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{{Taxobox
| color = lightgreen
| name = ''Bactris gasipaes''
| image = Pupunha (Bactris gasipaes) 2.jpg
| image_width = 240px
| image_caption = ''Bactris gasipaes'' palm
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
| classis = [[Liliopsida]]
| ordo = [[Arecales]]
| familia = [[Arecaceae]]
| genus = ''[[Bactris]]''
| species = '''''B. gasipaes'''''
| binomial = ''Bactris gasipaes''
| binomial_authority = [[Carl Sigismund Kunth|Kunth]]
}}
'''''Bactris gasipaes''''' is a species of [[Arecaceae|palm]] native to the [[tropical forest]]s of the [[South America|South]] and [[Central America]]. It is a palm which can typically grow to 20 m or taller, with pinnate [[leaf|leaves]] 3 m long on a 1 m long [[Petiole (botany)|petiole]]. The [[fruit]] is a [[drupe]] with an edible pulp surrounding the single [[seed]], 4-6 cm long and 3-5 cm broad. The rind ([[epicarp]]) of this wild palm can be red, yellow, or orange when the fruit is ripe depending on the variety of the palm.
[[Image:Pupunha (Bactris gasipaes) 7.jpg|thumb|left|''B. gasipaes'' fruits]]
''B. gasipaes'' is well known by the native [[population]]s where it usually grows up, and they having been used for centuries as food. They frequently eat the fruit stewed in salted water. However, it may be peeled and dressed with salt and honey, used to make [[compote]]s and [[Fruit preserves|jellies]], or also used to make [[flour]] and [[vegetable oil|edible oil]].
Many species of [[bird]]s feed on this wild palm, notably [[macaw]]s, [[parrot]]s and [[parakeet]]s, all members of the family [[Psittacidae]]. Some of these are [[endemic species]], which are in danger of [[extinction]].
Because the huge importance of ''B. gasipaes'' for the native populations, there are numerous [[common names]] for this plant in several [[language]]s and many [[country|countries]]. For example, in [[English language|English]]: peach-palm or pewa ([[Trinidad and Tobago]]), peyibay(e), and pejivalle; in [[Spanish language|Spanish]]: pejibaye ([[Costa Rica]], [[Nicaragua]]), chontaduro or chantaduro ([[Colombia]], [[Ecuador]]), pijuayo ([[Peru]]), pijiguao ([[Venezuela]]), tembé ([[Bolivia]]), pixbae (pronounced pibá) ([[Panama]]), and cachipay ([[Colombia]]); and in [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]: pupunheira, and pupunha ([[Brazil]]). In addition, there are several botanical [[synonym]]s, including ''Bactris ciliata'' (Ruiz & Pav.) Mart., ''B. insignis'' (Mart.) Baill., ''B. speciosa'' (Mart.) H. Karst., ''B. utilis'' (Oerst.) Benth. & Hook.f. ex Hemsl., ''Guilelma chontaduro'' Triana, ''G. ciliata'' (Ruiz & Pav.) H. Wendl., ''G. gasipaes'' (Kunth) L. H. Bailey, ''G. insignis'' Mart., ''G. speciosa'' Mart., ''G. utilis'' Oerst., and ''Martinezia ciliata'' Ruiz & Pav.
[[Image:Pixbae enlatado en panama.JPG|thumb|left|Panamanian pixbae ready for export]]
This plant may also be harvested for [[heart of palm]], and has commercial advantages in being fast growing; the first harvest can be from 18 to 24 months after planting. In [[Brazil]], it is a viable solution for the heart of palm cultivation industry because its agricultural characteristics are adequate for it to be beneficial to substitute it for other native palms such as species of ''[[Euterpe (genus)|Euterpe]]'' including ''[[Euterpe oleracea]]'' (known as ''açaí'') and ''[[Euterpe edulis]]'' (known as ''juçara''), that have been extensively exploited and are protected as endangered species. The Brazilian domestic market for heart of palm is about five times bigger than the external one; however, there is an increasing demand for this product internationally as it is increasingly used in international [[cookery]]. In addition, the cultivation of ''Bactris gasipaes'' is also economically important for [[Costa Rica]].
;Composition of 100 g of pulp:
164 [[calorie]]s, 2.5 g of [[protein]], 28 mg of [[calcium]], 31 mg of [[phosphorus]], 3.3 mg of [[iron]], 1,500 mmg of [[vitamin A]], 0.06 mg of [[vitamin B1]] and 34 mg of [[vitamin C]].
