''[[Bastardia]]'' Kunth
*''[[Bastardiastrum]]'' (Rose) D.M.Bates
*''[[Bastardiopsis]]'' (K.Schum.) Hassl.
*''[[Batesimalva]]'' Fryxell
*''[[Billieturnera]]'' Fryxell
*''[[Blanchetiastrum]]'' Hassl.
*''[[Bombycidendron]]'' Zoll. & Moritzi
*''[[Bordasia]]'' Krapov.
*''[[Briquetia]]'' Hochr.
*''[[Callirhoe (genus)|Callirhoe]]'' Nutt.
*''[[Calyculogygas]]'' Krapov.
*''[[Calyptraemalva]]'' Krapov.
*''[[Camptostemon]]'' Mast. according to Heywood ''et al.'' 2007<ref>{{cite book|author = Heywood, V. H., Brummitt, R. K., Culham, A. & Seberg, O. |title = Flowering Plant Families of the World|edition = | publisher = Firefly Books| year = 2007| location = Richmond Hill, Ontario, Canada|isbn = 1-55407-206-9}}</ref>
*''[[Cenocentrum]]'' Gagnep.
*''[[Cephalohibiscus]]'' Ulbr.
*''[[Cienfuegosia]]'' Cav.
*''[[Codonochlamys]]'' Ulbr.
*''[[Corynabutilon]]'' (K.Schum.) Kearney
*''[[Cristaria]]'' Cav.
*''[[Decaschistia]]'' Wight & Arn.
*''[[Dendrosida]]'' Fryxell
*''[[Dicellostyles]]'' Benth.
*''[[Dirhamphis]]'' Krapov.
*''[[Eremalche]]'' Greene
*''[[Erioxylum]]'' Rose & Standl.
*''[[Fioria]]'' Mattei
*''[[Fryxellia]]'' D.M.Bates
|
*''[[Fuertesimalva]]'' Fryxell
*''[[Gaya (plant)|Gaya]]'' Kunth
*''[[Goethea]]'' Nees
*''[[Gossypioides]]'' Skovst. ex J.B.Hutch.
*''[[Gossypium]]'' L.
*''[[Gynatrix]]'' Alef.
*''[[Hampea]]'' Schltdl.
*''[[Helicteropsis]]'' Hochr.
*''[[Herissantia]]'' Medik.
*''[[Hibiscadelphus]]'' Rock
*''[[Hibiscus]]'' L.
*''[[Hochreutinera]]'' Krapov.
*''[[Hoheria]]'' A.Cunn.
*''[[Horsfordia]]'' A.Gray
*''[[Howittia]]'' F.Muell.
*''[[Humbertianthus]]'' Hochr.
*''[[Humbertiella]]'' Hochr.
*''[[Iliamna (plant)|Iliamna]]'' Greene
*''[[Julostylis]]'' Thwaites
*''[[Jumelleanthus]]'' Hochr.
*''[[Kearnemalvastrum]]'' D.M.Bates
*''[[Kitaibela]]'' Willd.
*''[[Kokia]]'' Lewton
*''[[Kosteletzkya]]'' C.Presl
*''[[Krapovickasia]]'' Fryxell
*''[[Kydia]]'' Roxb.
*''[[Lagunaria]]'' (DC.) Rchb.
*''[[Lavatera]]'' L.
*''[[Lawrencia]]'' Hook.
*''[[Lebronnecia]]'' Fosberg
*''[[Lecanophora]]'' Speg.
*''[[Lopimia]]'' Mart.
*''[[Macrostelia]]'' Hochr.
*''[[Malachra]]'' L.
*''[[Malacothamnus]]'' Greene
*''[[Malope]]'' L.
*''[[Malva]]'' L.
*''[[Malvastrum]]'' A.Gray
*''[[Malvaviscus]]'' Fabr.
*''[[Malvella]]'' Jaub. & Spach
*''[[Megistostegium]]'' Hochr.
*''[[Meximalva]]'' Fryxell
*''[[Modiola]]'' Moench
*''[[Modiolastrum]]'' K.Schum.
|
*''[[Monteiroa]]'' Krapov.
*''[[Montezuma (plant)|Montezuma]]'' DC.
*''[[Napaea (plant)|Napaea]]'' L.
*''[[Navaea]]'' Webb & Berthel. <ref name = Tate>Tate, J. A., Aguilar, J. F., Wagstaff, S. J., La Duke, J. C., Slotta, T. A. B. & Simpson, B. B. (2005).Phylogenetic relationships within the tribe Malveae (Malvaceae, subfamily Malvoideae) as inferred from ITS sequence data. ''American Journal of Botany''
92(4): 584–602. </ref>
*''[[Nayariophyton]] T.K.Paul
*''[[Neobaclea]]'' Hochr.
*''[[Neobrittonia]]'' Hochr.
*''[[Neohumbertiella]]'' Hochr.
*''[[Nototriche]]'' Turcz.
*''[[Notoxylinon]]'' Lewton
*''[[Palaua (plant)|Palaua]]'' Cav.
