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{{SPlantbox
| name = ''Fragaria''
|familia=Rosaceae
| common_names = Strawberry
|genus=Fragraria
| growth_habit = herbaceous
|common_name=Strawberry
| high = ? <!--- 1m (3 ft) -->
|habit=herbaceous
|lifespan=perennial
|exposure=sun
|water=moist, moderate
| lifespan = <!--- perennial, annual, etc -->
|features=edible, fruit, ground cover
| exposure = ? <!--- full sun, part-sun, semi-shade, shade, indoors, bright filtered (you may list more than 1) -->
|Temp Metric=°F
| water = ? <!--- frequent, regular, moderate, drought tolerant, let dry then soak -->
|image=Strawberries picked.jpg
| features = <!--- flowers, fragrance, fruit, naturalizes, invasive -->
|image_width=240
|image_caption=Harvested strawberries
| bloom = <!--- seasons which the plant blooms, if it is grown for its flowers -->
| image = Strawberries picked.jpg
| image_width = 240px <!--- leave as 240px if horizontal orientation photo, or change to 180px if vertical -->
| image_caption = Harvested strawberries
}}
}}
'''''Fragaria''''' is a [[genus]] of [[flowering plant]]s in the [[rose]] family, [[Rosaceae]], commonly known as '''strawberries''' for their edible [[fruit]]s. Originally straw was used as a [[mulch]] in cultivating the plants, which may have led to its name.<ref>[http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/strawberry Wiktionary entry for "strawberry"]</ref> There are more than 20 described [[species]] and many [[Hybrid (biology)#Hybrid plants|hybrids]] and [[cultivar]]s. The most common strawberries grown commercially are cultivars of the [[Garden strawberry]] (''Fragaria ×ananassa''). Strawberries have a taste that varies by cultivar, and ranges from quite sweet to rather tart. Strawberries are an important commercial fruit crop, widely grown in all temperate regions of the world.
==Cultivation==
{{edit-cult}}<!--- Type cultivation info below this line, then delete this entire line -->
===Propagation===
{{edit-prop}}<!--- Type propagation info below this line, then delete this entire line -->
===Pests and diseases===
{{edit-pests}}<!--- Type pest/disease info below this line, then delete this entire line -->
==Species==
There are more than 20 different ''Fragaria'' species worldwide. Key to the classification of strawberry species is recognizing that they vary in the number of [[chromosome]]s. There are seven basic ''types'' of chromosomes that they all have in common. However, they exhibit different [[polyploidy]]. Some species are diploid, having two sets of the seven chromosomes (14 chromosomes total). Others are tetraploid (four sets, 28 chromosomes total), hexaploid (six sets, 42 chromosomes total), octoploid (eight sets, 56 chromosomes total), or decaploid (ten sets, 70 chromosomes total).
As a rough rule (with exceptions), strawberry species with more chromosomes tend to be more robust and produce larger plants with larger berries (Darrow).
;Diploid species
[[Image:Fragaria vesca 2.jpg|thumb|right|Woodland Strawberry (''[[Fragaria vesca]]'')]]
[[Image:Diva jagoda.JPG|thumb|right|''Fragaria sp.'']]
