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}}+__NOTOC__{{Plantbox
−| common_names = <!--- if multiple, list all, if none, leave blank -->
−| growth_habit = ? <!--- tree, shrub, herbaceous, vine, etc -->
−| high = ? <!--- 1m (3 ft) -->
−| wide = <!--- 65cm (25 inches) -->
−| origin = ? <!--- Mexico, S America, S Europe, garden, etc -->
−| poisonous = <!--- indicate parts of plants which are known/thought to be poisonous -->
−| lifespan = <!--- perennial, annual, etc -->
−| exposure = ? <!--- full sun, part-sun, semi-shade, shade, indoors, bright filtered (you may list more than 1) -->
−| water = ? <!--- frequent, regular, moderate, drought tolerant, let dry then soak -->
−| features = <!--- flowers, fragrance, fruit, naturalizes, invasive -->
−| hardiness = <!--- frost sensitive, hardy, 5°C (40°F), etc -->
−| bloom = <!--- seasons which the plant blooms, if it is grown for its flowers -->
−| usda_zones = ? <!--- eg. 8-11 -->
−| sunset_zones = <!--- eg. 8, 9, 12-24, not available -->
−| color = IndianRed
−| image = Upload.png <!--- Freesia.jpg -->
−| image_width = 240px <!--- leave as 240px if horizontal orientation photo, or change to 180px if vertical -->
−| image_caption = <!--- eg. Cultivated freesias -->
−| regnum = Plantae <!--- Kingdom -->
−| divisio = <!--- Phylum -->
−| classis = <!--- Class -->
−| ordo = <!--- Order -->
−| familia = <!--- Family -->
−| genus =
−| species =
−| subspecies =
−| cultivar =
<!--- ******************************************************* -->
{{edit-cult}}<!--- Type cultivation info below this line, then delete this entire line -->+
{{edit-prop}}<!--- Type propagation info below this line, then delete this entire line -->+
{{edit-pests}}<!--- Type pest/disease info below this line, then delete this entire line -->+
<!-- This section should be renamed Cultivars if it appears on a page for a species (rather than genus), or perhaps Varieties if there is a mix of cultivars, species, hybrids, etc -->+
+{{photo-sources}}<!-- remove this line if there are already 3 or more photos in the gallery -->
−*[[Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture]], by L. H. Bailey, MacMillan Co., 1963+[[Category:Categorize]]+
−<!-- in order to add all the proper categories, go to http://www.plants.am/wiki/Plant_Categories and copy/paste the contents of the page here, and then follow the easy instructions! -->
{{SPlantbox
{{SPlantbox
|familia=Asteraceae
|familia=Asteraceae
−|genus=Silybum
+|genus=Silybum
+|taxo_author=Adans.
|lifespan=annual, biennial
|lifespan=annual, biennial
|life_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia
|life_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia
|Temp Metric=°F
|Temp Metric=°F
|jumpin=If this plant info box on watering; zones; height; etc. is mostly empty you can click on the edit tab and fill in the blanks!
|jumpin=If this plant info box on watering; zones; height; etc. is mostly empty you can click on the edit tab and fill in the blanks!