*''[[Papuodendron]]'' C.T.White
*''[[Pavonia (plant)|Pavonia]]'' Cav.
*''[[Peltaea]]'' (C.Presl) Standl.
*''[[Periptera]]'' DC.
*''[[Perrierophytum]]'' Hochr.
*''[[Phragmocarpidium]]'' Krapov.
*''[[Phymosia]]'' Desv.
*''[[Plagianthus]]'' J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.
*''[[Pseudabutilon]]'' R.E.Fr.
*''[[Radyera]]'' Bullock
*''[[Rhynchosida]]'' Fryxell
*''[[Robinsonella]]'' Rose & Baker f.
*''[[Rojasimalva]]'' Fryxell
*''[[Senra]]'' Cav.
*''[[Sida (genus)|Sida]]'' L.
*''[[Sidalcea]]'' A.Gray
*''[[Sidasodes]]'' Fryxell & Fuertes
*''[[Sidastrum]]'' Baker f.
*''[[Sphaeralcea]]'' A.St.-Hil.
*''[[Symphyochlamys]]'' Gurke
*''[[Talipariti]]'' Fryxell
*''[[Tarasa]]'' Phil.
*''[[Tetrasida]]'' Ulbr.
*''[[Thepparatia]]'' Phuph.
*''[[Thespesia]]'' Sol. ex Correa
*''[[Thespesiopsis]]'' Exell & Hillc.
*''[[Triplochlamys]]'' Ulbr.
*''[[Tropidococcus]]'' Krapov. <ref name = Tate />
*''[[Ulbrichia]]'' Urb.
*''[[Urena]]'' L.
*''[[Urocarpidium]]'' Ulbr.
*''[[Wercklea]]'' Pittier & Standl.
*''[[Wilhelminia]]'' Hochr.
*''[[Wissadula]]'' Medik.
|}
==Malvaceae ''sensu lato''==
In the broader APG circumscription, the Malvaceae are also a [[cladistics|cladistically]] [[monophyletic]] group but take in a much larger number of genera. Because molecular phylogenies have shown that Bombacaceae, Tiliaceae, and Sterculiaceae as traditionally defined are closely related to Malvaceae s.s. but are not monophyletic groups, Malvaceae have been expanded to include these families. This expanded definition has been adopted by numerous researchers on the Malvales (e.g., Baum et al. 2004, Perveen et al. 2004, Tate et al. 2005).
Whether a consensus in favor of a broad or narrow circumscription of Malvaceae will be adopted, or something in between, remains to be seen. The broad circumscription of Malvaceae has been adopted in textbooks on plant systematics (Judd et al. 1999), in a comprehensive treatment of vascular plant families and genera, the [[Kubitzki system]], by Bayer & Kubitzki (2003), and in a treatment of Neotropical plant families by Maas & Westra (2005). The most recent version of the [[Thorne system]] takes an intermediate approach in combining Bombacaceae and Sterculiaceae under Malvaceae, but retaining [[Byttneriaceae]] (containing elements of the traditional Sterculiaceae and Tiliaceae) and a considerably restricted Tiliaceae as separate families.
Malvaceae ''sensu'' APG is a family of about 250 genera; it thus also includes [[Tilia|linden]]s, [[kapok]], [[baobab]]s, [[balsa]], [[cacao]] (chocolate), [[durian]] etc. There are nine subfamilies (Bayer et al. 1999, Bayer & Kubitzki 2003):
*[[Bombacoideae]], traditionally in [[Bombacaceae]]
*[[Brownlowioideae]], traditionally in [[Tiliaceae]]
*[[Byttnerioideae]], traditionally in [[Sterculiaceae]]
*[[Dombeyoideae]], traditionally in [[Sterculiaceae]]
*[[Grewioideae]], traditionally in [[Tiliaceae]]
*[[Helicteroideae]], traditionally in [[Sterculiaceae]] (tribe Helictereae) and [[Bombacaceae]] (tribe Durioneae)
*[[Malvoideae]], traditionally Malvaceae ''sensu stricto''
*[[Sterculioideae]], traditionally in [[Sterculiaceae]]
*[[Tilioideae]], traditionally in [[Tiliaceae]]
;Selected genera
*''[[Abelmoschus]]'' - [[Okra]]
*''[[Abutilon]]'' - [[Abutilon]]
*''[[Abutilothamnus]]''
*''[[Adansonia]]'' – [[Baobab]] traditionally in family [[Bombacaceae]]
*''[[Alcea]]'' - [[Hollyhock]]
*''[[Anoda]]'' - Alache
*''[[Althaea (genus)|Althaea]]'' - [[Althaea (genus)|Marsh mallow]]
*''[[Argyrodendron]]'' - [[Booyong]] - traditionally in family [[Sterculiaceae]]
*''[[Bombax]]'' – [[Silk-cotton tree]] traditionally in family [[Bombacaceae]]
*''[[Brachychiton]]'' – [[Bottletree]] traditionally in family [[Sterculiaceae]]
