94,129
edits
Changes
From Gardenology.org - Plant Encyclopedia and Gardening Wiki
Jump to navigationJump to searchCreated page with '{{SPlantbox |familia=Proteaceae |genus=Banksia |species=spinulosa |common_name=Hairpin Banksia |name_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia ISBN 0881925381 |habit=shrub |Max ht bo…'
{{SPlantbox
|familia=Proteaceae
|genus=Banksia
|species=spinulosa
|common_name=Hairpin Banksia
|name_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia ISBN 0881925381
|habit=shrub
|Max ht box=3
|Max ht metric=ft
|height_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia ISBN 0881925381
|Max wd box=5
|Max wd metric=ft
|width_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia ISBN 0881925381
|origin=E Australia
|lifespan=perennial
|life_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia ISBN 0881925381
|exposure=sun, part-sun
|sun_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia ISBN 0881925381
|water=moderate, dry
|water_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia ISBN 0881925381
|features=flowers, birds, cut flowers
|flower_season=early fall, mid fall, late fall, early winter, mid winter, late winter
|flower_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia ISBN 0881925381
|flowers=orange, yellow
|Temp Metric=°F
|min_zone=9
|usda_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia ISBN 0881925381
|max_zone=11.5
|image=Banksia spinulosa dark styles Georges River NP email.jpg
|image_width=200
}}
The '''Hairpin Banksia''' (''Banksia spinulosa'') is a species of woody [[shrub]], of the genus ''[[Banksia]]'' in the [[Proteaceae]] family, native to eastern [[Australia]]. Widely distributed, it is found as an [[understorey]] plant in open dry forest or [[heath (habitat)|heathland]] from [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]] to northern [[Queensland]], generally on sandstone though sometimes also clay soils. It generally grows as a small shrub to {{convert|2|m|ft|0}} in height, though can be a straggly tree to {{convert|6|m|ft|0}}. It has long narrow leaves with [[inflorescence]]s which can vary considerably in coloration; while the spikes are gold or less commonly yellowish, the emergent styles may be a wide range of colours – from black, purple, red, orange or yellow.
''Banksia spinulosa'' var. ''spinulosa'' was introduced into cultivation in the United Kingdom in 1788 by [[Joseph Banks]] who supplied seed to [[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew|Kew]], [[Cambridge University Botanic Garden|Cambridge Botanic Gardens]] and [[Woburn Abbey]] among others; var. ''collina'' followed in 1800 and var. ''cunninghamii'' in 1822.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Cavanagh|first=A |year=1982|title=Notes on the Cultivation of Banksias in Europe in the 18th and 19th Centuries |journal=Banksia Study Report |issue=6 |pages=29–33 |issn =0728-2893}}</ref> It has proven a highly ornamental and bird-attracting plant in cultivation.<ref name = "Wrigley 1991"/>Southern and montane provenance forms are frost hardy.<ref name = "Wrigley 1991"/> In general, all forms prefer sandy, well-drained soils with sunny aspect, though some local forms hailing from [[Wianamatta shale]]s may tolerate heavier soils. It is resistant to [[Phytophthora cinnamomi|dieback]], like most eastern banksias.<ref name="McCredie 1985">{{cite journal | last = McCredie | first = T. A. | coauthors = T. W. Dixon, K. Sivasithamparam | year = 1985 | title = Variability in the resistance of ''Banksia'' L.f. species to ''Phytophthora cinnamomi'' Rands | journal = [[Australian Journal of Botany]] | volume = 33 | issue = 6 | pages = 629–637 | doi = 10.1071/BT9850629}}</ref> As it grows naturally on acid soils, ''Banksia spinulosa'' is particularly sensitive to [[Iron deficiency (plant disorder)|iron deficiency]]. Known as [[chlorosis]], it manifests as yellowing of new leaves with preservation of green veins, and occurs when the plant is grown in soils of higher [[pH]]. This can also happen where soil contains quantities of cement, either as landfill or building foundations, and can be treated with iron chelate or [[Iron(II) sulfate|sulfate]].<ref name="Eliot 1985">{{cite book | last = Eliot | first = RW | coauthors = Jones DL, Blake T | title = Encyclopaedia of Australian Plants Suitable for Cultivation: Vol. 2 | year = 1985 | publisher = Lothian Press | location = Port Melbourne | isbn=0-85091-143-5}}</ref>
Regular [[pruning]] is important to give the plant an attractive habit and prevent it from becoming leggy. As most cultivated forms of this species have a lignotuber, dormant buds exist below the bark that respond to pruning or fire, and hard-pruning is possible almost to ground level as a plant can readily sprout from old wood.<ref name = "George96">{{The_Banksia_Book}}</ref> This is not the case for var. ''cunninghamii'' which should not be pruned below foliage.<ref name="Eliot 1994"/> Flowering may take up to eight years from germination; buying an advanced plant may hasten this process, as will getting a [[Cutting (plant)|cutting]]-grown plant. ''Banksia spinulosa'' can be propagated easily by seed, and is one of the (relatively) easier banksias to propagate by cutting.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Maclean |first=R |year=1995 |title=Propagation of Banksias |journal=Banksia Study Report |volume=10 |pages=6–16 |id=ISSN 0728-2893}}</ref> Named [[cultivar]]s are by necessity propagated by cuttings as this ensures that the plant produced bears the same attributes as the original plant.<ref>{{cite web | author = United States Patent and Trademark Office | title = General Information About 35 U.S.C. 161 Plant Patents | work = Patents, Guidance, Tools and Manuals | publisher = United States Patent and Trademark Office | year = 2007| url = http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/plant/index.html | accessdate = 2007-10-08}}</ref>
