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|habit=bulbous
|habit=bulbous
|habit_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia
|habit_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia
|origin=S Europe & N Africa to NE China
|lifespan=perennial
|exposure=sun
|sun_ref=Sunset National Garden Book
|water=moderate, less when dormant
|water_ref=Sunset National Garden Book
|features=flowers
|flower_season=early spring, mid spring, late spring
|flower_ref=Sunset National Garden Book
|Temp Metric=°F
|Temp Metric=°F
|jumpin=If this plant info box on watering; zones; height; etc. is mostly empty you can click on the edit tab and fill in the blanks!
|sunset_zones=1-24, 28-45, needs chill
|image=Upload.png
|image=Lily flowered tulip.jpg
|image_width=240
|image_width=240
|image_caption=Lily flowered tulip
}}
}}
A '''tulip''' is a bulbous [[plant]] in the [[genus]] '''''Tulipa''''', comprising 109 species<ref name="WCSP">{{cite web|url=http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/|title=WCSP |work= World Checklist of Selected Plant Families|accessdate=2010}}</ref> with showy [[flower]]s, in the family [[Liliaceae]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=133974 |title=Tulipa in Flora of North America @ |publisher=Efloras.org |date= |accessdate=2009-12-07}}</ref> The species native range includes southern [[Europe]], North [[Africa]], and [[Asia]] from [[Anatolia]] and [[Iran]] in the west to northeast of [[China]]. The centre of diversity of the genus is in the [[Pamir Mountains|Pamir]] and [[Hindu Kush]] mountains and the [[steppe]]s of [[Kazakhstan]]. A number of species and many [[hybrid (biology)|hybrid]] [[cultivar]]s are grown in gardens, used as pot plants or as fresh cut flowers. Most cultivars of tulip are derived from ''[[Tulipa gesneriana]]''.
| common_names = Tulip
The species are [[perennial plant|perennial]]s from [[bulb]]s, the tunicate bulbs often produced on the ends of [[stolon]]s and covered with hairless to variously hairy papery coverings. The species include short low-growing plants to tall upright plants, growing from 10 to 70 centimeters (4–27 [[inch|in]]) tall. They can even grow in the cold and snowy winter. Plants typically have 2 to 6 leaves, with some species having up to 12 leaves. The [[cauline]] foliage is strap-shaped, waxy-coated, usually light to medium green and alternately arranged. The blades are somewhat fleshy and linear to oblong in shape. The large [[flower]]s are produced on [[scape]]s or subscapose stems normally lacking [[bract]]s. The stems have no leaves to a few leaves, with large species having some leaves and smaller species have none. Typically species have one flower per stem but a few species have up to four flowers. The colourful and attractive cup shaped flowers typically have three [[petal]]s and three [[sepals]], which are most often termed [[tepal]]s because they are nearly identical. The six petaloid tepals are often marked near the bases with darker markings. The flowers have six basifixed, distinct [[stamen]]s with filaments shorter than the tepals and the stigmas are districtly 3-lobed. The ovaries are superior with three chambers. The 3 angled [[fruit]]s are leathery textured [[capsule (fruit)|capsule]]s, ellipsoid to subglobose in shape, containing numerous flat disc-shaped [[seed]]s in two rows per locule.<ref>Flora of North America Editorial Committee. 2002. Flora of North America. north of Mexico Vol. 26, orchidales.'' New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195152085 26 Page 199</ref> The flat, light to dark brown seeds are arranged in two rows per chamber and have very thin seed coats and endosperm that does not normally fill the entire seed coat.<ref name="tulips: taxonomy,">{{Cite book | last1 = Botschantzeva | first1 = Z. P. | title = Tulips: taxonomy, morphology, cytology, phytogeography and physiology |url = http://books.google.com/books?id=1S8aoPCftE0C&pg=PA120& | date = 1982 | publisher = CRC Press| location = | isbn = 9061910293 | page = 120 }}</ref>
| growth_habit = bulbous
| high = ? <!--- 1m (3 ft) -->
| origin = S Europe & N Africa to NE China
| poisonous = <!--- indicate parts of plants which are known/thought to be poisonous -->
| lifespan = perennial{{SSN}}
| exposure = full sun{{SSN}}
| water = regular (during growth){{SSN}}
| features = flowers
| bloom = Spring{{SSN}}
| usda_zones = ? <!--- eg. 8-11 -->
| color = IndianRed
| image = Lily flowered tulip.jpg
| image_width = 240px <!--- leave as 240px if horizontal orientation photo, or change to 180px if vertical -->
| image_caption = Lily flowered tulip
| familia = Liliaceae
| subfamilia = Lilioideae
| genus = Tulipa
}}
{{Inc|
{{Inc|
[[File:Tulip 00126-27.jpg|thumb|]]
[[File:Tulip 00126-27.jpg|thumb|]]
==Cultivation==
==Cultivation==
Tulips are indigenous to [[mountainous]] areas with [[temperate climate]]s and need a period of cool dormancy. They do best in climates with long cool springs and early summers, but are often grown as spring blooming annual plantings in warmer areas of the world. The bulbs are typically planted in late summer and fall, normally from 10 to 20 cm (4 to 8 in.) deep, depending on the type planted, in well-drained soils. In parts of the world that do not have long cool springs and early summers, the bulbs are often planted up to 12 inches deep; this provides some protection from the heat of summer and tends to force the plants to regenerate one large bulb each year instead of many smaller non-blooming ones. This can extend the usefulness of the plants in warmer areas a few years but not stave off the degradation in bulb size and eventual death of the plants.