*''[[Poppy mallow|Callirhoe]]'' - [[Poppy mallow]]
*''[[Ceiba]]'' – [[Kapok]] traditionally in family [[Bombacaceae]]
*''[[Chiranthodendron]]'' – [[Mexican Hand Tree]] traditionally in family [[Sterculiaceae]]
*''[[Cola (botany)|Cola]]'' - [[Kola nut]] traditionally in family [[Sterculiaceae]]
*''[[Commersonia]]'' - [[Brown Kurrajong]] traditionally in family [[Sterculiaceae]]
*''[[Corchorus]]'' - [[Jute]] traditionally in family [[Tiliaceae]]
*''[[Durio]]'' – [[Durian]] traditionally in family [[Bombacaceae]]
*''[[Fremontodendron]]'' – [[Flannelbush]] traditionally in family [[Sterculiaceae]]
*''[[Gaya (plant)|Gaya]]'' – [[Gaya (plant)|Gaya]]
*''[[Gossypium]]'' - [[Cotton plant]]
*''[[Hibiscus]]'' - [[Hibiscus]]
*''[[Hoheria]]'' – [[Lacebark]]
*''[[Kosteletzkya]]'' - [[Kosteletzkya|Saltmarsh mallow]]
*''[[Lavatera]]'' - [[Tree mallow]] or Rose mallow
*''[[Malva]]'' - [[Malva|Mallow]]
*''[[Malvaviscus]]'' - Turk's cap mallow
*''[[Ochroma]]'' – [[Balsa]] traditionally in family [[Bombacaceae]]
*''[[Sida (genus)|Sida]]''
*''[[Sidalcea]]'' - [[Greek mallow]]
*''[[Sphaeralcea]]'' - [[Globemallow]]
*''[[Sterculia]]'' - traditionally in family [[Sterculiaceae]]
*''[[Theobroma]]'' - [[Cacao]] traditionally in family [[Sterculiaceae]]
*''[[Thespesia]]''
*''[[Tilia]]'' – [[Tilia|Linden]], traditionally in family [[Tiliaceae]]
*''[[Urena]]''
==References==
{{Reflist}}
*{{cite journal|author=Baum, D. A., W. S. Alverson, and R. Nyffeler|year= 1998|title= A durian by any other name: taxonomy and nomenclature of the core Malvales|journal= Harvard Papers in Botany| volume= 3|pages= 315–330}}
*{{cite journal|author=Baum, D. A., S. D. Smith2, A. Yen, W. S. Alverson, R. Nyffeler, B. A. Whitlock and R. L. Oldham|year= 2004|title= Phylogenetic relationships of Malvatheca (Bombacoideae and Malvoideae; Malvaceae sensu lato) as inferred from plastid DNA sequences|journal= American Journal of Botany|volume = 91|pages= 1863-1871}} (abstract online [http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/abstract/91/11/1863 here]).
*{{cite journal|author = Bayer, C., J. R. Hoppe, K. Kubitzki, M. F. Fay, A. Y. De Bruijn, V. Savolainen, C. M. Morton, K. Kubitzki, W. S. Alverson, and M. W. Chase|year = 1999|title= Support for an expanded family concept of Malvaceae within a recircumscribed order Malvales: a combined analysis of plastid atpB and rbcL DNA sequences| journal= Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society|volume= 129|pages= 267–303}}
* Bayer, C. and K. Kubitzki 2003. Malvaceae, pp. 225-311. In K. Kubitzki (ed.), ''The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants'', vol. 5, Malvales, Capparales and non-betalain Caryophyllales.
*{{cite journal| author = Edlin, H. L. |year = 1935|title= A critical revision of certain taxonomic groups of the Malvales|journal= New Phytologist|volume 34|issue= 1-20|pages= 122-143}}
*{{cite journal| author = Judd, W. S., and S. R. Manchester|year= 1997|title= Circumscription of Malvaceae (Malvales) as determined by a preliminary cladistic analysis of morphological, anatomical, palynological, and chemical characters|journal= Brittonia|volume= 49|pages= 384–405}}
*Judd, W. S., C. S. Campbell, E. A. Kellogg and P. F. Stevens. Plant Systematics: A Phylogenetic Approach.
*Maas, P. J. M. and L. Y. Th. Westra. 2005. ''Neotropical Plant Families'' (3rd edition).
*{{cite journal| author = Perveen, A., E. Grafström and G. El-Ghazaly|year= 2004|title= World Pollen and Spore Flora 23. Malvaceae Adams. P.p. Subfamilies: Grewioideae, Tilioideae, Brownlowioideae|journal= Grana|volume= 43|pages= 129-155}} (abstract online [http://taylorandfrancis.metapress.com/openurl.asp?genre=article&issn=0017-3134&volume=43&issue=3&spage=129 here]).