Both ''B. s.'' var. ''collina'' and var. ''spinulosa'' are commonly seen in nurseries; given that the varieties can hybridise, attempting to find a local provenance form from a local community nursery, [[Bushcare Group|Bushcare]] or [[Australian Plants Society]] group is preferable environmentally if they are intended for planting in gardens near bushland where native populations occur. There are some dwarf forms available for the city gardener – 'Stumpy Gold' is a form of variety ''collina'' originally from the [[Central Coast, New South Wales|Central Coast]], while 'Birthday Candles', 'Coastal Cushion' and 'Golden Cascade' are forms of variety ''spinulosa'' from the [[South Coast, New South Wales|South Coast]] of New South Wales.<ref name ="Liber 2004">{{cite journal |last=Liber |first=C.|year=2004|title=Update on Eastern Cultivars|journal=Banksia Study Group Newsletter |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=3–5 |url=http://asgap.org.au/banksSG/banksiasg-5-1.pdf |accessdate=2007-06-23 |issn=1444-285X|format=PDF}}</ref>
==Cultivation==
===Propagation===
===Pests and diseases===
==Varieties==
[[Image:B spinulosa Nowra2 cropped.jpg|right|150px|thumb|var. ''spinulosa'', [[Nowra]]<br> leaves with serrations near apex only]]
Four varieties are currently recognised:
;'''[[Banksia spinulosa var. spinulosa|''B. spinulosa'' var. ''spinulosa'']]''': The nominate race is an [[autonym (botany)|autonym]], a name that was automatically created for the original material of the species as the other subspecies were described. The original '''Hairpin Banksia''', this plant is coastal in Queensland, seen in such places as [[Walsh's Pyramid]] (near [[Cairns]]), [[Byfield National Park]] and the [[Blackdown Tableland National Park|Blackdown Tableland]],<ref name = "McHugh 2005">{{cite journal |last = McHugh | first = Ann | year = 2005 | month = September | title = Blackdown Tableland | journal = Australian Plants | volume = 23 | issue = 184 | pages = 123–133}}</ref> then again in New South Wales south of the [[Hawkesbury River]], just north of Sydney, down the [[South Coast, New South Wales|New South Wales South Coast]] and into Victoria.<ref name = "Liber 2003"/> Northwards of the Hawkesbury River on Sydney's northern outskirts there is a gradation between this and ''B. spinulosa'' var. ''collina''.<ref name="Fairley 2000">{{cite book | first = A. | last = Fairley | coauthors = P. Moore | title = Native Plants of the Sydney District: An Identification Guide | year = 2000 | edition = 2nd | publisher = Kangaroo Press | location = Kenthurst | isbn = 0-7318-1031-7}}</ref> It commonly has black, maroon or claret styles on gold spikes but all-gold inflorescences are seen, and leaves are generally narrower than other varieties at 1–2 mm in width and have several serrations toward the apex only.<ref name = "Harden 2002"/>
;'''[[Banksia spinulosa var. collina|''B. spinulosa'' var. ''collina'']]''': Known as the '''Hill Banksia''', it was first published as ''Banksia collina'' by Robert Brown in 1810, and retained species rank until 1981, when George demoted it to a variety of ''B. spinulosa''.<ref name="George 1981"/><ref name="APNI 55588">{{APNI | name = ''Banksia spinulosa'' var. ''collina'' (R.Br.) A.S.George | id = 55588}}</ref> It differs from ''B. spinulosa'' var. ''spinulosa'' in having broader leaves 3–8 mm in width that have serrate margins. The leaf undersides have more prominent venation.<ref name = "Harden 2002"/> Its flower spikes are usually gold, or sometimes gold with red styles, especially in New South Wales. It is found in inland gorges and tablelands such as [[Carnarvon Gorge]], [[Expedition National Park]], [[Isla Gorge National Park|Isla Gorge]] and [[Dicks Tableland]] in a remote part of [[Eungella National Park]], in [[Central Queensland]] but coastal on the New South Wales [[Central Coast, New South Wales|Central-]] and north coast.<ref name = "Liber 2003">{{cite journal | last = Liber | first = C. | year = 2003 | title = Range Extension/Clarification of ''Banksia spinulosa'' | journal = Bulletin (Qld Journal of [[Association of Societies for Growing Australian Plants|SGAP]]) | volume = 42 | issue = 2 | pages = 15–16 | id = {{ISSN|0159-3714}}}}</ref><ref name = "Kemp 2004">{{cite book | first = B. | last = Kemp | year = 2004 | title = Wildflowers of the North Coast of New South Wales | publisher = New Holland Press | location = Kenthurst | isbn = 1-877069-05-1}}</ref>
[[Image:B cunninghamii3.jpg|thumb|150px|''B. cunninghamii'', Lyrebird Dell walk, [[Leura]], [[Blue Mountains (Australia)|Blue Mountains]]]]
;'''[[Banksia spinulosa var. cunninghamii|''B. spinulosa'' var. ''cunninghamii'']]''': This variety was published as ''B. cunninghamii'' in 1827 in honour of the botanist [[Allan Cunningham (botanist)|Allan Cunningham]],<ref name="APNI 53272">{{APNI | name = ''Banksia cunninghamii'' Sieber ex Rchb. | id = 53272}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Salkin |first=AI |year=1979|title=The Oncostylis in Eastern Australia |journal=Banksia Study Report |issue=5 |pages=2–4 |issn =0728-2893}}</ref> and demoted to a variety of ''B. spinulosa'' in 1981. The demotion has not been universally accepted however: in New South Wales it is still given species rank, and ''B. spinulosa'' var. ''neoanglica'' is considered a subspecies of it.<ref name = "Harden 2002"/><ref name="APNI 55595">{{APNI | name = ''Banksia spinulosa'' var. ''cunninghamii'' (Sieber ex Rchb.) A.S.George | id = 55595}}</ref> George notes that at locations where both var. ''spinulosa'' and var. ''cunninghamii'' coexist, such as Fitzroy Falls in [[Lawson, New South Wales|Lawson]], no intermediate forms occur.<ref name="George 1981">{{The genus Banksia L.f. (Proteaceae)}}</ref> This plant is a fast-growing nonlignotuberous shrub or small tree to 6 metres (20 ft) in height, occurring in the Great Dividing Range from southeast Queensland to southern New South Wales and also in Victoria. The juvenile leaves are highly serrated, new branchlets are hairy and leaf undersides are pale brown rather than white as in the two previous varieties. Inflorescences are gold with black styles, though an all-yellow form from Victoria is known.<ref name ="George 1999"/> The linear to oblanceolate adult leaves are 2–10 cm (1–4 in) long by 2–7 mm wide;<ref name="Eliot 1994">{{cite book | last = Eliot | first = RW | coauthors = Jones DL, Blake T | title = Encyclopaedia of Australian Plants Suitable for Cultivation: Supplement No. 1 | year = 1994 | publisher = Lothian Press | location = Port Melbourne | isbn=0-85091-659-3}}</ref> those from Victoria having markedly longer juvenile leaves.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Salkin |first=AI |year=1982|title=Some Remarks about the genus ''Banksia'' in Eastern Australia |journal=Banksia Study Report |issue=6 |pages=20–23 |issn =0728-2893}}</ref>
