7,617
edits
Changes
From Gardenology.org - Plant Encyclopedia and Gardening Wiki
Jump to navigationJump to searchno edit summary
{{Two other uses||the crossword compiler|John Galbraith Graham|the city in Brazil|Araucária}}
{{Taxobox
| fossil_range = {{fossil range|250}}[[Jurassic]]{{Verify source|date=September 2007}} - recent
| name = ''Araucaria''
| image = Araucaria columnaris1.jpg
| image_width = 250px
| image_caption = ''Araucaria columnaris''
| regnum = [[Plantae]]
| divisio = [[Pinophyta]]
| classis = [[Pinophyta|Pinopsida]]
| ordo = [[Pinales]]
| familia = [[Araucariaceae]]
| genus = '''''Araucaria'''''
| genus_authority = [[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu|Juss.]]
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision =
See text.
}}
'''''Araucaria''''' is a [[genus]] of [[evergreen]] [[Pinophyta|coniferous]] [[tree]]s in the family [[Araucariaceae]]. There are 19 [[species]] in the genus, with a highly disjunct distribution in [[New Caledonia]] (where 13 species are [[endemic (ecology)|endemic]]), [[Norfolk Island]], eastern [[Australia]], [[New Guinea]], [[Argentina]], [[Chile]], and southern [[Brazil]].
Many if not all current populations are relictual and restricted. They are found in [[forest]] and [[maquis shrubland]], with an affinity for exposed sites. These columnar trees are [[living fossil]]s, dating back to early in the [[Mesozoic]] age. [[Fossil]] records show that the genus also formerly occurred in the northern hemisphere until the end of the [[Cretaceous]] period.
[[Image:Petrified Araucaria cone from patagonia-Edit1.jpg.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Petrified cone of ''Araucaria'' sp. from the [[Jurassic]] (210 mya) of [[Patagonia]], [[Argentina]]]]
The genus is familiar to many people as the genus of the distinctive [[Araucaria araucana|Monkey-puzzle]] ''Araucaria araucana''. The genus is named after the [[Mapuche|Arauco Indian]]s of central [[Chile]] and south-west [[Argentina]] whose territory incorporates natural stands of this species, where it is known as the '''Pehuén'''. These [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native Americans]], who name themselves the Pehuenche ('people of the Pehuén'), harvest the seeds extensively for food. No distinct vernacular name exists for the genus; many are erroneously called 'pine', despite their being only very distantly related to [[pine]]s (''Pinus'').
They are mainly large trees with a massive erect stem, reaching a height of 30-80 m. The horizontal, spreading branches grow in whorls and are covered with leathery or needle-like [[leaf|leaves]]. In some species, the leaves are narrow awl-shaped and lanceolate, barely overlapping each other, in others they are broad and flat, and overlap broadly.
The trees are mostly [[Plant sexuality|dioecious]], with male and female [[Conifer cone|cones]] found on separate trees, though occasional individuals are [[Plant sexuality|monoecious]] or change sex with time. The female cones, usually high on the top of the tree, are globose, and vary in size between species from 7-25 cm diameter. They contain 80-200 large, edible seeds, similar to [[pine nut]]s though larger. The male cones are smaller, 4-10 cm long, and narrow to broad cylindrical, 1.5-5 cm broad.
===Classification and species list===
There are two sections in the genus, sometimes treated as separate genera:
*'''Section ''Araucaria''.''' Leaves broad; cones more than 12cm diameter; seed germination [[hypogeal]]. Syn. sect. ''Columbea''; sometimes subdivided into three sections or subsections.
** ''[[Araucaria angustifolia]]''. Paraná Pine (obsolete: Brazilian Pine, Candelabra Tree). Southeastern Brazil, northeastern Argentina.
** ''[[Araucaria araucana]]''. Monkey-puzzle or Pehuén (obsolete: Chile Pine). Central Chile & western Argentina.
** ''[[Araucaria bidwillii]]''. Bunya-bunya. Eastern Australia (sometimes placed in sect. ''Bunya'').
** ''[[Araucaria hunsteinii]]''. Klinki. New Guinea (sometimes placed in sect. ''Intermedia'').
*'''Section ''Eutacta''.''' Leaves narrow, awl-like; cones less than 12cm diameter; seed germination [[epigeal]].
See the Royal Botanic Gardens Edinburgh web site for New Caledonian Araucaria research
http://www.rbge.org.uk/rbge/web/science/research/biodiversity/arauc.jsp
** ''[[Araucaria bernieri]]''. New Caledonia.
** ''[[Araucaria biramulata]]''. New Caledonia.
** ''[[Araucaria columnaris]]''. Cook Pine. New Caledonia.
** ''[[Araucaria cunninghamii]]''. Moreton Bay Pine, Hoop Pine. Eastern Australia, New Guinea.
** ''[[Araucaria heterophylla]]''. Norfolk Island Pine. Norfolk Island.
** ''[[Araucaria humboldtensis]]''. New Caledonia.
** ''[[Araucaria laubenfelsii]]''. New Caledonia.
** ''[[Araucaria luxurians]]''. New Caledonia.
** ''[[Araucaria montana]]''. New Caledonia.
** ''[[Araucaria muelleri]]''. New Caledonia.
** ''[[Araucaria nemorosa]]''. New Caledonia.
** ''[[Araucaria rulei]]''. New Caledonia.
** ''[[Araucaria schmidii]]''. New Caledonia.
** ''[[Araucaria scopulorum]]''. New Caledonia.
** ''[[Araucaria subulata]]''. New Caledonia.
===Uses===
Some of the species are relatively common in cultivation because of their distinctive, formal symmetrical growth habit. Several species are economically important for [[timber]] production and the edible seeds.
