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Kalmia (view source)

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{{SPlantbox
 
{{SPlantbox
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|familia=Ericaceae
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|genus=Kalmia
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|taxo_author=L.
 
|Temp Metric=°F
 
|Temp Metric=°F
 
|jumpin=If this plant info box on watering; zones; height; etc. is mostly empty you can click on the edit tab and fill in the blanks!
 
|jumpin=If this plant info box on watering; zones; height; etc. is mostly empty you can click on the edit tab and fill in the blanks!
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|image=Upload.png
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|image=Kalmia.jpg
 
|image_width=240
 
|image_width=240
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|image_caption=Kalmia angustifolia
 
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'''''Kalmia''''' is a [[genus]] of about 8 [[species]] of [[evergreen]] [[shrub]]s from 0.2-5 m tall, in the family [[Ericaceae]]. They are native to [[North America]] (mainly in the eastern half of the continent) and [[Cuba]]. They grow in [[acid]]ic soils, with different species in wet acid bog habitats (''K. angustifolia, K. polifolia'') and dry, sandy soils (''K. ericoides, K. latifolia'').
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''Kalmia'' is named after the Finnish botanist [[Pehr Kalm]], who collected it in eastern North America during the 18th Century.
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The [[leaf|leaves]] are 2-12 cm long, simple lanceolate, and arranged spirally on the stems. The [[flower]]s are white, pink or purple, in corymbs of 10-50, reminiscent of [[Rhododendron]] flowers but flatter, with a star-like calyx of five conjoined [[petal]]s; each flower is 1-3 cm diameter. The [[fruit]] is a five-lobed capsule, which splits to release the numerous small [[seed]]s.
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The foliage is toxic if eaten, with [[sheep]] being particularly prone to poisoning, hence the name '''lambkill''' used for some of the species.  Other names for Kalmia, particularly ''Kalmia angustifolia,'' are '''sheep-laurel, lamb-kill, calf-kill, kill-kid, and sheep-poison,'''<ref name="NHEST">[http://www.nhest.org/penquis/pentreelist.html Natural History Education, Science, Technology] regarding alternate names,  accessed March 30, 2007.</ref> which may be written with or without the hyphen. (See species list below.)  "Kid" here refers to a young [[goat]], not a human child, but the foliage and twigs are toxic to humans as well.
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Kalmias are popular [[garden]] shrubs, grown for their decorative flowers. They should not be planted where they are accessible to livestock due to the toxicity.
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{{Inc|
 
{{Inc|
 
Kalmia (after Peter Kalm, Swedish botanist, traveled from 1748 to 1751 in North America). Ericaceae. American Laurel. Ornamental shrubs grown for their handsome flowers and foliage.
 
Kalmia (after Peter Kalm, Swedish botanist, traveled from 1748 to 1751 in North America). Ericaceae. American Laurel. Ornamental shrubs grown for their handsome flowers and foliage.
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The kalmias thrive well in a sandy, peaty or loamy soil, but dislike clay and limestone. They grow almost as well in swamps as in drier locations and prefer partly shaded situations, but thrive well also in sunny places, provided there be sufficient moisture. They require generally almost the same treatment as the hardy rhododendron, but are less particular about soil and position. Transplanting, if carefully done either early in fall or in spring, is not difficult; a mulching the first season after planting will be of much advantage to keep the roots from drying in summer and from frost in winter. Propagation is usually by seeds sown in sandy, peaty soil in pans or boxes in early spring and kept in a coldframe or greenhouse. The seedlings should be pricked off as soon as they can be handled, and after they are again established gradually hardened off and the following year transplanted in frames or beds outdoors. Varieties of K. latifolia are usually increased by side-grafting on seedlings in the greenhouse or by layers, since it grows less readily from cuttings, while the other species may be propagated by cuttings of half-ripened wood under glass.
 