;Pest Susceptibility:
[[Mite]] (''Tetranychus mexicanus''), [[ant]] (Atta spp.), (''Rhychophorus palmarum''), (''Strategus aloeus'').
;Disease Susceptibility:
[[Anthracnose]] (''Colletotrichum gloesporioides''), [[Ascomycota|ascomycotic]] [[fungi]] (''Helminthosporium'' sp.), (''[[Phytophthora]]'' sp.), Mycosphaerella leaf spot disease (''Mycosphaerella'' sp.), [[brown rot]] (''Monilia'' sp.).
==References and external links==
*This text is based heavily on the [[:pt:Pupunha|corresponding article]] in the [[Portuguese (language)|Portuguese]] Wikipedia, accessed on [[29 March]] [[2005]].
*Schultes, Richard E. ([[1974]]). Palms and religion in the northwest Amazon. ''[[Principes (botany)|Principes]]'' 18 (1): 3-21. ''[[Astrocaryum vulgare]]'', '''''Bactris gasipaes''''', ''[[Euterpe oleracea]]'', ''[[Euterpe precatoria|E. precatoria]]'', ''[[Leopoldinia piassaba]]'', ''[[Maximiliana martiana]]'', ''[[Oenocarpus bacaba]]'', ''[[Socratea exorrhiza]]''
* [http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/Bactris_gasipaes.html ''Bactris gasipaes'' H.B.K.]
* [http://www.fao.org/docrep/T0646E/T0646E0l.htm Peach-palm (''Bactris gasipaes'')]
* [http://www.ipgri.cgiar.org/publications/pdf/155.pdf Mora-Urpi, J., Weber, J., & Clement, C. R. Peach palm (''Bactris gasipaeas'')].International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (pdf file).
* [http://www.ultraexotic.com/scripts/prodList.asp?idCategory=19 ''Chontaduro (Palm Fruit)'' Chontaduro uses, history and health benefits]
{{Commons|Bactris gasipaes}}
{{Wikispecies|Bactris gasipaes}}
[[Category:Bactris]]
[[Category:Trees of Brazil]]
[[Category:Trees of the Amazon]]
[[Category:Tropical agriculture]]
| color = lightgreen
| name = ''Bactris gasipaes''
| image = Pupunha (Bactris gasipaes) 2.jpg
| image_width = 240px
| image_caption = ''Bactris gasipaes'' palm
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
| classis = [[Liliopsida]]
| ordo = [[Arecales]]
| familia = [[Arecaceae]]
| genus = ''[[Bactris]]''
| species = '''''B. gasipaes'''''
| binomial = ''Bactris gasipaes''
| binomial_authority = [[Carl Sigismund Kunth|Kunth]]
}}
'''''Bactris gasipaes''''' is a species of [[Arecaceae|palm]] native to the [[tropical forest]]s of the [[South America|South]] and [[Central America]]. It is a palm which can typically grow to 20 m or taller, with pinnate [[leaf|leaves]] 3 m long on a 1 m long [[Petiole (botany)|petiole]]. The [[fruit]] is a [[drupe]] with an edible pulp surrounding the single [[seed]], 4-6 cm long and 3-5 cm broad. The rind ([[epicarp]]) of this wild palm can be red, yellow, or orange when the fruit is ripe depending on the variety of the palm.
[[Image:Pupunha (Bactris gasipaes) 7.jpg|thumb|left|''B. gasipaes'' fruits]]
''B. gasipaes'' is well known by the native [[population]]s where it usually grows up, and they having been used for centuries as food. They frequently eat the fruit stewed in salted water. However, it may be peeled and dressed with salt and honey, used to make [[compote]]s and [[Fruit preserves|jellies]], or also used to make [[flour]] and [[vegetable oil|edible oil]].
Many species of [[bird]]s feed on this wild palm, notably [[macaw]]s, [[parrot]]s and [[parakeet]]s, all members of the family [[Psittacidae]]. Some of these are [[endemic species]], which are in danger of [[extinction]].