<gallery>
Image:araucaria_araucana_vieja.jpg|''Araucaria ''
Image:Araucaria.columnaris2web.jpg|''Araucaria columnaris'' branch
Image:araucaria_araucana_pulmari.jpg|''Araucaria araucana'' entorno natural
Image:Araucaria araucana Lanin.jpg|''Araucaria araucana'' in an argentinian´s lake [[Neuquén, Argentina]]
Image:Araucaria araucana cones.jpg|''Araucaria araucana'' with seed cones
Image:araucaria_araucana_playa.jpg|''Araucaria araucana'' en neuquen
Image:Araucaria.JPG|Mature Araucaria tree (''A. bidwillii'') as an exotic ornamental tree in [[Valparaiso, Chile]]
Image:Aa 2006 05 10 araucaria sapling.jpg|''Araucaria araucana'' sapling in [[Chester Zoo]]
Image:araucaria_araucana_verde.jpg|''Araucaria '' vista desde arriba
Image:Three_araucarias.jpg|Three different members of the genus growing together - left to right, ''A. columnaris'', ''A. cunninghamii'' and ''A. bidwillii''
Image:Araucaria araucana Lanin3.jpg|''Araucaria araucana'' very old
Image:Begend8.jpg|Araucaria Angustifolia, Heterophylla and Columnaris'' Azores
</gallery>
{{Commons|Araucaria}}
==External links==
*[http://www.conifers.org/ar/ar/index.html Gymnosperm Database: ''Araucaria'']
*[http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/Araucaria/Index.html ''Araucaria Research'']
* [http://www.trekearth.com/gallery/photo705763.htm Some of the tallest Araucaria Angustifolia, Heterophylla and Columnaris in the northen hemisphere, stand side by side at Furnas, Azores Islands].
*[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Araucaria_araucana?uselang=de''Div. Araucaria Araucana Trees'']
[[Category:Araucariaceae]]
[[Category:Flora of Argentina]]
[[Category:Flora of Australia]]
[[Category:Flora of Chile]]
[[Category:Flora of New Caledonia]]
[
{{Taxobox
| fossil_range = {{fossil range|250}}[[Jurassic]]{{Verify source|date=September 2007}} - recent
| name = ''Araucaria''
| image = Araucaria columnaris1.jpg
| image_width = 250px
| image_caption = ''Araucaria columnaris''
| regnum = [[Plantae]]
| divisio = [[Pinophyta]]
| classis = [[Pinophyta|Pinopsida]]
| ordo = [[Pinales]]
| familia = [[Araucariaceae]]
| genus = '''''Araucaria'''''
| genus_authority = [[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu|Juss.]]
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision =
See text.
}}
'''''Araucaria''''' is a [[genus]] of [[evergreen]] [[Pinophyta|coniferous]] [[tree]]s in the family [[Araucariaceae]]. There are 19 [[species]] in the genus, with a highly disjunct distribution in [[New Caledonia]] (where 13 species are [[endemic (ecology)|endemic]]), [[Norfolk Island]], eastern [[Australia]], [[New Guinea]], [[Argentina]], [[Chile]], and southern [[Brazil]].
Many if not all current populations are relictual and restricted. They are found in [[forest]] and [[maquis shrubland]], with an affinity for exposed sites. These columnar trees are [[living fossil]]s, dating back to early in the [[Mesozoic]] age. [[Fossil]] records show that the genus also formerly occurred in the northern hemisphere until the end of the [[Cretaceous]] period.
[[Image:Petrified Araucaria cone from patagonia-Edit1.jpg.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Petrified cone of ''Araucaria'' sp. from the [[Jurassic]] (210 mya) of [[Patagonia]], [[Argentina]]]]
The genus is familiar to many people as the genus of the distinctive [[Araucaria araucana|Monkey-puzzle]] ''Araucaria araucana''. The genus is named after the [[Mapuche|Arauco Indian]]s of central [[Chile]] and south-west [[Argentina]] whose territory incorporates natural stands of this species, where it is known as the '''Pehuén'''. These [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native Americans]], who name themselves the Pehuenche ('people of the Pehuén'), harvest the seeds extensively for food. No distinct vernacular name exists for the genus; many are erroneously called 'pine', despite their being only very distantly related to [[pine]]s (''Pinus'').
They are mainly large trees with a massive erect stem, reaching a height of 30-80 m. The horizontal, spreading branches grow in whorls and are covered with leathery or needle-like [[leaf|leaves]]. In some species, the leaves are narrow awl-shaped and lanceolate, barely overlapping each other, in others they are broad and flat, and overlap broadly.