*''[[Fragaria daltoniana]]'' <small>J.Gay</small> (Himalayas)
*''[[Fragaria iinumae]]'' <small>Makino</small> (East [[Russia]], Japan)
*''[[Fragaria nilgerrensis]]'' <small>Schlecht. ex J.Gay</small> ([[South Asia|South]] and [[Southeast Asia]])
*''[[Fragaria nipponica]]'' <small>[[Tomitaro Makino|Makino]]</small> ([[Japan]])
*''[[Fragaria nubicola]]'' <small>[[John Lindley|Lindl.]] ex [[Charles Carmichael Lacaita|Lacaita]]</small> ([[Himalayas]])
*''[[Fragaria vesca]]'' <small>[[Frederick Vernon Coville|Coville]]</small> - Woodland Strawberry ([[Northern Hemisphere]])
*''[[Fragaria viridis]]'' <small>[[Antoine Nicolas Duchesne|Duchesne]]</small> ([[Europe]], Central Asia)
*''[[Fragaria yezoensis]]'' <small>[[Hiroshi Hara (botanist)|H.Hara]]</small> (Northeast Asia)
;Tetraploid species
*''[[Fragaria moupinensis]]'' <small>Cardot</small> (China)
*''[[Fragaria orientalis]]'' <small></small> -
;Hexaploid species
*''Fragaria moschata'' <small>[[Antoine Nicolas Duchesne|Duchesne]]</small> - [[Musk strawberry]] (Europe)
;Octoploid species and hybrids
*''Fragaria ×ananassa'' <small>Duchesne</small> - [[Garden strawberry]]
*''[[Fragaria chiloensis]]'' <small>([[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]) [[Philip Miller|Mill.]]</small> - Beach strawberry (Western [[Americas]])
**''Fragaria chiloensis'' subsp. ''chiloensis'' forma ''chiloensis''
**''Fragaria chiloensis'' subsp. ''chiloensis'' forma ''patagonica'' ([[Argentina]], [[Chile]])
**''Fragaria chiloensis'' subsp. ''lucida'' <small>(E. Vilm. ex Gay) Staudt</small> ([[Pacific coast#North America|coast]] of [[British Columbia]], [[Washington]], [[Oregon]], [[California]])
**''Fragaria chiloensis'' subsp. ''pacifica'' <small>[[Günther Staudt|Staudt]]</small> (coast of [[Alaska]], British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, California)
**''Fragaria chiloensis'' subsp. ''sandwicensis'' <small>([[Joseph Decaisne|Decne.]]) Staudt</small> - ''{{okina}}Ōhelo papa'' ([[Hawaii|Hawai{{okina}}i]])
*''Fragaria iturupensis'' <small>[[Günther Staudt|Staudt]]</small> - [[Iturup Strawberry]] ([[Iturup]], [[Kuril Islands]])
*''Fragaria virginiana'' <small>Mill.</small> - [[Virginia Strawberry]] ([[North America]])
;Decaploid species and hybrids
*[[Fragaria × Potentilla hybrids]]
*''[[Fragaria × vescana|Fragaria ×vescana]]''
Numerous other species have been proposed. Some are now recognized as subspecies of one of the above species (see GRIN taxonomy database).
The [[Mock Strawberry]] and [[Barren Strawberry]], which both bear resemblance to ''Fragaria'', are closely related species in the genus ''[[Potentilla]]''. The [[Strawberry Tree]] (''Arbutus unedo'') is an unrelated species.
==Gallery==
{{photo-sources}}<!-- remove this line if there are already 3 or more photos in the gallery -->
<gallery>
Image:Strawberry surface closeup.jpg|Closeup of the surface of a strawberry
Image:StrawberryWatercolor.jpg|Strawberry Watercolor
Image:Whole_wild_strawberry_plant_UK_2006.JPG|A wild strawberry plant, showing characteristic shape
Image:Strawberrypollination2102.JPG|Strawberry farms generally add hives of [[Western honey bee|honeybees]] to [[pollination management|improve pollination]]
Image:Giant_strawberry.JPG|A large strawberry.
Image:ChocolateCoveredStrawberries.jpg|Assorted chocolate strawberries
Image:Strawberry farm in DaHu Taiwan.JPG|Strawberry farm in DaHu, [[Taiwan]]
</gallery>
==Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture==
{{Inc|
{{Inc|
[[Image:Strawberry flower.jpg|thumb|Strawberry flowers and developing fruit]]
[[Image:Strawberry flower.jpg|thumb|Strawberry flowers and developing fruit]]
Strawberry. The species of Fragaria, grown for the fruit. (For the morphology of the strawberry fruit, see Vol. I, page 40.)
Strawberry. The species of Fragaria, grown for the fruit.
