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Salix fragilis (view source)

Revision as of 17:37, 7 May 2010

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{{SPlantbox
 
{{SPlantbox
 
|familia=Salicaceae
 
|familia=Salicaceae
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|genus=Salix  
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|genus=Salix
 
|species=fragilis
 
|species=fragilis
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|taxo_author=L.
 
|common_name=Brittle willow, Crack willow
 
|common_name=Brittle willow, Crack willow
 
|name_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia
 
|name_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia
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|usda_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia
 
|usda_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia
 
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|image=Salix fragilis 004.jpg
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__NOTOC__{{Plantbox
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| name = ''Salix fragilis''
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| common_names = Crack Willow
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| growth_habit =    <!--- tree, shrub, herbaceous, vine, etc -->
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| high =    <!--- 1m (3 ft) -->
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| wide =    <!--- 65cm (25 inches) -->
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| origin =    <!--- Mexico, S America, S Europe, garden, etc -->
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| poisonous =    <!--- indicate parts of plants which are known/thought to be poisonous -->
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| lifespan = perennial
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| exposure =    <!--- full sun, part-sun, semi-shade, shade, indoors, bright filtered (you may list more than 1) -->
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| water =    <!--- frequent, regular, moderate, drought tolerant, let dry then soak -->
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| features =    <!--- flowers, fragrance, fruit, naturalizes, invasive -->
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| hardiness =    <!--- frost sensitive, hardy, 5°C (40°F), etc -->
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| bloom =    <!--- seasons which the plant blooms, if it is grown for its flowers -->
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| usda_zones =    <!--- eg. 8-11 -->
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| sunset_zones =    <!--- eg. 8, 9, 12-24, not available -->
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| color = IndianRed
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| image = Salix fragilis 004.jpg
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| image_width = 180px    <!--- leave as 240px if horizontal orientation photo, or change to 180px if vertical -->
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| image_caption = Crack Willow
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| regnum = Plantae
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| divisio = Magnoliophyta
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| classis = Magnoliopsida
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| ordo = Malpighiales
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| familia = Salicaceae
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| genus = Salix
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| species = fragilis
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| subspecies =
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| cultivar =
   
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'''''Salix fragilis''''' ('''Crack Willow''') is a species of [[willow]] native to [[Europe]] and western [[Asia]], usually growing beside rivers.<ref name=rdm>Meikle, R. D. (1984). ''Willows and Poplars of Great Britain and Ireland''. BSBI Handbook No. 4. ISBN 0-901158-07-0.</ref><ref name=rushforth>Rushforth, K. (1999). ''Trees of Britain and Europe''. Collins ISBN 0-00-220013-9.</ref>
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It is a medium-sized to large [[deciduous]] [[tree]], which grows rapidly to 10–20 m (rarely to 29 m) tall, with a trunk up to 1 m diameter and an irregular, often leaning crown. The [[bark]] is grey-brown, coarsely fissured in older trees. The [[leaf|leaves]] are bright green, 9-15 cm long and 1.5-3 cm wide, with a finely serrated margin; they are very finely hairy at first in spring, but soon become hairless. The [[flower]]s are produced in [[catkin]]s in early spring, and pollinated by [[insect]]s. They are [[plant sexuality|dioecious]], with male and female catkins on separate trees; the male catkins are 4–6 cm long, the female catkins also 4–6 cm long, with the individual flowers having either one or two [[nectar]]ies.<ref name=rdm/><ref name=rushforth/><ref name=bean4>Bean, W. J. (1980). ''Trees and Shrubs Hardy in the British Isles'' 8th ed., vol. 4. John Murray ISBN 0-7195-2428-8.</ref>
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The [[cultivar]] ''Salix fragilis'' 'Russelliana' (syn. ''S. fragilis'' var. ''russelliana'' (Sm.) Koch) is by far the commonest clone of Crack Willow in [[Great Britain]] and  [[Ireland]], very easily propagated by cuttings. It is a vigorous tree commonly reaching 20–25 m tall, with leaves up to 15 cm long. It is a female clone.<ref name=rdm/>
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{{Inc|
 