;'''[[Banksia spinulosa var. neoanglica|''B. spinulosa'' var. ''neoanglica'']]''': Known as the '''New England Banksia''', it was published by Alex George in 1988,<ref>{{cite journal |last= George|first= Alex S |authorlink=Alex George |year=1988|title= New taxa and notes on ''Banksia'' L.f. (Proteaceae)|journal=Nuytsia |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=309–17}}</ref> based on a specimen collected by him in 1986. In New South Wales it is considered an unnamed subspecies of ''Banksia cunninghamii''.<ref name="APNI 55603">{{APNI | name = ''Banksia spinulosa'' var. ''neoanglica'' | id = 55603}}</ref> This plant is found in the [[New England (Australia)|New England]] Region of far northern New South Wales and Southeastern Queensland. It is a short lignotuberous shrub to {{convert|1|m|ft|0}} in height. Inflorescences are gold with black styles. It has hairy new branchlets and pale brown leaf undersides.<ref name ="George 1999"/>
Some doubt exists as to whether the current classification accurately represents relationships within the ''Banksia spinulosa'' complex. ''B. spinulosa'' var. ''collina'' is a form of inland gorges and tablelands in central Queensland, but is a coastal plant on the New South Wales central and north coast. ''B. spinulosa'' var. ''spinulosa'', on the other hand, is coastal in central Queensland and in New South Wales south of Sydney.<ref name = "Liber 2003"/> Similarly, ''B. spinulosa'' var. '' cunninghamii'' is widely separated between New South Wales and Victorian forms (where the longer leaved form was originally called ''B. prionophylla'' by Meissner). Notably both ''B. spinulosa'' var ''spinulosa'' and ''B. spinulosa'' var. ''collina'' in northern Queensland have old spikes bare as opposed to them having persistent old flower parts in New South Wales and Victoria.<ref name = "Liber 2003"/> Mast listed ''B. spinulosa'' var. ''collina'' and ''B. spinulosa'' var. ''neoanglica'' as sister [[clade]]s in 1998, with ''B. spinulosa'' var. ''spinulosa'' and ''B. spinulosa'' var. ''cunninghamii'' flanking these. Alex George also reports that the taxon should be reviewed.<ref>{{cite journal |last=George |first=Alex S |authorlink=Alex George |year=1998 |title=Proteus in Australia: An Overview of the Current State of Taxonomy of the Australian Proteaceae |journal=Australian Journal of Systematic Botany |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=257–66 |doi=10.1071/SB98024}}</ref> A molecular study with specimens of each subspecies from the three mainland eastern states they occur would shed light on this matter.<ref name = "Liber 2003"/>
===Hybrids===
[[Natural hybrid]]s between ''B. s.'' var. ''spinulosa'' and ''B. ericifolia'' subsp. ''ericifolia'' have been recorded at [[Pigeon House Mountain]] in Morton National Park.<ref name = "Harden 2002"/> [[Banksia 'Giant Candles'|''Banksia'' "Giant Candles"]] was a chance garden hybrid between ''B. ericifolia'' and ''B. spinulosa'' var. ''cunninghamii''.<ref name="ACRA 175">{{cite web | author = [[Australian Cultivar Registration Authority]] | title = Banksia 'Giant Candles' | work = Descriptions of registered cultivars | url = http://www.anbg.gov.au/acra/descriptions/acc175.html | accessdate = 2006-11-15}}</ref>
===Cultivars===
There are a number of commercial varieties available from Australian retail nurseries, four have been registered under [[plant breeders' rights]] legislation, and another with the [[Australian Cultivar Registration Authority]]. The lack of official names has led to some varieties bearing several different names.<ref name = "Liber 2004"/>
* '''''B. s.'' var. ''collina'' 'Carnarvon Gold'''' is an all-gold flowered form from Carnarvon Gorge in central Queensland with long leaves and revolute margins which grows to around 2–5 m (7–25 ft) in height and 2–4 m (7–14 ft) across. The old flowers fall from the spikes.<ref name="Salkin 1995">{{cite journal | last = Salkin | first = A. | year = 1995 | title = The Collection of Eastern Banksias | journal = Banksia Study Report | volume = 10 | pages = 3–5 | issn= 0728-2893}}</ref>
* '''''B. s.'' var. ''collina'' '[[Banksia 'Stumpy Gold'|Stumpy Gold]]'''' is a spreading form ({{convert|40|cm|in|0|disp=/}} high by up to {{convert|1.2|m|ft|1|disp=/}} across) with light gold flowers {{convert|15|cm|in|0}} high by {{convert|6|cm|in|0}} across from the vicinity of [[Catherine Hill Bay, New South Wales|Catherine Hill Bay]] on the New South Wales Central Coast, propagated by Richard Anderson of Merricks Nursery.<ref name ="Stewart 2001">{{cite book | last = Stewart | first = Angus | authorlink = Angus Stewart | title = Gardening on the Wild Side | year = 2001 | publisher = ABC Books | location = Sydney | isbn=0-7333-0791-4 | page = 105}}</ref> It arises from a silty loam so theoretically should tolerate a heavier soil than 'Coastal Cushion'. Leaves are a more subdued green with greyish tinge than the south coast NSW spinulosa cultivars.<ref name = "Liber 2004"/>
