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Trifolium (view source)

Revision as of 05:27, 30 April 2010

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'''Clover''' ('''''Trifolium'''''), or '''trefoil''', is a [[genus]] of about 300 [[species]] of [[plant]]s in the pea family [[Fabaceae]]. The genus has a [[cosmopolitan distribution]]; the highest diversity is found in the temperate [[Northern Hemisphere]], but many species also occur in [[South America]] and [[Africa]], including at high altitudes on mountains in the tropics. They are small [[annual plant|annual]], [[biennial plant|biennial]], or short-lived [[perennial plant|perennial]] [[herbaceous]] plants. The leaves are trifoliate (rarely 5- or 7-foliate), with stipules adnate to the leaf-stalk, and heads or dense spikes of small red, purple, white, or yellow flowers; the small, few-seeded pods are enclosed in the [[flower|calyx]]. Other closely related genera often called clovers include ''[[Melilotus]]'' ([[sweet clover]]) and ''[[Medicago]]'' ([[alfalfa]] or 'calvary clover'). The "[[shamrock]]" of popular iconography is sometimes considered to be young clover. The scientific name derives from the [[Latin]] ''tres'', "three", and ''folium'', "leaf", so called from the characteristic form of the leaf, which has three [[leaflet]]s (trifoliate); hence the popular name [[trefoil]]. Clovers are used as food plants by the [[larva]]e of some [[Lepidoptera]] ([[butterfly]] and [[moth]]) species; see [[list of Lepidoptera that feed on clovers]].
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Clover has for a long time formed a staple crop for soiling, for several reasons: it grows freely, shooting up again after repeated mowings; it produces an abundant crop; it is palatable to and nutritious for [[livestock]]; it grows in a great range of [[soil]]s and [[climate]]s; and it is appropriate for either pasturage or green composting.
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In many areas, particularly on acidic soil, clover is short-lived because of a combination of insect pests, diseases and nutrient balance; this is known as "clover sickness". When [[crop rotation]]s are managed so that clover does not recur at shorter intervals than eight years, it grows with much of its pristine vigour.
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Clover sickness in more recent times may also be linked to [[pollinator decline]]; clovers are most efficiently pollinated by [[bumblebee]]s, which have declined as a result of agricultural intensification{{Citation needed|date=May 2009}}. [[Honeybee]]s can also pollinate clover, and [[beekeeper]]s are often in heavy demand from farmers with clover pastures. Farmers enjoy the benefits of increased reseeding that occurs with increased bee activity, which means that future clover yields remain abundant. Beekeepers benefit from the clover bloom as clover is one of the main [[Northern Nectar Sources for Honeybees|nectar sources for honeybees]].
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''T. repens'', White or Dutch clover, is a perennial abundant in meadows and good pastures. The flowers are white or pinkish, becoming brown and deflexed as the corolla fades. ''T. hybridum'', Alsike or Swedish clover, is a perennial which was introduced early in the 19th century and has now become naturalized in Britain. The flowers are white or rosy, and resemble those of the last species. ''T. medium'', meadow or zigzag clover, a perennial with straggling flexuous stems and rose-purple flowers, is of little agricultural value.
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Other British species are: ''T. arvense'', Hare's-foot trefoil; found in fields and dry pastures, a soft hairy plant with minute white or pale pink flowers and feathery sepals; ''T. fragiferum'', Strawberry clover, with densely-flowered, globose, rose-purple heads and swollen calyxes; ''T. procumbens'', Hop trefoil, on dry pastures and roadsides, the heads of pale yellow flowers suggesting miniature hops; and the somewhat similar ''T. minus'', common in pastures and roadsides, with smaller heads and small yellow flowers turning dark brown. The last named is often called shamrock.
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Trifolium (name refers to the three leaflets). Leguminosae. Clover. Low annual and perennial herbs, useful for cover-crops, soil-enrichment, and also in lawn-seed mixtures.
 
Trifolium (name refers to the three leaflets). Leguminosae. Clover. Low annual and perennial herbs, useful for cover-crops, soil-enrichment, and also in lawn-seed mixtures.
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==Cultivation==
 
==Cultivation==
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===Propagation===
 
===Propagation===
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===Pests and diseases===
 
===Pests and diseases===
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==Species==
 