*{{cite journal|author=Tate, J. A., J. F. Aguilar, S. J. Wagstaff, J. C. La Duke5, T. A. Bodo Slotta and B. B. Simpson|year= 2005|title= Phylogenetic relationships within the tribe Malveae (Malvaceae, subfamily Malvoideae) as inferred from ITS sequence data|journal= American Journal of Botany|volume= 92|pages= 584-602}} (abstract online [http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/abstract/92/4/584 here]).
==External links==
*[http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/abstract/86/10/1474 Alverson, William S., Barbara A. Whitlock, Reto Nyffeler, Clemens Bayer and David A. Baum. 1999. Phylogeny of the core Malvales: evidence from ''ndh''F sequence data. ''American Journal of Botany'' 86: 1474-1486.]
*[http://tolweb.org/tree?group=Core_Malvales&contgroup=Malvales Core Malvales] from [http://tolweb.org Tree of Life]
*[http://www.hear.org/starr/hiplants/images/family/malvaceae.htm Malvaceae: plants of Hawaii (image gallery)] from [http://www.hear.org/ HEAR]
'''''Malvaceae sensu lato'':'''
* [http://www.malvaceae.info/ Malvaceae Info], includes much recent taxonomic discussion and a full list of about 250 genera; also numerous photos
'''''Malvaceae sensu stricto'':'''
* [http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/malvacea.htm Malvaceae] in [http://delta-intkey.com/angio/ L. Watson and M.J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards).] The families of flowering plants: descriptions, illustrations, identification, information retrieval. http://delta-intkey.com
* [http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/carr/malv.htm Malvaceae] – miscellaneous photographs at University of Hawaii Botany site.
* [http://www.rbgkew.org.uk/data/genlist.html Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew] list of genera
[[Category:Malvaceae| ]]
{{commonscat|Malvaceae}}
| color = lightgreen
| name = Malvaceae
| image = Malva parviflora.jpg
| image_width = 240px
| image_caption = Least Mallow, ''Malva parviflora''
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
| classis = [[Dicotyledon|Magnoliopsida]]
| ordo = [[Malvales]]
| familia = '''Malvaceae'''
| familia_authority = [[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu|Juss.]]
| subdivision_ranks = Subfamilies
| subdivision = [[Bombacoideae]]<br/>
[[Brownlowioideae]]<br/>
[[Byttnerioideae]]<br/>
[[Dombeyoideae]]<br/>
[[Grewioideae]]<br/>
[[Helicteroideae]]<br/>
[[Malvoideae]]<br/>
[[Sterculioideae]]<br/>
[[Tilioideae]]
}}
'''Malvaceae''', or the mallow family, is a family of [[flowering plant]]s containing a number of genera, generally with five showy [[petal]]s and five green [[sepal]]s and numerous stamens that are fused at the base and form a tube around the pistil. Most species are [[herb]]s or [[shrub]]s but some species are trees. There are over 100 genera with close to 1,500 species in the family depending on the classification of some of the genera. Most species have stellate hairs and mucus like sap. The best recognized genera include ''[[Malva]],'' ''[[Abutilon]]'', ''[[Althaea]]'', ''[[Lavatera]]'', ''[[Abelmoschus]]'', ''[[Malope]]'', ''[[Hibiscus]]'' plus others that are grown as garden plants over many regions of the world. A number are pest species in [[agriculture]], including ''[[Abutilon theophrasti]]'' and ''Modiola caroliniana'' plus others that are garden escapes. [[Cotton]] (4 species of ''[[Gossypium]]''), [[kenaf]] (''Hibiscus cannabinus'') and [[okra]] (''Abelmoschus esculentus'') are important agricultural crops.
There are two main views on the circumscription of the family. One view takes the traditionally narrow view of the family, Malvaceae ''sensu stricto''. The [[Angiosperm Phylogeny Group|APG II]] system takes a broader circumscription on the basis of molecular phylogenies that show that while Malvaceae s.s. is [[cladistics|cladistically]] [[monophyletic]], several closely related families of order [[Malvales]] are not monophyletic. This definition of the family unites the core [[Malvales]] of the [[Cronquist system]], including [[Bombacaceae]], Malvaceae ''s.s.'', [[Sterculiaceae]] and [[Tiliaceae]], into the wider Malvaceae ''sensu lato''.
==Malvaceae ''sensu stricto''==
That Malvaceae ''s.s.'' comprise a [[cladistics|cladistically]] [[monophyletic]] group has been confirmed by recent molecular phylogenies. It is a homogeneous taxon, so homogeneous that the subfamily category is not applicable, Malvaceae ''s.s.'' is only subdivided in tribes.
The family most closely related to Malvaceae s.s. is Bombacaceae, and the two are separated primarily on the basis of pollen characters (smooth or rugose in Bombacaceae, spiny in Malvaceae). Malvaceae s.s. also tend to be herbs or shrubs, whereas Bombacaceae are usually trees. Molecular phylogenies have demonstrated that Bombacaceae is [[cladistics|cladistically]] [[paraphyletic]] with respect to Malvaceae s.s.