* '''''B. s.'' var. ''spinulosa'' '[[Banksia 'Birthday Candles'|Birthday Candles]]'''', the original trailblazer, is a compact plant growing to {{convert|45|cm|in|0}} tall and up to {{convert|1|m|ft|0}} across with red-styled gold flowers 15 cm high by 6 cm across. The leaves are narrow with attractive lime green new growth. Stems and branches naturally crooked. It was granted PBR status in 1989, after an application by [[Bill Molyneux]] of Austraflora Pty Ltd.<ref>{{cite web | title = Hairpin Banksia (Banksia spinulosa) – Variety:'Birthday Candles' | work = Plant Breeders Rights – Database Search | publisher = Commonwealth of Australia | year = 2005 | url = http://pbr.ipaustralia.plantbreeders.gov.au/plant_detail.cfm?AID=1830706 | accessdate = 2007-10-07}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> The provenance of the original material was an exposed headland hear [[Ulladulla]] on the New South Wales South Coast.<ref name ="Stewart 2001"/> It appears to fare better in [[Mediterranean climate]]s with reports of patchy performance in Sydney (though better in pots) and unreliability in [[Brisbane]]. There are reports of it flowering in alternate years only. It is reported to be an unreliable survivor, although this may be due to it being popular to novices.<ref name ="Liber 2004"/>
[[Image:Bspinulosa Coastal Cushion Cox email.jpg|right|thumb|''Banksia spinulosa'', 'Coastal Cushion' in [[Kenthurst]]]]
* '''''B. s.'' var. ''spinulosa'' 'Cherry Candles'''', bred by Bill Molyneux from the 'Birthday Candles' cultivar, is a compact plant growing to 45 cm tall and up to 100 cm across with cherry red-styled gold flowers, darker than its parent, 15 cm high by 6 cm across. It was released commercially in Spring 2004,<ref name ="Liber 2004"/> and granted PBR status in February 2005, after an application by Molyneux.<ref>{{cite web | title = Hairpin Banksia (Banksia spinulosa) – Variety:'Cherry Candles' | work = Plant Breeders Rights – Database Search | publisher = Commonwealth of Australia | year = 2007 | url = http://pbr.ipaustralia.plantbreeders.gov.au/plant_detail.cfm?AID=1830704 | accessdate = 2007-10-07}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>
* '''''B. s.'' var. ''spinulosa'' 'Coastal Cushion'''' (= '''<nowiki>'</nowiki>Schnapper Point'''') was originally collected by Neil Marriott and called 'Schnapper Point' from the same locality as 'Birthday Candles'. This is a more spreading plant to 50 cm tall and up to 1.5–2 m across with dark red-styled gold flowers (a couple of shades darker than 'Birthday Candles') 15 cm high by 6 cm across. It is propagated by Richard Anderson of Merricks Nursery. It appears to be more adaptable to points north than other dwarf forms – growing reliably in southeastern Queensland. This form can be very floriferous, with some plants sporting more than 40 inflorescences at any one time.<ref name ="Liber 2004"/><ref name ="Stewart 2001"/>
* '''''B. s.'' 'Coastal Candles'''', propagated by Merv Hodge, came from Philip Vaughan's 'Schnapper Point' plant. Some plants are behaving differently, so it may be that not all material is exactly the same clone.<ref name ="Liber 2004"/>
[[Image:B spin honeypots suellens.jpg|thumb|right|''Banksia spinulosa'' 'Honey Pots']]
* '''''B. s.'' var. ''spinulosa'' 'Golden Cascade'''' is yet another plant from the same locality as 'Birthday Candles'; this is more spreading again, to perhaps 30 cm tall and up to 1.5–2 m across with red-styled gold flowers 15 cm high by 6 cm across. It is also seen as ''B. spinulosa'' 'prostrate'. Propagated by Gondwana Nursery, this is a relatively new release.<ref name ="Liber 2004"/>
* '''''B. s.'' var. ''spinulosa'' 'Honey Pots'''' is a form with all gold flowers to 20 cm high (taller than forms listed above), however it is a little larger with reports of it growing to 1 m high, with odd reports of it getting taller than this, by 1.2 m across. It comes from south coast in Victoria, propagated by Rod Parsons of Carawah Nursery in Victoria.<ref name ="Liber 2004"/>
[[Image:Banksia spinulosa lemon glow2 IGP email.jpg|''Banksia spinulosa'' var, ''cunninghamii'' 'Lemon glow' – Illawarra Grevillea Park, [[Bulli]] April 2005|thumb|right]]
* '''''B. s.'' var. ''spinulosa''''' (dwarf forms) – Rod Parsons of Carawah Nursery in Victoria has two red-styled fairly compact dwarf forms, one (all serrated – slow growing, possibly ''collina'') growing to 1 m, the (leaf ends serrated only, faster growing) other 1.5 m – and there are others reported but not named.<ref name ="Liber 2004"/>
* '''''B. s.'' var ''cunninghamii'' 'Lemon Glow'''' was registered with ACRA in 1982 by Alf Salkin and hails from [[French Island National Park|French Island]] in Victoria, growing 2–3 m (7–10 ft) with all lemon yellow flowers. Currently propagated by Phillip Vaughan and Kuranga Nursery, both in Melbourne. It is reported to be frost hardy and moderately resistant to drought.<ref name = "George 1988">{{The Banksia Book}}</ref><ref name = "Wrigley 1991">{{cite book | last = Wrigley | first = J. |coauthors = Fagg, M. | title = Banksias, Waratahs and Grevilleas | year = 1991 | publisher = Angus & Robertson | location = Sydney | isbn = 0-207-17277-3|page = 117}}</ref>
* There is a form sold as a '''''Banksia (spinulosa) cunninghamii'' variant''', propagated by Bournda Plants of [[Tura Beach]] on the NSW south coast. The plants reach 70 cm after four years and have black-styled gold inflorescences. The form came from David Shiels of Wakiti Nursery in Victoria, who got it from Alf Salkin. It has a white underside (not brownish) and has a couple of serrations close to the tip of the leaf, typical of ''B. s.'' var. ''spinulosa''.<ref name ="Liber 2004"/>
<br clear="all"/>
==Gallery==
<gallery perrow=5>
Image:Upload.png| photo 1
Image:Upload.png| photo 2
Image:Upload.png| photo 3
</gallery>
==References==
<references/>
<!--- xxxxx *Flora: The Gardener's Bible, by Sean Hogan. Global Book Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0881925381 -->
<!--- xxxxx *American Horticultural Society: A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants, by Christopher Brickell, Judith D. Zuk. 1996. ISBN 0789419432 -->
