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{{SPlantbox
{{SPlantbox
|familia=Moraceae
|familia=Moraceae
|genus=Ficus
|genus=Ficus
|species=elastica
|species=elastica
|habit=tree
|habit=tree
|Max wd metric=ft
|Max wd metric=ft
|width_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia ISBN 0881925381
|width_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia ISBN 0881925381
|poisonous=toxic sap
|lifespan=perennial
|lifespan=perennial
|life_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia ISBN 0881925381
|life_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia ISBN 0881925381
|usda_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia ISBN 0881925381
|usda_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia ISBN 0881925381
|max_zone=12
|max_zone=12
|image=Ficus elastica1.jpg
|image_width=180
| image = Ficus elastica1.jpg
| image_width = 180px <!--- leave as 240px if horizontal orientation photo, or change to 180px if vertical -->
}}
}}
'''''Ficus elastica''''', also called the '''rubber fig''', '''rubber bush''', '''rubber plant''', or '''Indian rubber bush''' is a species of [[plant]] in the [[ficus|fig]] genus, native to northeast India and southern Indonesia.
It is a fat [[shrub|bush]] in the [[banyan]] group of figs, growing to {{convert|30|-|40|m}} (rarely up to {{convert|60|m|ft|disp=/}}) tall, with a stout trunk up to {{convert|2|m|ft}} diameter. The trunk develops [[Aerial root|aerial]] and [[Buttress roots|buttressing roots]] to anchor it in the soil and help support heavy branches. It has broad shiny oval [[leaf|leaves]] {{convert|10|-|35|cm|in}} long and {{convert|5|-|15|cm|in}} broad; leaf size is largest on young plants (occasionally to {{convert|45|cm|in|disp=/}} long), much smaller on old trees (typically {{convert|10|cm|in|disp=/}} long). The leaves develop inside a sheath at the apical [[meristem]], which grows larger as the new leaf develops. When it is mature, it unfurls and the sheath drops off the plant. Inside the new leaf, another immature leaf is waiting to develop.
As with other members of the genus ''Ficus'', the [[flower]]s require a particular species of [[fig wasp]] to pollinate it in a co-evolved relationship. Because of this relationship, the rubber plant does not produce highly colourful or fragrant flowers to attract other pollinators. The [[fruit]] is a small yellow-green oval fig {{convert|1|cm|in}} long, barely edible; it will only contain viable [[seed]] where the relevant fig wasp species is present.
In parts of India, people guide the roots of the tree over chasms to eventually form [[living root bridge|living bridges]]<ref>[http://www.cherrapunjee.com/index.php?mid=66&pid=66 Cherrapunjee.com-Living Root Bridges]</ref>.
''Ficus elastica'' is grown around the world as an [[ornamental plant]], outside in frost-free climates from the tropical to the Mediterranean and inside in colder climates as a [[houseplant]].
{{Inc|
{{Inc|
Ficus elastica, Roxbg. (F. duvivieri, Hort., a form with thinner lvs.; otherwise the same). Indian Rubber Plant. Figs. 1502, 1503. Lvs. 4-12 in. long, shining, leathery, oblong to elliptic, with an abrupt, dull point; nerves parallel, running at nearly right angles from midrib to margin: fr. in pairs, sessile, in axils of fallen Ivs., covered at first by a hodded involucre, when ripe greenish yellow, ½in. long. Damp forests of Trop. Asia. G.F. 2:547. H.U. 6, p. 108. K. 54.— Becomes 100 ft. high in tropics, but becomes unsightly under glass at 8 or 10 ft. Cult, plants mostly have a single st., but there is a growing demand for compact and branching plants. Ficus elastica Var. variegata (Ficus elastica Var. aurea, Hort.) is much less popular. Lvs. creamy white or yellow near the edges. Liable to fungous diseases. This species is also grown S. as a shade tree. The nervation is very characteristic. So, also, is the handsome rosy sheath which incloses the young lvs., and which soon drops off. This is regarded as a stipule of exceptionally great size.
Ficus elastica, Roxbg. (F. duvivieri, Hort., a form with thinner lvs.; otherwise the same). Indian Rubber Plant. Lvs. 4-12 in. long, shining, leathery, oblong to elliptic, with an abrupt, dull point; nerves parallel, running at nearly right angles from midrib to margin: fr. in pairs, sessile, in axils of fallen Ivs., covered at first by a hodded involucre, when ripe greenish yellow, ½in. long. Damp forests of Trop. Asia.— Becomes 100 ft. high in tropics, but becomes unsightly under glass at 8 or 10 ft. Cult, plants mostly have a single st., but there is a growing demand for compact and branching plants. Ficus elastica Var. variegata (Ficus elastica Var. aurea, Hort.) is much less popular. Lvs. creamy white or yellow near the edges. Liable to fungous diseases. This species is also grown S. as a shade tree. The nervation is very characteristic. So, also, is the handsome rosy sheath which incloses the young lvs., and which soon drops off. This is regarded as a stipule of exceptionally great size.
{{SCH}}
{{SCH}}
}}
}}
==Cultivation==
==Cultivation==
In cultivation, it prefers bright sunlight but not hot temperatures. It has a high tolerance for drought, but prefers humidity and thrives in wet, tropical conditions. When grown as an ornamental plant hybrids derived from ''Ficus elastica'' Robusta with broader, stiffer and more upright leaves are commonly used instead of the wild form. Many such forms exist, often with [[Variegation|variegated]] [[Leaf|leaves]].
===Propagation===
===Propagation===
Most cultivated plants are produced by [[asexual propagation]]. This can be done by planting [[cutting (plant)|cuttings]] or air [[layering]]. The latter method requires the propagator to cut a slit in the plant's stem. The wound, which oozes with the plant's latex sap, is packed with [[Auxin|rooting hormone]] and wrapped tightly with moist [[sphagnum moss]]. The whole structure is wrapped in plastic and left for a few months. When it is unwrapped, new roots have developed from the plant's auxiliary buds. The stem is severed and the new plant is potted on its own.
===Pests and diseases===
===Pests and diseases===
<gallery>
<gallery>
Image:Koeh-206.jpg|Illustration from Koehler's Medicinal-Plants 1887
Image:Koeh-206.jpg|Illustration from Koehler's Medicinal-Plants 1887
File:Bogota plant01a.jpg
File:Ficus elastica Variegata.jpeg
File:Ficus elastica (Los Cancajos) 02 ies.jpg
File:Starr 080117-1722 Ficus elastica.jpg
File:Tanger Gummibaum - zwei Luftwurzeln.JPG
File:Starr 010424-0012 Ficus elastica.jpg
</gallery>
</gallery>
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