It has been recognised by most compilers of high-level classifications, including:
*[[A. P. de Candolle]] (1824-1873)
*[[George Bentham|Bentham]] & [[Joseph Dalton Hooker|Hooker]] (1862-1883) (except for Bombacaceae, considered tribe Bombaceae in Malvaceae)
*[[August W. Eichler|Eichler]] (1883)
*[[Karl Moritz Schumann]] in [[Adolf Engler|Engler]] & [[K. A. E. Prantl|K. Prantl]] (1895): Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien III. 6 updated by [[W. Schultze-Motel]] in [[H. Melchior]] (1964): Adolf Engler's Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien, 12th edition, II. Band.
*[[Wettstein]] (1901-1908)
*[[John Hutchinson (botanist)|John Hutchinson]] (1926-1934)
*[[Arthur Cronquist]] (1968, 1981)
*[[Aaron Goldberg (botanist)|Aaron Goldberg]] (1986)
*[[Takhtajan]] (1966, 1980)
*[[Rolf Martin Theodor Dahlgren |R.M.T.Dahlgren]] (1975)
Thus forming a solid consensus that was achieved mainly on the basis in [[morphology (biology)|morphological]] field.
Malvaceae is still accepted in its restricted sense in several nomenclatural compilations:
at [[Index Kewensis|IK]], APNI ([[Australian Plant Names Index]]) and GCI ([[Gray Card Index]]) at [http://www.ipni.org/ IPNI] (see also [[list of systems of plant taxonomy]]); and in several [[herbarium|herbaria]] of the whole world, besides being the classification "standard" of many reference works such as [[manual]]s, [[flora (book)|flora]]s and very important: [[identification key]]s (see [http://home.iae.nl/users/linea/start.html Thonner's analytical key to the families of flowering plants]).
A different approach was taken by Edlin (1935), who restricted Malvaceae even further by transferring the genera with capsular fruits, including ''Gossypium'' and ''Hibiscus'', into a more broadly defined Bombacaceae.
Malvaceae ''sensu stricto'' as traditionally defined consists of about 111-119 genera, totalling about 1,500 species. This includes the [[mallow]]s, [[cotton]] plants, [[okra]], [[hibiscus]], and [[hollyhock]]s.
=== Genera ===
Sources: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Kubitzki Vol. 5 (2003)(as subfamily Malvoideae) and [http://www.malvaceae.info/ Malvaceae Info Website].
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*''[[Abelmoschus]]'' Medik.
*''[[Abutilon]]'' Mill.
*''[[Abutilothamnus]]'' Ulbr.
*''[[Acaulimalva]]'' Krapov.
*''[[Akrosida]]'' Fryxell & Fuertes
*''[[Alcea]]'' L.
*''[[Allosidastrum]]'' (Hochr.) Krapov., Fryxell & D.M.Bates
*''[[Allowissadula]]'' D.M.Bates
*''[[Althaea (genus)|Althaea]]'' L.
*''[[Alyogyne]]'' Alef.
*''[[Andeimalva]]'' J.A.Tate
*''[[Anisodontea]]'' C.Presl
*''[[Anoda]]'' Cav.
*''[[Anotea]]'' (DC.) Kunth
*''[[Asterotrichion]]'' Klotzsch
*''[[Azanza]]'' Alef.
*''[[Bakeridesia]]'' Hochr.
*''[[Bastardia]]'' Kunth
*''[[Bastardiastrum]]'' (Rose) D.M.Bates
*''[[Bastardiopsis]]'' (K.Schum.) Hassl.
*''[[Batesimalva]]'' Fryxell
*''[[Billieturnera]]'' Fryxell
*''[[Blanchetiastrum]]'' Hassl.
*''[[Bombycidendron]]'' Zoll. & Moritzi
*''[[Bordasia]]'' Krapov.
*''[[Briquetia]]'' Hochr.
*''[[Callirhoe (genus)|Callirhoe]]'' Nutt.
*''[[Calyculogygas]]'' Krapov.
*''[[Calyptraemalva]]'' Krapov.
*''[[Camptostemon]]'' Mast. according to Heywood ''et al.'' 2007<ref>{{cite book|author = Heywood, V. H., Brummitt, R. K., Culham, A. & Seberg, O. |title = Flowering Plant Families of the World|edition = | publisher = Firefly Books| year = 2007| location = Richmond Hill, Ontario, Canada|isbn = 1-55407-206-9}}</ref>
*''[[Cenocentrum]]'' Gagnep.
*''[[Cephalohibiscus]]'' Ulbr.
*''[[Cienfuegosia]]'' Cav.
*''[[Codonochlamys]]'' Ulbr.
*''[[Corynabutilon]]'' (K.Schum.) Kearney
*''[[Cristaria]]'' Cav.
*''[[Decaschistia]]'' Wight & Arn.
*''[[Dendrosida]]'' Fryxell
*''[[Dicellostyles]]'' Benth.
*''[[Dirhamphis]]'' Krapov.
*''[[Eremalche]]'' Greene
*''[[Erioxylum]]'' Rose & Standl.