<!--- xxxxx *Sunset National Garden Book. Sunset Books, Inc., 1997. ISBN 0376038608 -->
==External links==
*{{wplink}}
{{stub}}
__NOTOC__
|familia=Proteaceae
|genus=Banksia
|species=spinulosa
|common_name=Hairpin Banksia
|name_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia ISBN 0881925381
|habit=shrub
|Max ht box=3
|Max ht metric=ft
|height_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia ISBN 0881925381
|Max wd box=5
|Max wd metric=ft
|width_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia ISBN 0881925381
|origin=E Australia
|lifespan=perennial
|life_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia ISBN 0881925381
|exposure=sun, part-sun
|sun_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia ISBN 0881925381
|water=moderate, dry
|water_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia ISBN 0881925381
|features=flowers, birds, cut flowers
|flower_season=early fall, mid fall, late fall, early winter, mid winter, late winter
|flower_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia ISBN 0881925381
|flowers=orange, yellow
|Temp Metric=°F
|min_zone=9
|usda_ref=Flora - A Gardener's Encyclopedia ISBN 0881925381
|max_zone=11.5
|image=Banksia spinulosa dark styles Georges River NP email.jpg
|image_width=200
}}
The '''Hairpin Banksia''' (''Banksia spinulosa'') is a species of woody [[shrub]], of the genus ''[[Banksia]]'' in the [[Proteaceae]] family, native to eastern [[Australia]]. Widely distributed, it is found as an [[understorey]] plant in open dry forest or [[heath (habitat)|heathland]] from [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]] to northern [[Queensland]], generally on sandstone though sometimes also clay soils. It generally grows as a small shrub to {{convert|2|m|ft|0}} in height, though can be a straggly tree to {{convert|6|m|ft|0}}. It has long narrow leaves with [[inflorescence]]s which can vary considerably in coloration; while the spikes are gold or less commonly yellowish, the emergent styles may be a wide range of colours – from black, purple, red, orange or yellow.
''Banksia spinulosa'' var. ''spinulosa'' was introduced into cultivation in the United Kingdom in 1788 by [[Joseph Banks]] who supplied seed to [[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew|Kew]], [[Cambridge University Botanic Garden|Cambridge Botanic Gardens]] and [[Woburn Abbey]] among others; var. ''collina'' followed in 1800 and var. ''cunninghamii'' in 1822.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Cavanagh|first=A |year=1982|title=Notes on the Cultivation of Banksias in Europe in the 18th and 19th Centuries |journal=Banksia Study Report |issue=6 |pages=29–33 |issn =0728-2893}}</ref> It has proven a highly ornamental and bird-attracting plant in cultivation.<ref name = "Wrigley 1991"/>Southern and montane provenance forms are frost hardy.<ref name = "Wrigley 1991"/> In general, all forms prefer sandy, well-drained soils with sunny aspect, though some local forms hailing from [[Wianamatta shale]]s may tolerate heavier soils. It is resistant to [[Phytophthora cinnamomi|dieback]], like most eastern banksias.<ref name="McCredie 1985">{{cite journal | last = McCredie | first = T. A. | coauthors = T. W. Dixon, K. Sivasithamparam | year = 1985 | title = Variability in the resistance of ''Banksia'' L.f. species to ''Phytophthora cinnamomi'' Rands | journal = [[Australian Journal of Botany]] | volume = 33 | issue = 6 | pages = 629–637 | doi = 10.1071/BT9850629}}</ref> As it grows naturally on acid soils, ''Banksia spinulosa'' is particularly sensitive to [[Iron deficiency (plant disorder)|iron deficiency]]. Known as [[chlorosis]], it manifests as yellowing of new leaves with preservation of green veins, and occurs when the plant is grown in soils of higher [[pH]]. This can also happen where soil contains quantities of cement, either as landfill or building foundations, and can be treated with iron chelate or [[Iron(II) sulfate|sulfate]].<ref name="Eliot 1985">{{cite book | last = Eliot | first = RW | coauthors = Jones DL, Blake T | title = Encyclopaedia of Australian Plants Suitable for Cultivation: Vol. 2 | year = 1985 | publisher = Lothian Press | location = Port Melbourne | isbn=0-85091-143-5}}</ref>
Regular [[pruning]] is important to give the plant an attractive habit and prevent it from becoming leggy. As most cultivated forms of this species have a lignotuber, dormant buds exist below the bark that respond to pruning or fire, and hard-pruning is possible almost to ground level as a plant can readily sprout from old wood.<ref name = "George96">{{The_Banksia_Book}}</ref> This is not the case for var. ''cunninghamii'' which should not be pruned below foliage.<ref name="Eliot 1994"/> Flowering may take up to eight years from germination; buying an advanced plant may hasten this process, as will getting a [[Cutting (plant)|cutting]]-grown plant. ''Banksia spinulosa'' can be propagated easily by seed, and is one of the (relatively) easier banksias to propagate by cutting.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Maclean |first=R |year=1995 |title=Propagation of Banksias |journal=Banksia Study Report |volume=10 |pages=6–16 |id=ISSN 0728-2893}}</ref> Named [[cultivar]]s are by necessity propagated by cuttings as this ensures that the plant produced bears the same attributes as the original plant.<ref>{{cite web | author = United States Patent and Trademark Office | title = General Information About 35 U.S.C. 161 Plant Patents | work = Patents, Guidance, Tools and Manuals | publisher = United States Patent and Trademark Office | year = 2007| url = http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/plant/index.html | accessdate = 2007-10-08}}</ref>