The kalmias thrive well in a sandy, peaty or loamy soil, but dislike clay and limestone. They grow almost as well in swamps as in drier locations and prefer partly shaded situations, but thrive well also in sunny places, provided there be sufficient moisture. They require generally almost the same treatment as the hardy rhododendron, but are less particular about soil and position. Transplanting, if carefully done either early in fall or in spring, is not difficult; a mulching the first season after planting will be of much advantage to keep the roots from drying in summer and from frost in winter. Propagation is usually by seeds sown in sandy, peaty soil in pans or boxes in early spring and kept in a coldframe or greenhouse. The seedlings should be pricked off as soon as they can be handled, and after they are again established gradually hardened off and the following year transplanted in frames or beds outdoors. Varieties of K. latifolia are usually increased by side-grafting on seedlings in the greenhouse or by layers, since it grows less readily from cuttings, while the other species may be propagated by cuttings of half-ripened wood under glass.
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{{Taxobox
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| color = lightgreen
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| name = ''Kalmia''
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| image = Kalmia.jpg
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| image_caption = ''Kalmia angustifolia''
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| regnum = [[Plantae]]
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| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
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| classis = [[Magnoliopsida]]
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| ordo = [[Ericales]]
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| familia = [[Ericaceae]]
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| genus = '''''Kalmia'''''
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| genus_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]
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| subdivision_ranks = [[Species]]
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| subdivision = See text.
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}}
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{{For|the record label|Kalmia Records}}
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'''''Kalmia''''' is a [[genus]] of about 7 [[species]] of [[evergreen]] [[shrub]]s from 0.2-5 m tall, in the family [[Ericaceae]]. They are native to [[North America]] (mainly in the eastern half of the continent) and [[Cuba]]. They grow in [[acid]]ic soils, with different species in wet acid bog habitats (''K. angustifolia, K. polifolia'') and dry, sandy soils (''K. ericoides, K. latifolia'').
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''Kalmia'' is named after the Finnish botanist [[Pehr Kalm]], who collected it in eastern North America.
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The [[leaf|leaves]] are 2-12 cm long, simple lanceolate, and arranged spirally on the stems. The [[flower]]s are white, pink or purple, in corymbs of 10-50, reminiscent of [[Rhododendron]] flowers but flatter, with a star-like calyx of five conjoined [[petal]]s; each flower is 1-3 cm diameter. The [[fruit]] is a five-lobed capsule, which splits to release the numerous small [[seed]]s.
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==Cultivation==
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The foliage is toxic if eaten, with [[sheep]] being particularly prone to poisoning, hence the name '''lambkill''' used for some of the species.  Other names for Kalmia, particularly ''Kalmia angustifolia,'' are '''sheep-laurel, lamb-kill, calf-kill, kill-kid, and sheep-poison,'''<ref name="NHEST">[http://www.nhest.org/penquis/pentreelist.html Natural History Education, Science, Technology] regarding alternate names,  accessed March 30, 2007.</ref> which may be written with or without the hyphen. (See species list below.)  "Kid" here refers to a young [[goat]], not a human child, but the foliage and twigs are toxic to humans as well.
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It has also been called '''[[spoonwood]]''' because Kalm was told by Dutch settlers of North America that Native Americans made spoons from the wood.<ref name="">[http://books.google.com/books?id=aD12iEgGUlgC&pg=PA61&lpg=PA61&dq=spoonwood+spoons&source=web&ots=hDhJ3qQ5FH&sig=0cI_-ay9QZumYMYTv14IzS2I7-4  Plants of Colonial Days] by Raymond Leech Taylor, p. 61. (1996) ISBN: 0486294048.  Accessed March 30, 2007.</ref> Given its toxicity, this may be folklore rather than scientific fact.
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===Propagation===
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Kalmias are popular [[garden]] shrubs, grown for their decorative flowers. They should not be planted where they are accessible to livestock due to the toxicity.
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''Kalmia'' species are used as food plants by the [[larva]]e of some [[Lepidoptera|lepidopteran]] species including ''[[Coleophora|Coleophora kalmiella]]'' which feeds exclusively on ''Kalmia''.
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===Pests and diseases===
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Species:
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== Species ==
 
* ''[[Kalmia angustifolia]]'' L. - Sheep-laurel, Lambkill
 
* ''[[Kalmia angustifolia]]'' L. - Sheep-laurel, Lambkill
 
* ''[[Kalmia carolina]]'' Small - Carolina Mountain-laurel
 
* ''[[Kalmia carolina]]'' Small - Carolina Mountain-laurel
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* ''[[Kalmia hirsuta]]'' Walt. - Hairy Mountain-laurel
 
* ''[[Kalmia hirsuta]]'' Walt. - Hairy Mountain-laurel
 
* ''[[Kalmia latifolia]]'' L. - [[Kalmia latifolia|Mountain-laurel]], Lambkill
 
* ''[[Kalmia latifolia]]'' L. - [[Kalmia latifolia|Mountain-laurel]], Lambkill
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* ''[[Kalmia microphylla]]'' (Hook.) A. Heller - Alpine laurel, Alpine Bog-laurel, Alpine Mountain-laurel, sometimes considered a variety or subspecies of ''[[Kalmia polifolia]]''
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* ''[[Kalmia occidentalis]]'' Small - Synonymous with ''[[Kalmia microphylla]]''
 
* ''[[Kalmia polifolia]]'' Wangenh. - Bog Kalmia, Bog-laurel
 
* ''[[Kalmia polifolia]]'' Wangenh. - Bog Kalmia, Bog-laurel
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** ''[[Kalmia polifolia]]'' var. ''microphylla'' (Hook.) Rehder - Alpine Bog-laurel, Alpine Mountain-laurel
      
The related [[Kalmiopsis]] (''Kalmiopsis leachiana'') is a rare shrub native to the [[Siskiyou Mountains]] of southwest [[Oregon]].
 
The related [[Kalmiopsis]] (''Kalmiopsis leachiana'') is a rare shrub native to the [[Siskiyou Mountains]] of southwest [[Oregon]].
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==Gallery==
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<gallery perrow=5>
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File:Kalmia2.JPG|
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File:Kalmia_microphylla_0602.JPG|''[[Kalmia microphylla]]''
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Image:Upload.png| photo 1
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Image:Upload.png| photo 2
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Image:Upload.png| photo 3
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</gallery>
    
==References==
 
==References==
 
<references/>
 
<references/>
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*[[Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture]], by L. H. Bailey, MacMillan Co., 1963
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<!--- xxxxx  *Flora: The Gardener's Bible, by Sean Hogan. Global Book Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0881925381  -->
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<!--- xxxxx  *American Horticultural Society: A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants, by Christopher Brickell, Judith D. Zuk. 1996. ISBN 0789419432  -->
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<!--- xxxxx  *Sunset National Garden Book. Sunset Books, Inc., 1997. ISBN 0376038608  -->
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==External links==
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*{{wplink}}
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[[Category:Ericaceae]]
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{{stub}}
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[[Category:Flora of Eastern United States]]
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__NOTOC__
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