{{Inc|
 
Salix fragilis, Linn. (S. viridis, Fries. S. Russelliana, Smith). Brittle Willow. Fig. 3526. Tree, 50-60 ft. high, excurrent in habit and of very rapid growth: branches brown, obliquely ascending: buds medium size, pointed: lvs. large, lanceolate-acuminate, glabrous or slightly hairy when young, scarcely paler beneath, glandular serrate: aments appearing with the lvs. (the staminate tree rare in Amer.), seldom bearing good seed, slender; scales deciduous. Eu., N. Asia. Gn. 19, p. 517; 55, p. 89.—Frequently cult. and also growing spontaneously in many places. A company of promoters induced many American farmers to plant hedges of this willow some 50 years ago. Many of these occur now throughout the country, the trees being 40-50 ft. high. A stake cut from a tree and driven in the ground will soon establish itself and grow into a tree. Var. decipiens, Hoffm. Twigs yellow: buds black in winter: lvs. smaller and brighter green. Probably a hybrid with another species.
 
Salix fragilis, Linn. (S. viridis, Fries. S. Russelliana, Smith). Brittle Willow. Fig. 3526. Tree, 50-60 ft. high, excurrent in habit and of very rapid growth: branches brown, obliquely ascending: buds medium size, pointed: lvs. large, lanceolate-acuminate, glabrous or slightly hairy when young, scarcely paler beneath, glandular serrate: aments appearing with the lvs. (the staminate tree rare in Amer.), seldom bearing good seed, slender; scales deciduous. Eu., N. Asia. Gn. 19, p. 517; 55, p. 89.—Frequently cult. and also growing spontaneously in many places. A company of promoters induced many American farmers to plant hedges of this willow some 50 years ago. Many of these occur now throughout the country, the trees being 40-50 ft. high. A stake cut from a tree and driven in the ground will soon establish itself and grow into a tree. Var. decipiens, Hoffm. Twigs yellow: buds black in winter: lvs. smaller and brighter green. Probably a hybrid with another species.
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==Cultivation==
 
==Cultivation==
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===Propagation===
 
===Propagation===
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The name derives from the [[twig]]s which break off very easily and cleanly at the base with an audible crack. The broken twigs and branches take root readily, enabling the species to colonise new areas, where the broken twigs fall into rivers and can be carried some distance downstream.
    
===Pests and diseases===
 
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==Species==
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==Varieties==
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The variety ''Salix fragilis'' var. ''decipiens'' (Hoffm.) K.Koch occurs frequently with the type; it is a smaller [[shrub]]by tree, rarely exceeding 5–7 m tall, with completely hairless leaves up to 9 cm long and 2–3 cm broad. According to some botanists, it is a distinct species (treated as ''Salix decipiens'' Hoffm.), with, in this view, ''S. fragilis'' then being a [[Hybrid (biology)|hybrid]] between ''Salix decipiens'' and ''[[Salix alba]]''. Some other botanists regard ''Salix decipiens'' as itself being a hybrid between ''Salix fragilis'' and ''[[Salix triandra]]''. There is little evidence to support either of these suggestions.<ref name=rdm/>
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It readily forms natural hybrids with White Willow ''Salix alba'', the hybrid being named ''Salix × rubens'' Schrank.<ref name=rdm/>
    
==Gallery==
 
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File:Salix fragilis 001.jpg
 
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==References==
 
==References==
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<references/>
 
*[[Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture]], by L. H. Bailey, MacMillan Co., 1963
 
*[[Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture]], by L. H. Bailey, MacMillan Co., 1963
 
<!--- xxxxx  *Flora: The Gardener's Bible, by Sean Hogan. Global Book Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0881925381  -->
 
<!--- xxxxx  *Flora: The Gardener's Bible, by Sean Hogan. Global Book Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0881925381  -->
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