Both ''B. s.'' var. ''collina'' and var. ''spinulosa'' are commonly seen in nurseries; given that the varieties can hybridise, attempting to find a local provenance form from a local community nursery, [[Bushcare Group|Bushcare]] or [[Australian Plants Society]] group is preferable environmentally if they are intended for planting in gardens near bushland where native populations occur. There are some dwarf forms available for the city gardener – 'Stumpy Gold' is a form of variety ''collina'' originally from the [[Central Coast, New South Wales|Central Coast]], while 'Birthday Candles', 'Coastal Cushion' and 'Golden Cascade' are forms of variety ''spinulosa'' from the [[South Coast, New South Wales|South Coast]] of New South Wales.<ref name ="Liber 2004">{{cite journal |last=Liber |first=C.|year=2004|title=Update on Eastern Cultivars|journal=Banksia Study Group Newsletter |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=3–5 |url=http://asgap.org.au/banksSG/banksiasg-5-1.pdf |accessdate=2007-06-23 |issn=1444-285X|format=PDF}}</ref>
==Cultivation==
===Propagation===
===Pests and diseases===
==Varieties==
[[Image:B spinulosa Nowra2 cropped.jpg|right|150px|thumb|var. ''spinulosa'', [[Nowra]]<br> leaves with serrations near apex only]]
Four varieties are currently recognised:
;'''[[Banksia spinulosa var. spinulosa|''B. spinulosa'' var. ''spinulosa'']]''': The nominate race is an [[autonym (botany)|autonym]], a name that was automatically created for the original material of the species as the other subspecies were described. The original '''Hairpin Banksia''', this plant is coastal in Queensland, seen in such places as [[Walsh's Pyramid]] (near [[Cairns]]), [[Byfield National Park]] and the [[Blackdown Tableland National Park|Blackdown Tableland]],<ref name = "McHugh 2005">{{cite journal |last = McHugh | first = Ann | year = 2005 | month = September | title = Blackdown Tableland | journal = Australian Plants | volume = 23 | issue = 184 | pages = 123–133}}</ref> then again in New South Wales south of the [[Hawkesbury River]], just north of Sydney, down the [[South Coast, New South Wales|New South Wales South Coast]] and into Victoria.<ref name = "Liber 2003"/> Northwards of the Hawkesbury River on Sydney's northern outskirts there is a gradation between this and ''B. spinulosa'' var. ''collina''.<ref name="Fairley 2000">{{cite book | first = A. | last = Fairley | coauthors = P. Moore | title = Native Plants of the Sydney District: An Identification Guide | year = 2000 | edition = 2nd | publisher = Kangaroo Press | location = Kenthurst | isbn = 0-7318-1031-7}}</ref> It commonly has black, maroon or claret styles on gold spikes but all-gold inflorescences are seen, and leaves are generally narrower than other varieties at 1–2 mm in width and have several serrations toward the apex only.<ref name = "Harden 2002"/>
;'''[[Banksia spinulosa var. collina|''B. spinulosa'' var. ''collina'']]''': Known as the '''Hill Banksia''', it was first published as ''Banksia collina'' by Robert Brown in 1810, and retained species rank until 1981, when George demoted it to a variety of ''B. spinulosa''.<ref name="George 1981"/><ref name="APNI 55588">{{APNI | name = ''Banksia spinulosa'' var. ''collina'' (R.Br.) A.S.George | id = 55588}}</ref> It differs from ''B. spinulosa'' var. ''spinulosa'' in having broader leaves 3–8 mm in width that have serrate margins. The leaf undersides have more prominent venation.<ref name = "Harden 2002"/> Its flower spikes are usually gold, or sometimes gold with red styles, especially in New South Wales. It is found in inland gorges and tablelands such as [[Carnarvon Gorge]], [[Expedition National Park]], [[Isla Gorge National Park|Isla Gorge]] and [[Dicks Tableland]] in a remote part of [[Eungella National Park]], in [[Central Queensland]] but coastal on the New South Wales [[Central Coast, New South Wales|Central-]] and north coast.<ref name = "Liber 2003">{{cite journal | last = Liber | first = C. | year = 2003 | title = Range Extension/Clarification of ''Banksia spinulosa'' | journal = Bulletin (Qld Journal of [[Association of Societies for Growing Australian Plants|SGAP]]) | volume = 42 | issue = 2 | pages = 15–16 | id = {{ISSN|0159-3714}}}}</ref><ref name = "Kemp 2004">{{cite book | first = B. | last = Kemp | year = 2004 | title = Wildflowers of the North Coast of New South Wales | publisher = New Holland Press | location = Kenthurst | isbn = 1-877069-05-1}}</ref>
[[Image:B cunninghamii3.jpg|thumb|150px|''B. cunninghamii'', Lyrebird Dell walk, [[Leura]], [[Blue Mountains (Australia)|Blue Mountains]]]]
;'''[[Banksia spinulosa var. cunninghamii|''B. spinulosa'' var. ''cunninghamii'']]''': This variety was published as ''B. cunninghamii'' in 1827 in honour of the botanist [[Allan Cunningham (botanist)|Allan Cunningham]],<ref name="APNI 53272">{{APNI | name = ''Banksia cunninghamii'' Sieber ex Rchb. | id = 53272}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Salkin |first=AI |year=1979|title=The Oncostylis in Eastern Australia |journal=Banksia Study Report |issue=5 |pages=2–4 |issn =0728-2893}}</ref> and demoted to a variety of ''B. spinulosa'' in 1981. The demotion has not been universally accepted however: in New South Wales it is still given species rank, and ''B. spinulosa'' var. ''neoanglica'' is considered a subspecies of it.<ref name = "Harden 2002"/><ref name="APNI 55595">{{APNI | name = ''Banksia spinulosa'' var. ''cunninghamii'' (Sieber ex Rchb.) A.S.George | id = 55595}}</ref> George notes that at locations where both var. ''spinulosa'' and var. ''cunninghamii'' coexist, such as Fitzroy Falls in [[Lawson, New South Wales|Lawson]], no intermediate forms occur.<ref name="George 1981">{{The genus Banksia L.f. (Proteaceae)}}</ref> This plant is a fast-growing nonlignotuberous shrub or small tree to 6 metres (20 ft) in height, occurring in the Great Dividing Range from southeast Queensland to southern New South Wales and also in Victoria. The juvenile leaves are highly serrated, new branchlets are hairy and leaf undersides are pale brown rather than white as in the two previous varieties. Inflorescences are gold with black styles, though an all-yellow form from Victoria is known.<ref name ="George 1999"/> The linear to oblanceolate adult leaves are 2–10 cm (1–4 in) long by 2–7 mm wide;<ref name="Eliot 1994">{{cite book | last = Eliot | first = RW | coauthors = Jones DL, Blake T | title = Encyclopaedia of Australian Plants Suitable for Cultivation: Supplement No. 1 | year = 1994 | publisher = Lothian Press | location = Port Melbourne | isbn=0-85091-659-3}}</ref> those from Victoria having markedly longer juvenile leaves.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Salkin |first=AI |year=1982|title=Some Remarks about the genus ''Banksia'' in Eastern Australia |journal=Banksia Study Report |issue=6 |pages=20–23 |issn =0728-2893}}</ref>