−|image=Upload.png
+|image=Silybum_marianum.jpg
−|image_width=240
+|image_width=200
−|image_caption=''Silybum marianum''
−| name = ''LATINNAME'' <!--- replace LATINNAME with the actual latin name -->
−}}
}}
+'''Milk thistles''' are [[thistle]]s of the genus '''''Silybum''''' Adans., [[flowering plant]]s of the daisy family ([[Asteraceae]]). They are native to the [[Mediterranean]] regions of Europe, [[North Africa]] and the [[Middle East]]. The name "milk thistle" derives from two features of the leaves: they are mottled with splashes of white and they contain a milky sap.<ref>Hogan F, Krishnegowda N, Mikhailova M, Kahlenberg M. (2007). Flavonoid, silibinin inhibits proliferation and promotes cell-cycle arrest of human colon cancer. ''J Surg Res'' '''143''':58-65.</ref> However, it is the seeds of milk thistle that herbalists have used for 2000 years to treat chronic liver disease and protect the liver against toxins.<ref>Tamayo C, Diamond S. (2007). Review of clinical trials evaluating safety and efficacy of milk thistle (''Silybum marianum ''[L.] Gaertn.). ''Integrative Cancer Therapies''.'''6''':146-157. </ref><ref>Hogan F, Krishnegowda N, Mikhailova M, Kahlenberg M. (2007). Flavonoid, silibinin inhibits proliferation and promotes cell-cycle arrest of human colon cancer. ''J Surg Res'' '''143''':58-65.</ref>
+Increasing research is being undertaken on the physiological effects, therapeutic properties and possible medical uses of milk thistle. <ref name="Gazák">Silybin and silymarin--new and emerging applications in medicine, Curr. Med. Chem., volume 14, issue 3, pages 315–38, 2007</ref>
+
+Members of this genus grow as [[annual plant|annual]] or [[biennial plant]]s. The erect [[Plant stem|stem]] is tall, branched and furrowed but not spiny. The large, alternate [[Leaf|leaves]] are waxy-lobed, toothed and thorny, as in other genera of thistle. The lower leaves are cauline (attached to the stem without [[petiole (botany)|petiole]]). The upper leaves have a clasping base. They have large, disc-shaped pink-to-purple, rarely white, solitary [[flower]] [[head (botany)|head]]s at the end of the stem. The flowers consist of tubular florets. The phyllaries under the flowers occur in many rows, with the outer row with spine-tipped lobes and apical [[spine (biology)|spines]]. The fruit is a black [[achene]] with a white [[pappus (flower structure)|pappus]].
+
{{Inc|
{{Inc|
−Silybum (an old Greek name applied by Dioscorides to some thistle-like plants). Compositae. Erect, glabrous herbs, sometimes grown in European gardens for ornament and also for the edible heads, roots, and lvs.: lvs. alternate, white-maculate above, sinuate-lobed or pinnatifid, the teeth and lobes spiny: heads large, solitary, terminal, nodding, homogamous; involucre broadly subglobose, the bracts in many rows: fls. purplish, all perfect; corolla-tube slender, limb 5-cleft to the middle or base: achenes smooth, obovate, oblong.—Two species, Eu., Afr., and Asia.
Silybum (an old Greek name applied by Dioscorides to some thistle-like plants). Compositae. Erect, glabrous herbs, sometimes grown in European gardens for ornament and also for the edible heads, roots, and lvs.: lvs. alternate, white-maculate above, sinuate-lobed or pinnatifid, the teeth and lobes spiny: heads large, solitary, terminal, nodding, homogamous; involucre broadly subglobose, the bracts in many rows: fls. purplish, all perfect; corolla-tube slender, limb 5-cleft to the middle or base: achenes smooth, obovate, oblong.—Two species, Eu., Afr., and Asia.
{{SCH}}
{{SCH}}
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==Cultivation==
==Cultivation==
−===Propagation===
===Propagation===
−===Pests and diseases===
===Pests and diseases===
−==Species==
==Species==
−Only two [[species]] are currently classified in this genus:
+* ''[[Silybum eburneum]]'' Coss. & Dur., known as the Silver Milk Thistle, Elephant Thistle, or Ivory Thistle
+** ''Silybum eburneum'' Coss. & Dur. var. ''hispanicum''
+* ''[[Silybum marianum]]'' ([[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]) Gaertner, the [[Silybum marianum|Blessed Milk Thistle]], which has a large number of other common names, such as Variegated Thistle.
+The two species [[Hybrid (biology)|hybridise]] naturally, the hybrid being known as ''Silybum × gonzaloi'' Cantó , Sánchez Mata & Rivas Mart. (''S. eburneum'' var. ''hispanicum'' x ''S. marianum'')
+A number of other plants have been classified in this genus in the past but have since been relocated elsewhere in the light of additional research.
==Gallery==
==Gallery==
−<gallery>
+<gallery perrow=5>
Image:Upload.png| photo 1
Image:Upload.png| photo 1
Image:Upload.png| photo 2
Image:Upload.png| photo 2
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==References==
==References==
−<references/>
<!--- xxxxx *Flora: The Gardener's Bible, by Sean Hogan. Global Book Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0881925381 -->
<!--- xxxxx *Flora: The Gardener's Bible, by Sean Hogan. Global Book Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0881925381 -->
<!--- xxxxx *American Horticultural Society: A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants, by Christopher Brickell, Judith D. Zuk. 1996. ISBN 0789419432 -->
<!--- xxxxx *American Horticultural Society: A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants, by Christopher Brickell, Judith D. Zuk. 1996. ISBN 0789419432 -->
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