*''[[Fioria]]'' Mattei
*''[[Fryxellia]]'' D.M.Bates
|
*''[[Fuertesimalva]]'' Fryxell
*''[[Gaya (plant)|Gaya]]'' Kunth
*''[[Goethea]]'' Nees
*''[[Gossypioides]]'' Skovst. ex J.B.Hutch.
*''[[Gossypium]]'' L.
*''[[Gynatrix]]'' Alef.
*''[[Hampea]]'' Schltdl.
*''[[Helicteropsis]]'' Hochr.
*''[[Herissantia]]'' Medik.
*''[[Hibiscadelphus]]'' Rock
*''[[Hibiscus]]'' L.
*''[[Hochreutinera]]'' Krapov.
*''[[Hoheria]]'' A.Cunn.
*''[[Horsfordia]]'' A.Gray
*''[[Howittia]]'' F.Muell.
*''[[Humbertianthus]]'' Hochr.
*''[[Humbertiella]]'' Hochr.
*''[[Iliamna (plant)|Iliamna]]'' Greene
*''[[Julostylis]]'' Thwaites
*''[[Jumelleanthus]]'' Hochr.
*''[[Kearnemalvastrum]]'' D.M.Bates
*''[[Kitaibela]]'' Willd.
*''[[Kokia]]'' Lewton
*''[[Kosteletzkya]]'' C.Presl
*''[[Krapovickasia]]'' Fryxell
*''[[Kydia]]'' Roxb.
*''[[Lagunaria]]'' (DC.) Rchb.
*''[[Lavatera]]'' L.
*''[[Lawrencia]]'' Hook.
*''[[Lebronnecia]]'' Fosberg
*''[[Lecanophora]]'' Speg.
*''[[Lopimia]]'' Mart.
*''[[Macrostelia]]'' Hochr.
*''[[Malachra]]'' L.
*''[[Malacothamnus]]'' Greene
*''[[Malope]]'' L.
*''[[Malva]]'' L.
*''[[Malvastrum]]'' A.Gray
*''[[Malvaviscus]]'' Fabr.
*''[[Malvella]]'' Jaub. & Spach
*''[[Megistostegium]]'' Hochr.
*''[[Meximalva]]'' Fryxell
*''[[Modiola]]'' Moench
*''[[Modiolastrum]]'' K.Schum.
|
*''[[Monteiroa]]'' Krapov.
*''[[Montezuma (plant)|Montezuma]]'' DC.
*''[[Napaea (plant)|Napaea]]'' L.
*''[[Navaea]]'' Webb & Berthel. <ref name = Tate>Tate, J. A., Aguilar, J. F., Wagstaff, S. J., La Duke, J. C., Slotta, T. A. B. & Simpson, B. B. (2005).Phylogenetic relationships within the tribe Malveae (Malvaceae, subfamily Malvoideae) as inferred from ITS sequence data. ''American Journal of Botany''
92(4): 584–602. </ref>
*''[[Nayariophyton]] T.K.Paul
*''[[Neobaclea]]'' Hochr.
*''[[Neobrittonia]]'' Hochr.
*''[[Neohumbertiella]]'' Hochr.
*''[[Nototriche]]'' Turcz.
*''[[Notoxylinon]]'' Lewton
*''[[Palaua (plant)|Palaua]]'' Cav.
*''[[Papuodendron]]'' C.T.White
*''[[Pavonia (plant)|Pavonia]]'' Cav.
*''[[Peltaea]]'' (C.Presl) Standl.
*''[[Periptera]]'' DC.
*''[[Perrierophytum]]'' Hochr.
*''[[Phragmocarpidium]]'' Krapov.
*''[[Phymosia]]'' Desv.
*''[[Plagianthus]]'' J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.
*''[[Pseudabutilon]]'' R.E.Fr.
*''[[Radyera]]'' Bullock
*''[[Rhynchosida]]'' Fryxell
*''[[Robinsonella]]'' Rose & Baker f.
*''[[Rojasimalva]]'' Fryxell
*''[[Senra]]'' Cav.
*''[[Sida (genus)|Sida]]'' L.
*''[[Sidalcea]]'' A.Gray
*''[[Sidasodes]]'' Fryxell & Fuertes
*''[[Sidastrum]]'' Baker f.
*''[[Sphaeralcea]]'' A.St.-Hil.
*''[[Symphyochlamys]]'' Gurke
*''[[Talipariti]]'' Fryxell
*''[[Tarasa]]'' Phil.
*''[[Tetrasida]]'' Ulbr.
*''[[Thepparatia]]'' Phuph.
*''[[Thespesia]]'' Sol. ex Correa
*''[[Thespesiopsis]]'' Exell & Hillc.
*''[[Triplochlamys]]'' Ulbr.
*''[[Tropidococcus]]'' Krapov. <ref name = Tate />
*''[[Ulbrichia]]'' Urb.
*''[[Urena]]'' L.