===Propagation===
===Propagation===
{{edit-prop}}<!--- Type propagation info below this line, then delete this entire line -->
Tulips can be propagated through [[offsets]], [[seed]]s or [[micropropagation]].<ref>Nishiuchi, Y. 1986. ''MULTIPLICATION OF TULIP BULB BY TISSUE CULTURE IN VITRO.'' Acta Hort. (ISHS) 177:279-284
http://www.actahort.org/books/177/177_40.htm</ref> Offsets and Tissue Culture methods are means of [[asexual reproduction|asexual]] propagation, they are used to produce [[gene]]tic [[cloning|clone]]s of the parent plant, which maintains cultivar integrity. Seed raised plants show greater variation, and seeds are most often used to propagate species and subspecies or are used for the creation of new hybrids. Many tulip species can cross pollinate with each other; when wild tulip populations overlap with other species or subspecies, they often hybridize and have populations of mixed plants. Most tulip cultivars are complex hybrids and sterile; those plants that do produce seeds most often have offspring dissimilar to the parents.
Tulip growers using offsets to produce salable plants need a year or more of growth before plants are large enough to flower; tulips grown from seeds often need five to eight years of growth before plants are flowering size. Commercial growers harvest the bulbs in late summer and grade them into sizes; bulbs large enough to flower are sorted and sold, while smaller bulbs are sorted into sizes and replanted. Holland is the main producer of commercially sold plants, producing as many as 3 billion bulbs annually. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.floridata.com/ref/T/tulip_spp.cfm |title=Tulipa spp |publisher=Floridata |date= |accessdate=2009-12-07}}</ref>
===Pests and diseases===
===Pests and diseases===
''Botrytis tulipae'' is a major fungal disease affecting tulips, causing cell death leading to rotten plants.<ref>A. Leon Reyes, T.P. Prins, J.-P. van Empel, J.M. van Tuyl ISHS Acta Horticulturae 673: IX International Symposium on Flower Bulbs.
''DIFFERENCES IN EPICUTICULAR WAX LAYER IN TULIP CAN INFLUENCE RESISTANCE TO BOTRYTIS TULIPAE''</ref> Other pathogens include Anthracnose, bacterial soft rot, blight caused by ''[[Sclerotium rolfsii]]'', bulb [[nematode]]s, other [[rot]]s including blue [[mold]]s, black molds and mushy rot.<ref>Westcott, Cynthia, and R. Kenneth Horst. 1979. ''Westcott's Plant disease handbook''. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold. ISBN 0442235437 page 709.</ref>
Historically variegated varieties admired during the Dutch [[tulipomania]] gained their delicately feathered patterns from an infection with [[Tulip Breaking potyvirus]], the mosaic virus that was carried by the green peach aphids, ''Myzus persicae''. Persicae were common in European gardens of the seventeenth century. While the virus produces fantastically colourful flowers, it also caused weakened plants that died slowly. Today the virus is almost eradicated from tulip growers' fields. Those Tulips affected by mosaic virus are called "Broken tulips"; they will occasionally revert to a plain or solid colouring, but still remain infected with the virus.