Because the huge importance of ''B. gasipaes'' for the native populations, there are numerous [[common names]] for this plant in several [[language]]s and many [[country|countries]]. For example, in [[English language|English]]: peach-palm or pewa ([[Trinidad and Tobago]]), peyibay(e), and pejivalle; in [[Spanish language|Spanish]]: pejibaye ([[Costa Rica]], [[Nicaragua]]), chontaduro or chantaduro ([[Colombia]], [[Ecuador]]), pijuayo ([[Peru]]), pijiguao ([[Venezuela]]), tembé ([[Bolivia]]), pixbae (pronounced pibá) ([[Panama]]), and cachipay ([[Colombia]]); and in [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]: pupunheira, and pupunha ([[Brazil]]). In addition, there are several botanical [[synonym]]s, including ''Bactris ciliata'' (Ruiz & Pav.) Mart., ''B. insignis'' (Mart.) Baill., ''B. speciosa'' (Mart.) H. Karst., ''B. utilis'' (Oerst.) Benth. & Hook.f. ex Hemsl., ''Guilelma chontaduro'' Triana, ''G. ciliata'' (Ruiz & Pav.) H. Wendl., ''G. gasipaes'' (Kunth) L. H. Bailey, ''G. insignis'' Mart., ''G. speciosa'' Mart., ''G. utilis'' Oerst., and ''Martinezia ciliata'' Ruiz & Pav.
[[Image:Pixbae enlatado en panama.JPG|thumb|left|Panamanian pixbae ready for export]]
This plant may also be harvested for [[heart of palm]], and has commercial advantages in being fast growing; the first harvest can be from 18 to 24 months after planting. In [[Brazil]], it is a viable solution for the heart of palm cultivation industry because its agricultural characteristics are adequate for it to be beneficial to substitute it for other native palms such as species of ''[[Euterpe (genus)|Euterpe]]'' including ''[[Euterpe oleracea]]'' (known as ''açaí'') and ''[[Euterpe edulis]]'' (known as ''juçara''), that have been extensively exploited and are protected as endangered species. The Brazilian domestic market for heart of palm is about five times bigger than the external one; however, there is an increasing demand for this product internationally as it is increasingly used in international [[cookery]]. In addition, the cultivation of ''Bactris gasipaes'' is also economically important for [[Costa Rica]].
;Composition of 100 g of pulp:
164 [[calorie]]s, 2.5 g of [[protein]], 28 mg of [[calcium]], 31 mg of [[phosphorus]], 3.3 mg of [[iron]], 1,500 mmg of [[vitamin A]], 0.06 mg of [[vitamin B1]] and 34 mg of [[vitamin C]].
;Pest Susceptibility:
[[Mite]] (''Tetranychus mexicanus''), [[ant]] (Atta spp.), (''Rhychophorus palmarum''), (''Strategus aloeus'').
;Disease Susceptibility:
[[Anthracnose]] (''Colletotrichum gloesporioides''), [[Ascomycota|ascomycotic]] [[fungi]] (''Helminthosporium'' sp.), (''[[Phytophthora]]'' sp.), Mycosphaerella leaf spot disease (''Mycosphaerella'' sp.), [[brown rot]] (''Monilia'' sp.).
==References and external links==
*This text is based heavily on the [[:pt:Pupunha|corresponding article]] in the [[Portuguese (language)|Portuguese]] Wikipedia, accessed on [[29 March]] [[2005]].
*Schultes, Richard E. ([[1974]]). Palms and religion in the northwest Amazon. ''[[Principes (botany)|Principes]]'' 18 (1): 3-21. ''[[Astrocaryum vulgare]]'', '''''Bactris gasipaes''''', ''[[Euterpe oleracea]]'', ''[[Euterpe precatoria|E. precatoria]]'', ''[[Leopoldinia piassaba]]'', ''[[Maximiliana martiana]]'', ''[[Oenocarpus bacaba]]'', ''[[Socratea exorrhiza]]''
* [http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/Bactris_gasipaes.html ''Bactris gasipaes'' H.B.K.]
* [http://www.fao.org/docrep/T0646E/T0646E0l.htm Peach-palm (''Bactris gasipaes'')]
* [http://www.ipgri.cgiar.org/publications/pdf/155.pdf Mora-Urpi, J., Weber, J., & Clement, C. R. Peach palm (''Bactris gasipaeas'')].International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (pdf file).
* [http://www.ultraexotic.com/scripts/prodList.asp?idCategory=19 ''Chontaduro (Palm Fruit)'' Chontaduro uses, history and health benefits]
{{Commons|Bactris gasipaes}}
{{Wikispecies|Bactris gasipaes}}
[[Category:Bactris]]
[[Category:Trees of Brazil]]
[[Category:Trees of the Amazon]]
[[Category:Tropical agriculture]]