*''[[Urocarpidium]]'' Ulbr.
*''[[Wercklea]]'' Pittier & Standl.
*''[[Wilhelminia]]'' Hochr.
*''[[Wissadula]]'' Medik.
|}
==Malvaceae ''sensu lato''==
In the broader APG circumscription, the Malvaceae are also a [[cladistics|cladistically]] [[monophyletic]] group but take in a much larger number of genera. Because molecular phylogenies have shown that Bombacaceae, Tiliaceae, and Sterculiaceae as traditionally defined are closely related to Malvaceae s.s. but are not monophyletic groups, Malvaceae have been expanded to include these families. This expanded definition has been adopted by numerous researchers on the Malvales (e.g., Baum et al. 2004, Perveen et al. 2004, Tate et al. 2005).
Whether a consensus in favor of a broad or narrow circumscription of Malvaceae will be adopted, or something in between, remains to be seen. The broad circumscription of Malvaceae has been adopted in textbooks on plant systematics (Judd et al. 1999), in a comprehensive treatment of vascular plant families and genera, the [[Kubitzki system]], by Bayer & Kubitzki (2003), and in a treatment of Neotropical plant families by Maas & Westra (2005). The most recent version of the [[Thorne system]] takes an intermediate approach in combining Bombacaceae and Sterculiaceae under Malvaceae, but retaining [[Byttneriaceae]] (containing elements of the traditional Sterculiaceae and Tiliaceae) and a considerably restricted Tiliaceae as separate families.
Malvaceae ''sensu'' APG is a family of about 250 genera; it thus also includes [[Tilia|linden]]s, [[kapok]], [[baobab]]s, [[balsa]], [[cacao]] (chocolate), [[durian]] etc. There are nine subfamilies (Bayer et al. 1999, Bayer & Kubitzki 2003):
*[[Bombacoideae]], traditionally in [[Bombacaceae]]
*[[Brownlowioideae]], traditionally in [[Tiliaceae]]
*[[Byttnerioideae]], traditionally in [[Sterculiaceae]]
*[[Dombeyoideae]], traditionally in [[Sterculiaceae]]
*[[Grewioideae]], traditionally in [[Tiliaceae]]
*[[Helicteroideae]], traditionally in [[Sterculiaceae]] (tribe Helictereae) and [[Bombacaceae]] (tribe Durioneae)
*[[Malvoideae]], traditionally Malvaceae ''sensu stricto''
*[[Sterculioideae]], traditionally in [[Sterculiaceae]]
*[[Tilioideae]], traditionally in [[Tiliaceae]]
;Selected genera
*''[[Abelmoschus]]'' - [[Okra]]
*''[[Abutilon]]'' - [[Abutilon]]
*''[[Abutilothamnus]]''
*''[[Adansonia]]'' – [[Baobab]] traditionally in family [[Bombacaceae]]
*''[[Alcea]]'' - [[Hollyhock]]
*''[[Anoda]]'' - Alache
*''[[Althaea (genus)|Althaea]]'' - [[Althaea (genus)|Marsh mallow]]
*''[[Argyrodendron]]'' - [[Booyong]] - traditionally in family [[Sterculiaceae]]
*''[[Bombax]]'' – [[Silk-cotton tree]] traditionally in family [[Bombacaceae]]
*''[[Brachychiton]]'' – [[Bottletree]] traditionally in family [[Sterculiaceae]]
*''[[Poppy mallow|Callirhoe]]'' - [[Poppy mallow]]
*''[[Ceiba]]'' – [[Kapok]] traditionally in family [[Bombacaceae]]
*''[[Chiranthodendron]]'' – [[Mexican Hand Tree]] traditionally in family [[Sterculiaceae]]
*''[[Cola (botany)|Cola]]'' - [[Kola nut]] traditionally in family [[Sterculiaceae]]
*''[[Commersonia]]'' - [[Brown Kurrajong]] traditionally in family [[Sterculiaceae]]
*''[[Corchorus]]'' - [[Jute]] traditionally in family [[Tiliaceae]]
*''[[Durio]]'' – [[Durian]] traditionally in family [[Bombacaceae]]
*''[[Fremontodendron]]'' – [[Flannelbush]] traditionally in family [[Sterculiaceae]]
*''[[Gaya (plant)|Gaya]]'' – [[Gaya (plant)|Gaya]]
*''[[Gossypium]]'' - [[Cotton plant]]
*''[[Hibiscus]]'' - [[Hibiscus]]
*''[[Hoheria]]'' – [[Lacebark]]
*''[[Kosteletzkya]]'' - [[Kosteletzkya|Saltmarsh mallow]]
*''[[Lavatera]]'' - [[Tree mallow]] or Rose mallow
*''[[Malva]]'' - [[Malva|Mallow]]
*''[[Malvaviscus]]'' - Turk's cap mallow
*''[[Ochroma]]'' – [[Balsa]] traditionally in family [[Bombacaceae]]
*''[[Sida (genus)|Sida]]''
*''[[Sidalcea]]'' - [[Greek mallow]]
*''[[Sphaeralcea]]'' - [[Globemallow]]
*''[[Sterculia]]'' - traditionally in family [[Sterculiaceae]]
*''[[Theobroma]]'' - [[Cacao]] traditionally in family [[Sterculiaceae]]
*''[[Thespesia]]''
*''[[Tilia]]'' – [[Tilia|Linden]], traditionally in family [[Tiliaceae]]
*''[[Urena]]''
==References==
{{Reflist}}
*{{cite journal|author=Baum, D. A., W. S. Alverson, and R. Nyffeler|year= 1998|title= A durian by any other name: taxonomy and nomenclature of the core Malvales|journal= Harvard Papers in Botany| volume= 3|pages= 315–330}}
*{{cite journal|author=Baum, D. A., S. D. Smith2, A. Yen, W. S. Alverson, R. Nyffeler, B. A. Whitlock and R. L. Oldham|year= 2004|title= Phylogenetic relationships of Malvatheca (Bombacoideae and Malvoideae; Malvaceae sensu lato) as inferred from plastid DNA sequences|journal= American Journal of Botany|volume = 91|pages= 1863-1871}} (abstract online [http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/abstract/91/11/1863 here]).