==Varieties==
In horticulture, tulips are divided up into fifteen groups (Divisions) mostly based on flower morphology and plant size.<ref>Brickell, Christopher, and Judith D. Zuk. 1997. ''The American Horticultural Society A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants''. New York, N.Y.: DK Pub. ISBN 0789419432 page 1028.</ref>
<ref>[http://www.theplantexpert.com/springbulbs/TulipIntro.html The Plant Expert: Tulips]</ref>
* '''Div. 1: Single early''' - with cup-shaped single flowers, no larger than 8cm across (3 inches). They bloom early to mid season. Growing 15 to 45cm tall.
* '''Div. 2: Double early''' - with fully double flowers, bowl shaped to 8cm across. Plants typically grow from 30-40cm tall.
* '''Div. 3: Triumph''' - single, cup shaped flowers up to 6cm wide. Plants grow 35-60cm tall and bloom mid to late season.
* '''Div. 4: Darwin hybrid''' - single flowers are ovoid in shape and up to 8cm wide. Plants grow 50-70cm tall and bloom mid to late season. This group should not be confused with older Darwin tulips, which belong in the Single Late Group below.
* '''Div. 5: Single late''' - cup or goblet-shaded flowers up to 8cm wide, some plants produce multi-flowering stems. Plants grow 45-75cm tall and bloom late season.
* '''Div. 6: Lilly-flowered'''
* '''Div. 7: Fringed (Crispa)'''
* '''Div. 8: Viridiflora'''
* '''Div. 9: Rembrandt'''
* '''Div. 10: Parrot'''
* '''Div. 11: Double late'''
* '''Div. 12: Kaufmanniana'''
* '''Div. 13: Fosteriana (Emperor)'''
* '''Div. 14: Griegii'''
* '''Div. 15: Species (Botanical)'''
* '''Div. 16: Multiflowering''' - not an official division, these tulips belong in the first 15 divisions but are often listed separately because they have multiple blooms per bulb.
They may also be classified by their flowering season:
<ref>[http://www.ipm.iastate.edu/ipm/hortnews/1998/9-4-1998/tulipclasses.html Iowa State University: Tulip Classes]</ref>
*Early flowering: Single Early Tulips, Double Early Tulips, Greigii Tulips, Kaufmanniana Tulips, Fosteriana Tulips, [[Species Tulips]]
*Mid-season flowering: Darwin Hybrid Tulips, Triumph Tulips, Parrot Tulips
*Late season flowering: Single Late Tulips, Double Late Tulips, Viridiflora Tulips, Lily-flowering Tulips, Fringed Tulips, Rembrandt Tulips
Selected Species{{wp}}:
Selected Species{{wp}}:
{|
{|
*''[[Tulipa acuminata]]'' (Horned Tulip)
*''[[Tulipa acuminata]]'' (Horned Tulip)
*''[[Tulipa agenensis]]'' (Eyed Tulip)
*''[[Tulipa agenensis]]'' (Eyed Tulip)
*''[[Tulipa albertii]]''
*''[[Tulipa aleppensis]]'' (Aleppo Tulip)
*''[[Tulipa aleppensis]]'' (Aleppo Tulip)
*''[[Tulipa armena]]''
*''[[Tulipa armena]]''
*''[[Tulipa cretica]]''
*''[[Tulipa cretica]]''
*''[[Tulipa cypria]]''
*''[[Tulipa cypria]]''
*''[[Tulipa Darwin hybrid group]]''
*''[[Tulipa dasystemon]]''
*''[[Tulipa dasystemon]]''
*''[[Tulipa didieri]]''
*''[[Tulipa didieri]]''
*''[[Tulipa edulis]]''
*''[[Tulipa edulis]]''
*''[[Tulipa ferganica]]''
*''[[Tulipa ferganica]]''
*''[[Tulipa fosteriana]]''
*''[[Tulipa gesneriana]]''
*''[[Tulipa gesneriana]]''
*''[[Tulipa goulimyi]]''
*''[[Tulipa goulimyi]]''
|
*''[[Tulipa greigii]]''
*''[[Tulipa greigii]]''
*''[[Tulipa grengiolensis]]''
*''[[Tulipa grengiolensis]]''
*''[[Tulipa heterophylla]]''
*''[[Tulipa heterophylla]]''
*''[[Tulipa whittalli]]''
*''[[Tulipa whittalli]]''
|}
|}
*[[Tulipa Hybrid Cultivars]]
==Gallery==
==Gallery==
<gallery perrow=5>
File:Tulipfarm.jpg
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Image:Upload.png| photo 1
Image:Upload.png| photo 2
Image:Upload.png| photo 2
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