;'''[[Banksia spinulosa var. neoanglica|''B. spinulosa'' var. ''neoanglica'']]''': Known as the '''New England Banksia''', it was published by Alex George in 1988,<ref>{{cite journal |last= George|first= Alex S |authorlink=Alex George |year=1988|title= New taxa and notes on ''Banksia'' L.f. (Proteaceae)|journal=Nuytsia |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=309–17}}</ref> based on a specimen collected by him in 1986. In New South Wales it is considered an unnamed subspecies of ''Banksia cunninghamii''.<ref name="APNI 55603">{{APNI | name = ''Banksia spinulosa'' var. ''neoanglica'' | id = 55603}}</ref> This plant is found in the [[New England (Australia)|New England]] Region of far northern New South Wales and Southeastern Queensland. It is a short lignotuberous shrub to {{convert|1|m|ft|0}} in height. Inflorescences are gold with black styles. It has hairy new branchlets and pale brown leaf undersides.<ref name ="George 1999"/>
Some doubt exists as to whether the current classification accurately represents relationships within the ''Banksia spinulosa'' complex. ''B. spinulosa'' var. ''collina'' is a form of inland gorges and tablelands in central Queensland, but is a coastal plant on the New South Wales central and north coast. ''B. spinulosa'' var. ''spinulosa'', on the other hand, is coastal in central Queensland and in New South Wales south of Sydney.<ref name = "Liber 2003"/> Similarly, ''B. spinulosa'' var. '' cunninghamii'' is widely separated between New South Wales and Victorian forms (where the longer leaved form was originally called ''B. prionophylla'' by Meissner). Notably both ''B. spinulosa'' var ''spinulosa'' and ''B. spinulosa'' var. ''collina'' in northern Queensland have old spikes bare as opposed to them having persistent old flower parts in New South Wales and Victoria.<ref name = "Liber 2003"/> Mast listed ''B. spinulosa'' var. ''collina'' and ''B. spinulosa'' var. ''neoanglica'' as sister [[clade]]s in 1998, with ''B. spinulosa'' var. ''spinulosa'' and ''B. spinulosa'' var. ''cunninghamii'' flanking these. Alex George also reports that the taxon should be reviewed.<ref>{{cite journal |last=George |first=Alex S |authorlink=Alex George |year=1998 |title=Proteus in Australia: An Overview of the Current State of Taxonomy of the Australian Proteaceae |journal=Australian Journal of Systematic Botany |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=257–66 |doi=10.1071/SB98024}}</ref> A molecular study with specimens of each subspecies from the three mainland eastern states they occur would shed light on this matter.<ref name = "Liber 2003"/>
===Hybrids===
[[Natural hybrid]]s between ''B. s.'' var. ''spinulosa'' and ''B. ericifolia'' subsp. ''ericifolia'' have been recorded at [[Pigeon House Mountain]] in Morton National Park.<ref name = "Harden 2002"/> [[Banksia 'Giant Candles'|''Banksia'' "Giant Candles"]] was a chance garden hybrid between ''B. ericifolia'' and ''B. spinulosa'' var. ''cunninghamii''.<ref name="ACRA 175">{{cite web | author = [[Australian Cultivar Registration Authority]] | title = Banksia 'Giant Candles' | work = Descriptions of registered cultivars | url = http://www.anbg.gov.au/acra/descriptions/acc175.html | accessdate = 2006-11-15}}</ref>
===Cultivars===
There are a number of commercial varieties available from Australian retail nurseries, four have been registered under [[plant breeders' rights]] legislation, and another with the [[Australian Cultivar Registration Authority]]. The lack of official names has led to some varieties bearing several different names.<ref name = "Liber 2004"/>
* '''''B. s.'' var. ''collina'' 'Carnarvon Gold'''' is an all-gold flowered form from Carnarvon Gorge in central Queensland with long leaves and revolute margins which grows to around 2–5 m (7–25 ft) in height and 2–4 m (7–14 ft) across. The old flowers fall from the spikes.<ref name="Salkin 1995">{{cite journal | last = Salkin | first = A. | year = 1995 | title = The Collection of Eastern Banksias | journal = Banksia Study Report | volume = 10 | pages = 3–5 | issn= 0728-2893}}</ref>
* '''''B. s.'' var. ''collina'' '[[Banksia 'Stumpy Gold'|Stumpy Gold]]'''' is a spreading form ({{convert|40|cm|in|0|disp=/}} high by up to {{convert|1.2|m|ft|1|disp=/}} across) with light gold flowers {{convert|15|cm|in|0}} high by {{convert|6|cm|in|0}} across from the vicinity of [[Catherine Hill Bay, New South Wales|Catherine Hill Bay]] on the New South Wales Central Coast, propagated by Richard Anderson of Merricks Nursery.<ref name ="Stewart 2001">{{cite book | last = Stewart | first = Angus | authorlink = Angus Stewart | title = Gardening on the Wild Side | year = 2001 | publisher = ABC Books | location = Sydney | isbn=0-7333-0791-4 | page = 105}}</ref> It arises from a silty loam so theoretically should tolerate a heavier soil than 'Coastal Cushion'. Leaves are a more subdued green with greyish tinge than the south coast NSW spinulosa cultivars.<ref name = "Liber 2004"/>