The trees are mostly [[Plant sexuality|dioecious]], with male and female [[Conifer cone|cones]] found on separate trees, though occasional individuals are [[Plant sexuality|monoecious]] or change sex with time. The female cones, usually high on the top of the tree, are globose, and vary in size between species from 7-25 cm diameter. They contain 80-200 large, edible seeds, similar to [[pine nut]]s though larger. The male cones are smaller, 4-10 cm long, and narrow to broad cylindrical, 1.5-5 cm broad.
===Classification and species list===
There are two sections in the genus, sometimes treated as separate genera:
*'''Section ''Araucaria''.''' Leaves broad; cones more than 12cm diameter; seed germination [[hypogeal]]. Syn. sect. ''Columbea''; sometimes subdivided into three sections or subsections.
** ''[[Araucaria angustifolia]]''. Paraná Pine (obsolete: Brazilian Pine, Candelabra Tree). Southeastern Brazil, northeastern Argentina.
** ''[[Araucaria araucana]]''. Monkey-puzzle or Pehuén (obsolete: Chile Pine). Central Chile & western Argentina.
** ''[[Araucaria bidwillii]]''. Bunya-bunya. Eastern Australia (sometimes placed in sect. ''Bunya'').
** ''[[Araucaria hunsteinii]]''. Klinki. New Guinea (sometimes placed in sect. ''Intermedia'').
*'''Section ''Eutacta''.''' Leaves narrow, awl-like; cones less than 12cm diameter; seed germination [[epigeal]].
See the Royal Botanic Gardens Edinburgh web site for New Caledonian Araucaria research
http://www.rbge.org.uk/rbge/web/science/research/biodiversity/arauc.jsp
** ''[[Araucaria bernieri]]''. New Caledonia.
** ''[[Araucaria biramulata]]''. New Caledonia.
** ''[[Araucaria columnaris]]''. Cook Pine. New Caledonia.
** ''[[Araucaria cunninghamii]]''. Moreton Bay Pine, Hoop Pine. Eastern Australia, New Guinea.
** ''[[Araucaria heterophylla]]''. Norfolk Island Pine. Norfolk Island.
** ''[[Araucaria humboldtensis]]''. New Caledonia.
** ''[[Araucaria laubenfelsii]]''. New Caledonia.
** ''[[Araucaria luxurians]]''. New Caledonia.
** ''[[Araucaria montana]]''. New Caledonia.
** ''[[Araucaria muelleri]]''. New Caledonia.
** ''[[Araucaria nemorosa]]''. New Caledonia.
** ''[[Araucaria rulei]]''. New Caledonia.
** ''[[Araucaria schmidii]]''. New Caledonia.
** ''[[Araucaria scopulorum]]''. New Caledonia.
** ''[[Araucaria subulata]]''. New Caledonia.
===Uses===
Some of the species are relatively common in cultivation because of their distinctive, formal symmetrical growth habit. Several species are economically important for [[timber]] production and the edible seeds.
<gallery>
Image:araucaria_araucana_vieja.jpg|''Araucaria ''
Image:Araucaria.columnaris2web.jpg|''Araucaria columnaris'' branch
Image:araucaria_araucana_pulmari.jpg|''Araucaria araucana'' entorno natural
Image:Araucaria araucana Lanin.jpg|''Araucaria araucana'' in an argentinian´s lake [[Neuquén, Argentina]]
Image:Araucaria araucana cones.jpg|''Araucaria araucana'' with seed cones
Image:araucaria_araucana_playa.jpg|''Araucaria araucana'' en neuquen
Image:Araucaria.JPG|Mature Araucaria tree (''A. bidwillii'') as an exotic ornamental tree in [[Valparaiso, Chile]]
Image:Aa 2006 05 10 araucaria sapling.jpg|''Araucaria araucana'' sapling in [[Chester Zoo]]
Image:araucaria_araucana_verde.jpg|''Araucaria '' vista desde arriba
Image:Three_araucarias.jpg|Three different members of the genus growing together - left to right, ''A. columnaris'', ''A. cunninghamii'' and ''A. bidwillii''
Image:Araucaria araucana Lanin3.jpg|''Araucaria araucana'' very old
Image:Begend8.jpg|Araucaria Angustifolia, Heterophylla and Columnaris'' Azores
</gallery>
{{Commons|Araucaria}}
==External links==
*[http://www.conifers.org/ar/ar/index.html Gymnosperm Database: ''Araucaria'']
*[http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/Araucaria/Index.html ''Araucaria Research'']
* [http://www.trekearth.com/gallery/photo705763.htm Some of the tallest Araucaria Angustifolia, Heterophylla and Columnaris in the northen hemisphere, stand side by side at Furnas, Azores Islands].
*[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Araucaria_araucana?uselang=de''Div. Araucaria Araucana Trees'']
[[Category:Araucariaceae]]
[[Category:Flora of Argentina]]
[[Category:Flora of Australia]]
[[Category:Flora of Chile]]
[[Category:Flora of New Caledonia]]
[