*{{cite journal|author = Bayer, C., J. R. Hoppe, K. Kubitzki, M. F. Fay, A. Y. De Bruijn, V. Savolainen, C. M. Morton, K. Kubitzki, W. S. Alverson, and M. W. Chase|year = 1999|title= Support for an expanded family concept of Malvaceae within a recircumscribed order Malvales: a combined analysis of plastid atpB and rbcL DNA sequences| journal= Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society|volume= 129|pages= 267–303}}
* Bayer, C. and K. Kubitzki 2003. Malvaceae, pp. 225-311. In K. Kubitzki (ed.), ''The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants'', vol. 5, Malvales, Capparales and non-betalain Caryophyllales.
*{{cite journal| author = Edlin, H. L. |year = 1935|title= A critical revision of certain taxonomic groups of the Malvales|journal= New Phytologist|volume 34|issue= 1-20|pages= 122-143}}
*{{cite journal| author = Judd, W. S., and S. R. Manchester|year= 1997|title= Circumscription of Malvaceae (Malvales) as determined by a preliminary cladistic analysis of morphological, anatomical, palynological, and chemical characters|journal= Brittonia|volume= 49|pages= 384–405}}
*Judd, W. S., C. S. Campbell, E. A. Kellogg and P. F. Stevens. Plant Systematics: A Phylogenetic Approach.
*Maas, P. J. M. and L. Y. Th. Westra. 2005. ''Neotropical Plant Families'' (3rd edition).
*{{cite journal| author = Perveen, A., E. Grafström and G. El-Ghazaly|year= 2004|title= World Pollen and Spore Flora 23. Malvaceae Adams. P.p. Subfamilies: Grewioideae, Tilioideae, Brownlowioideae|journal= Grana|volume= 43|pages= 129-155}} (abstract online [http://taylorandfrancis.metapress.com/openurl.asp?genre=article&issn=0017-3134&volume=43&issue=3&spage=129 here]).
*{{cite journal|author=Tate, J. A., J. F. Aguilar, S. J. Wagstaff, J. C. La Duke5, T. A. Bodo Slotta and B. B. Simpson|year= 2005|title= Phylogenetic relationships within the tribe Malveae (Malvaceae, subfamily Malvoideae) as inferred from ITS sequence data|journal= American Journal of Botany|volume= 92|pages= 584-602}} (abstract online [http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/abstract/92/4/584 here]).
==External links==
*[http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/abstract/86/10/1474 Alverson, William S., Barbara A. Whitlock, Reto Nyffeler, Clemens Bayer and David A. Baum. 1999. Phylogeny of the core Malvales: evidence from ''ndh''F sequence data. ''American Journal of Botany'' 86: 1474-1486.]
*[http://tolweb.org/tree?group=Core_Malvales&contgroup=Malvales Core Malvales] from [http://tolweb.org Tree of Life]
*[http://www.hear.org/starr/hiplants/images/family/malvaceae.htm Malvaceae: plants of Hawaii (image gallery)] from [http://www.hear.org/ HEAR]
'''''Malvaceae sensu lato'':'''
* [http://www.malvaceae.info/ Malvaceae Info], includes much recent taxonomic discussion and a full list of about 250 genera; also numerous photos
'''''Malvaceae sensu stricto'':'''
* [http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/malvacea.htm Malvaceae] in [http://delta-intkey.com/angio/ L. Watson and M.J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards).] The families of flowering plants: descriptions, illustrations, identification, information retrieval. http://delta-intkey.com
* [http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/carr/malv.htm Malvaceae] – miscellaneous photographs at University of Hawaii Botany site.
* [http://www.rbgkew.org.uk/data/genlist.html Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew] list of genera
[[Category:Malvaceae| ]]
{{commonscat|Malvaceae}}