The strawberry is an herbaceous perennial. It naturally propagates itself by means of runners that form chiefly after the blooming season. Seedage is practised only with the Alpines, and in raising new varieties. Division of the crown is useful for propagating varieties that are practically runnerless, as the Bush Alpine and Pan-American. The runner plants, either transplanted or allowed to remain where they form, will bear the following year. Usually the plants will continue to bear for five or six years, but the first and second crops are generally the best. Good results are sometimes secured from plants over ten years old, especially when they are grown under hill training and intensive culture, but this is a special practice. It is therefore the custom to plow up strawberry beds after they have borne from one to three crops. The better the land and the more intensive the cultivation, the shorter the rotation. In market-gardening areas and in some of the very best strawberry regions, the plants are allowed to fruit but once. The plants therefore occupy the land only one year and the crop works into schemes of short-rotation cropping. When the bed is fruited more than one year it should be renewed immediately after the crop is harvested. In the case of matted or spaced rows, this consists of reducing the number of old plants, using the plow, disc-harrow, cultivator, or hoe, and in stirring the soil to provide favorable conditions for the rooting of new runners. It is customary, also, to mow the leaves and burn them. In the case of hill or hedge-row plants, renewal consists of mowing and in drawing about an inch of fresh soil around the plants, so that new roots will form above the old ones. Throughout the North, and as far south as Kentucky and Missouri, beds are fruited but one year, occasionally two, rarely longer. In Florida and the coastal plain of the Gulf states, the plants occupy the ground but six to eight months. In the lower Mississippi Valley and on the Pacific coast, beds are fruited three to six years. The strawberry delights in a rich rather moist soil and a cool season. It can be grown in the cool part of the year in the South and thereby becomes one of the most cosmopolitan of fruits. The young plants may be separated from the parent and put into new plantations in August; but under average conditions in the North it is usually better to wait until early the following spring, since the weather is likely to be too hot and dry in the late summer or fall. South of Virginia, Tennessee, and Arkansas, and on the Pacific coast, most of the planting is done in the fall or winter months. Plants that have not borne are best for setting. They are plants of the season: that is, plants which start in the spring of 1916 are fit for planting in the late summer or fall of 1916 or in the spring of 1917. These plants have many long, fresh, light-colored roots. Fig. 3714 shows such a plant, with the roots trimmed for planting. Fig. 3715 shows a plant that has borne. This plant bore fruit, say, in 1915, and has thrown up a new crown in 1916. The old dead crown is seen at the right. The young growth is lateral to this old crown. The roots are relatively few and are hard and black. These plants sometimes make good plantations under extra good care, but generally they should be avoided.
The strawberry is an herbaceous perennial. It naturally propagates itself by means of runners that form chiefly after the blooming season. Seedage is practised only with the Alpines, and in raising new varieties. Division of the crown is useful for propagating varieties that are practically runnerless, as the Bush Alpine and Pan-American. The runner plants, either transplanted or allowed to remain where they form, will bear the following year. Usually the plants will continue to bear for five or six years, but the first and second crops are generally the best. Good results are sometimes secured from plants over ten years old, especially when they are grown under hill training and intensive culture, but this is a special practice. It is therefore the custom to plow up strawberry beds after they have borne from one to three crops. The better the land and the more intensive the cultivation, the shorter the rotation. In market-gardening areas and in some of the very best strawberry regions, the plants are allowed to fruit but once. The plants therefore occupy the land only one year and the crop works into schemes of short-rotation cropping. When the bed is fruited more than one year it should be renewed immediately after the crop is harvested. In the case of matted or spaced rows, this consists of reducing the number of old plants, using the plow, disc-harrow, cultivator, or hoe, and in stirring