* '''''B. s.'' var. ''spinulosa'' '[[Banksia 'Birthday Candles'|Birthday Candles]]'''', the original trailblazer, is a compact plant growing to {{convert|45|cm|in|0}} tall and up to {{convert|1|m|ft|0}} across with red-styled gold flowers 15 cm high by 6 cm across. The leaves are narrow with attractive lime green new growth. Stems and branches naturally crooked. It was granted PBR status in 1989, after an application by [[Bill Molyneux]] of Austraflora Pty Ltd.<ref>{{cite web | title = Hairpin Banksia (Banksia spinulosa) – Variety:'Birthday Candles' | work = Plant Breeders Rights – Database Search | publisher = Commonwealth of Australia | year = 2005 | url = http://pbr.ipaustralia.plantbreeders.gov.au/plant_detail.cfm?AID=1830706 | accessdate = 2007-10-07}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> The provenance of the original material was an exposed headland hear [[Ulladulla]] on the New South Wales South Coast.<ref name ="Stewart 2001"/> It appears to fare better in [[Mediterranean climate]]s with reports of patchy performance in Sydney (though better in pots) and unreliability in [[Brisbane]]. There are reports of it flowering in alternate years only. It is reported to be an unreliable survivor, although this may be due to it being popular to novices.<ref name ="Liber 2004"/>
[[Image:Bspinulosa Coastal Cushion Cox email.jpg|right|thumb|''Banksia spinulosa'', 'Coastal Cushion' in [[Kenthurst]]]]
* '''''B. s.'' var. ''spinulosa'' 'Cherry Candles'''', bred by Bill Molyneux from the 'Birthday Candles' cultivar, is a compact plant growing to 45 cm tall and up to 100 cm across with cherry red-styled gold flowers, darker than its parent, 15 cm high by 6 cm across. It was released commercially in Spring 2004,<ref name ="Liber 2004"/> and granted PBR status in February 2005, after an application by Molyneux.<ref>{{cite web | title = Hairpin Banksia (Banksia spinulosa) – Variety:'Cherry Candles' | work = Plant Breeders Rights – Database Search | publisher = Commonwealth of Australia | year = 2007 | url = http://pbr.ipaustralia.plantbreeders.gov.au/plant_detail.cfm?AID=1830704 | accessdate = 2007-10-07}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>
* '''''B. s.'' var. ''spinulosa'' 'Coastal Cushion'''' (= '''<nowiki>'</nowiki>Schnapper Point'''') was originally collected by Neil Marriott and called 'Schnapper Point' from the same locality as 'Birthday Candles'. This is a more spreading plant to 50 cm tall and up to 1.5–2 m across with dark red-styled gold flowers (a couple of shades darker than 'Birthday Candles') 15 cm high by 6 cm across. It is propagated by Richard Anderson of Merricks Nursery. It appears to be more adaptable to points north than other dwarf forms – growing reliably in southeastern Queensland. This form can be very floriferous, with some plants sporting more than 40 inflorescences at any one time.<ref name ="Liber 2004"/><ref name ="Stewart 2001"/>
* '''''B. s.'' 'Coastal Candles'''', propagated by Merv Hodge, came from Philip Vaughan's 'Schnapper Point' plant. Some plants are behaving differently, so it may be that not all material is exactly the same clone.<ref name ="Liber 2004"/>
[[Image:B spin honeypots suellens.jpg|thumb|right|''Banksia spinulosa'' 'Honey Pots']]
* '''''B. s.'' var. ''spinulosa'' 'Golden Cascade'''' is yet another plant from the same locality as 'Birthday Candles'; this is more spreading again, to perhaps 30 cm tall and up to 1.5–2 m across with red-styled gold flowers 15 cm high by 6 cm across. It is also seen as ''B. spinulosa'' 'prostrate'. Propagated by Gondwana Nursery, this is a relatively new release.<ref name ="Liber 2004"/>
* '''''B. s.'' var. ''spinulosa'' 'Honey Pots'''' is a form with all gold flowers to 20 cm high (taller than forms listed above), however it is a little larger with reports of it growing to 1 m high, with odd reports of it getting taller than this, by 1.2 m across. It comes from south coast in Victoria, propagated by Rod Parsons of Carawah Nursery in Victoria.<ref name ="Liber 2004"/>
[[Image:Banksia spinulosa lemon glow2 IGP email.jpg|''Banksia spinulosa'' var, ''cunninghamii'' 'Lemon glow' – Illawarra Grevillea Park, [[Bulli]] April 2005|thumb|right]]
* '''''B. s.'' var. ''spinulosa''''' (dwarf forms) – Rod Parsons of Carawah Nursery in Victoria has two red-styled fairly compact dwarf forms, one (all serrated – slow growing, possibly ''collina'') growing to 1 m, the (leaf ends serrated only, faster growing) other 1.5 m – and there are others reported but not named.<ref name ="Liber 2004"/>
* '''''B. s.'' var ''cunninghamii'' 'Lemon Glow'''' was registered with ACRA in 1982 by Alf Salkin and hails from [[French Island National Park|French Island]] in Victoria, growing 2–3 m (7–10 ft) with all lemon yellow flowers. Currently propagated by Phillip Vaughan and Kuranga Nursery, both in Melbourne. It is reported to be frost hardy and moderately resistant to drought.<ref name = "George 1988">{{The Banksia Book}}</ref><ref name = "Wrigley 1991">{{cite book | last = Wrigley | first = J. |coauthors = Fagg, M. | title = Banksias, Waratahs and Grevilleas | year = 1991 | publisher = Angus & Robertson | location = Sydney | isbn = 0-207-17277-3|page = 117}}</ref>
* There is a form sold as a '''''Banksia (spinulosa) cunninghamii'' variant''', propagated by Bournda Plants of [[Tura Beach]] on the NSW south coast. The plants reach 70 cm after four years and have black-styled gold inflorescences. The form came from David Shiels of Wakiti Nursery in Victoria, who got it from Alf Salkin. It has a white underside (not brownish) and has a couple of serrations close to the tip of the leaf, typical of ''B. s.'' var. ''spinulosa''.<ref name ="Liber 2004"/>
<br clear="all"/>
==Gallery==
<gallery perrow=5>
Image:Upload.png| photo 1
Image:Upload.png| photo 2
Image:Upload.png| photo 3
</gallery>
==References==
<references/>
<!--- xxxxx *Flora: The Gardener's Bible, by Sean Hogan. Global Book Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0881925381 -->
<!--- xxxxx *American Horticultural Society: A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants, by Christopher Brickell, Judith D. Zuk. 1996. ISBN 0789419432 -->
<!--- xxxxx *Sunset National Garden Book. Sunset Books, Inc., 1997. ISBN 0376038608 -->
==External links==
*{{wplink}}
{{stub}}
__NOTOC__