==Species==
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<!-- This section should be renamed Cultivars if it appears on a page for a species (rather than genus), or perhaps Varieties if there is a mix of cultivars, species, hybrids, etc    -->
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Selected species:
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{|
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* ''[[Trifolium africanum]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium albopurpureum]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium alexandrinum]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium amabile]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium ambiguum]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium amoenum]]'' <small>[[Edward Lee Greene|Greene]]</small> - Showy Indian Clover ([[California]] in the [[United States]])<!-- [[Special:Contributions/189.237.97.73|189.237.97.73]] ([[User talk:189.237.97.73|talk]]) 03:04, 1 April 2009 (UTC) -->
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* ''[[Trifolium andersonii]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium andinum]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium angustifolium]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium arvense]]'' <small>[[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]</small> - Hare's-foot clover (Europe, Western Asia)
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* ''[[Trifolium attenuatum]]''
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* ''Trifolium aureum'' <small>Pollich</small> - [[Large Hop Trefoil]] (central and southern [[Europe]])
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* ''[[Trifolium barbigerum]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium beckwithii]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium bejariense]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium bifidum]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium bolanderi]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium brandegeei]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium breweri]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium buckwestiorum]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium calcaricum]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium campestre]]'' <small>[[Johann Christian Daniel von Schreber|Schreb.]]</small> - Hop Trefoil (Europe, Western Asia)
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* ''[[Trifolium carolinianum]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium cernuum]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium ciliolatum]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium cyathiferum]]'' Cup clover ([[Western United States]])
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* ''[[Trifolium dalmaticum]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium dasyphyllum]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium dedeckerae]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium depauperatum]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium dichotomum]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium douglasii]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium dubium]]'' <small>[[John Sibthorp|Sibth.]]</small> - Lesser Hop Trefoil
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* ''[[Trifolium echinatum]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium eriocephalum]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium fragiferum]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium friscanum]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium fucatum]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium glomeratum]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium gracilentum]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium gymnocarpon]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium haydenii]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium hirtum]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium howellii]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium hybridum]]'' <small>L.</small> - Alsike Clover
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* ''[[Trifolium incarnatum]]'' <small>L.</small> - Crimson Clover (Europe)
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* ''[[Trifolium jokerstii]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium kingii]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium lappaceum]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium latifolium]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium leibergii]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium lemmonii]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium longipes]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium lupinaster]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium macraei]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium macrocephalum]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium medium]]'' <small>L.</small>
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* ''[[Trifolium michelianum]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium microcephalum]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium microdon]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium minutissimum]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium monanthum]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium mucronatum]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium nanum]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium neurophyllum]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium nigrescens]]'' <small>[[Domenico Viviani|Viv.]]</small> ([[Mediterranean Basin]])
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* ''[[Trifolium obtusiflorum]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium oliganthum]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium olivaceum]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium ornithopodioides]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium owyheense]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium pannonicum]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium parryi]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium patens]]'' <small>Schreb.</small><!-- BiolConserv137:248. -->
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* ''[[Trifolium pignantii]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium pinetorum]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium plumosum]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium polymorphum]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium pratense]]'' <small>L.</small> - Red clover (Europe, Western Asia, Northwestern Africa)
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* ''[[Trifolium productum]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium purpureum]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium pygmaeum]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium reflexum]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium repens]]'' <small>L.</small> - [[Shamrock]] (white clover) (Europe, Northern Africa, Western Asia)
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* ''[[Trifolium resupinatum]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium rollinsii]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium rubens]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium rueppellianum]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium scabrum]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium semipilosum]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium siskiyouense]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium spumosum]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium squamosum]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium stoloniferum]]'' <small>Muhl. ex A. Eaton</small> - Running Buffalo Clover ([[Eastern United States|Eastern]] and [[Midwestern United States]])
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* ''[[Trifolium striatum]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium subterraneum]]'' <small>L.</small> - Subterranean clover (Northwestern Europe)
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* ''[[Trifolium suffocatum]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium thompsonii]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium tomentosum]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium trichocalyx]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium uniflorum]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium variegatum]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium vesiculosum]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium virginicum]]''
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* ''[[Trifolium willdenovii]]'' <small>[[Curt Polycarp Joachim Sprengel|Spreng.]]</small> - Tomcat clover ([[Western United States]], [[British Columbia]] in [[Canada]])
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* ''[[Trifolium wormskioldii]]'' <small>[[Johann Georg Christian Lehmann|Lehm.]]</small> - Cow clover ([[Western United States]], [[British Columbia]] in [[Canada]], northern [[Mexico]])
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==Gallery==
 
==Gallery==
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File:Trifolium repens in Kullu distt W IMG 6655.jpg|''[[Trifolium repens]]'' in  [[Kullu]] District of [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[India]].
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<gallery>
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File:Trifolium uniflorum (flowers).jpg|Oneflower clover (''Trifolium uniflorum'')
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Image:Upload.png| photo 1
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File:Five-leaf Clover, Megan McCarty128.jpg
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Image:Upload.png| photo 2
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File:Four-leaf clover.jpg
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Image:Upload.png| photo 3
   
</gallery>
 
</gallery>
    
==References==
 
==References==
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*[[Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture]], by L. H. Bailey, MacMillan Co., 1963
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<references/>
 
<!--- xxxxx  *Flora: The Gardener's Bible, by Sean Hogan. Global Book Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0881925381  -->
 
<!--- xxxxx  *Flora: The Gardener's Bible, by Sean Hogan. Global Book Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0881925381  -->
 
<!--- xxxxx  *American Horticultural Society: A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants, by Christopher Brickell, Judith D. Zuk. 1996. ISBN 0789419432  -->
 
<!--- xxxxx  *American Horticultural Society: A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants, by Christopher Brickell, Judith D. Zuk. 1996. ISBN 0789419432  -->
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