the soil to provide favorable conditions for the rooting of new runners. It is customary, also, to mow the leaves and burn them. In the case of hill or hedge-row plants, renewal consists of mowing and in drawing about an inch of fresh soil around the plants, so that new roots will form above the old ones. Throughout the North, and as far south as Kentucky and Missouri, beds are fruited but one year, occasionally two, rarely longer. In Florida and the coastal plain of the Gulf states, the plants occupy the ground but six to eight months. In the lower Mississippi Valley and on the Pacific coast, beds are fruited three to six years. The strawberry delights in a rich rather moist soil and a cool season. It can be grown in the cool part of the year in the South and thereby becomes one of the most cosmopolitan of fruits. The young plants may be separated from the parent and put into new plantations in August; but under average conditions in the North it is usually better to wait until early the following spring, since the weather is likely to be too hot and dry in the late summer or fall. South of Virginia, Tennessee, and Arkansas, and on the Pacific coast, most of the planting is done in the fall or winter months. Plants that have not borne are best for setting. They are plants of the season: that is, plants which start in the spring of 1916 are fit for planting in the late summer or fall of 1916 or in the spring of 1917. These plants have many long, fresh, light-colored roots. Fig. 3714 shows such a plant, with the roots trimmed for planting. Fig. 3715 shows a plant that has borne. This plant bore fruit, say, in 1915, and has thrown up a new crown in 1916. The old dead crown is seen at the right. The young growth is lateral to this old crown. The roots are relatively few and are hard and black. These plants sometimes make good plantations under extra good care, but generally they should be avoided.
Fragaria (Latin, fragrance, from the smell of the fruit). Rosaceae. Strawberry. Low perennial creeping herbs grown for the excellent fruit, and one or two species for ornament.
Fragaria (Latin, fragrance, from the smell of the fruit). Rosaceae. Strawberry. Low perennial creeping herbs grown for the excellent fruit, and one or two species for ornament.
Plant stemless, with scaly rootstock or crown, and rooting runners: lvs. palmately 3-foliolate and toothed, all from the crown: fls. white or reddish, in corymbose racemes on slender, leafless scapes, sometimes lacking stamens; calyx deeply 5-lobcd and reinforced by 5 sepal-like bracts; petals 5, obovate, elliptic or orbicular; stamens many, short; pistils many, on a conical receptacle, becoming small and hard achenes and persisting on the enlarging receptacle, which becomes pulpy and edible.—The fragarias are exceedingly variable. About 150 specific names have been applied to them, but Bentham and Hooker would reduce them all to 3 or 4 species, and Focke (in Engler & Prantl) to about 8. Rydberg, however, accepts 27 N. American species (N. Amer. Flora, XXII, part 4. 1908). Of the true fragarias, about 4 species-types are interesting to the horticulturist as the parents of the garden strawberries:—F. chiloensis, the probable original of the ordinary cultivated strawberries of Amer.; F. virginiana, which was early domesticated, and of which some trace still remains in cult, varieties; F. moschata, the Hautbois, and F. vesca, the alpine and perpetual strawberries, which are little cult, in this country. The classical work on strawberries is Duchesne's "Histoire Naturelle des Fraisiers," 1766. See Strawberry. For Fragaria indica, see Duchesnea.
Plant stemless, with scaly rootstock or crown, and rooting runners: lvs. palmately 3-foliolate and toothed, all from the crown: fls. white or reddish, in corymbose racemes on slender, leafless scapes, sometimes lacking stamens; calyx deeply 5-lobed and reinforced by 5 sepal-like bracts; petals 5, obovate, elliptic or orbicular; stamens many, short; pistils many, on a conical receptacle, becoming small and hard achenes and persisting on the enlarging receptacle, which becomes pulpy and edible.—The fragarias are exceedingly variable. Of the true fragarias, about 4 species-types are interesting to the horticulturist as the parents of the garden strawberries:—F. chiloensis, the probable original of the ordinary cultivated strawberries of Amer.; F. virginiana, which was early domesticated, and of which some trace still remains in cult, varieties; F. moschata, the Hautbois, and F. vesca, the alpine and perpetual strawberries, which are little cult, in this country.
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==References==
==References==
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