Changes

From Gardenology.org - Plant Encyclopedia and Gardening Wiki
Jump to navigationJump to search

Rose (view source)

Revision as of 05:19, 31 July 2021

28 bytes added ,  05:19, 31 July 2021
Moved Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture sections to end and fixed list formatting
Line 14: Line 14:  
|image_caption=''Bridal Pink'', hybrid tea rose, Morwell Rose Garden
 
|image_caption=''Bridal Pink'', hybrid tea rose, Morwell Rose Garden
 
}}
 
}}
 +
 +
A '''rose''' is a [[perennial plant|perennial]] flowering [[shrub]] or vine of the [[genus]] '''''Rosa''''', within the family [[Rosaceae]], that contains over 100 species. The species form a group of erect shrubs, and climbing or trailing plants, with stems that are often armed with sharp [[thorns]]. Most are native to Asia, with smaller numbers of species native to Europe, North America, and northwest Africa. Natives, [[cultivar]]s and [[hybrid]]s are all widely grown for their beauty and fragrance. [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/509710/rose]
 +
 +
The leaves are alternate and [[pinnate|pinnately compound]], with sharply toothed oval-shaped leaflets. The plants fleshy edible fruit is called a [[rose hip]]. Rose plants range in size from tiny, miniature roses, to climbers that can reach 20 metres in height. Species from different parts of the world easily hybridize, which has given rise to the many types of garden roses.
 +
 +
==Species==
 +
{{further|[[List of Rosa species]]}}
 +
[[Image:Rosa-multiflora01.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Rosa multiflora]]'']]
 +
Some representative rose species
 +
*''[[Rosa canina]]'': Dog Rose, Briar Bush
 +
*''[[Rosa chinensis]]'': China Rose
 +
*''[[Rosa dumalis]]'': Glaucous Dog Rose
 +
*''[[Rosa gallica]]'': Gallic Rose, French Rose
 +
*''[[Rosa gigantea]]'' (syn. ''R. x odorata gigantea'')
 +
*''[[Rosa glauca]]'' (syn. ''R. rubrifolia''): Redleaf Rose
 +
*''[[Rosa laevigata]]'' (syn. ''R. sinica''): Cherokee Rose, Camellia Rose, Mardan Rose
 +
*''[[Rosa majalis]]'': Cinnamon Rose
 +
*''[[Rosa moschata]]'': Musk Rose
 +
*''[[Rosa multiflora]]'': Multiflora Rose
 +
*''[[Rosa persica]]'' (syn. ''Hulthemia persica'', ''R. simplicifolia'')
 +
*''[[Rosa pimpinellifolia]]'': Burnet Rose
 +
*''[[Rosa roxburghii]]'': Chestnut Rose, Burr Rose
 +
*''[[Rosa rubiginosa]]'' (syn. ''R. eglanteria''): Eglantine, Sweet Briar
 +
*''[[Rosa rugosa]]'': Rugosa Rose, Japanese Rose
 +
*''[[Rosa stellata]]'': Gooseberry Rose, Sacramento Rose
 +
*''[[Rosa virginiana]]'' (syn. ''R. lucida''): Virginia Rose
 +
 +
==Cultivation==
 +
[[Image:Rosa canina hips.jpg|thumb|upright|''[[Rosa canina]]'' hips]]
 +
The [[leaf|leaves]] of most species are 5–15 centimetres long, [[pinnate]], with (3–) 5–9 (–13) leaflets and basal stipules; the leaflets usually have a serrated margin, and often a few small prickles on the underside of the stem. The vast majority of roses are [[deciduous]], but a few (particularly in Southeast [[Asia]]) are [[evergreen]] or nearly so.
 +
 +
The [[flower]]s of most species roses have five petals, with the exception of ''[[Rosa sericea]]'', which usually has only four. Each petal is divided into two distinct lobes and is usually white or pink, though in a few species yellow or red. Beneath the petals are five sepals (or in the case of some [[Rosa sericea]], four). These may be long enough to be visible when viewed from above and appear as green points alternating with the rounded petals. The ovary is inferior, developing below the petals and sepals.
 +
 +
The [[Fruit#Aggregate fruit|aggregate fruit]] of the rose is a berry-like structure called a [[rose hip]]. Rose species that produce open-faced flowers are attractive to [[pollination|pollinating]] [[bee]]s and other [[insect]]s, thus more apt to produce hips. Many of the domestic cultivars are so tightly petalled that they do not provide access for pollination. The hips of most species are red, but a few (e.g. ''[[Rosa pimpinellifolia]]'') have dark purple to black hips. Each hip comprises an outer fleshy layer, the [[hypanthium]], which contains 5–160 "seeds" (technically dry single-seeded fruits called [[achene]]s) embedded in a matrix of fine, but stiff, hairs. Rose hips of some species, especially the [[Dog Rose]] (''Rosa canina'') and [[Rugosa Rose]] (''Rosa rugosa''), are very rich in [[vitamin C]], among the richest sources of any plant. The hips are eaten by fruit-eating [[bird]]s such as [[Thrush (bird)|thrushes]] and [[waxwing]]s, which then disperse the seeds in their droppings. Some birds, particularly [[finch]]es, also eat the seeds.
 +
 +
While the sharp objects along a rose stem are commonly called "thorns", they are actually prickles — outgrowths of the epidermis (the outer layer of tissue of the stem). True thorns, as produced by e.g. ''[[Citrus]]'' or ''[[Pyracantha]]'', are modified stems, which always originate at a node and which have nodes and internodes along the length of the thorn itself. Rose prickles are typically sickle-shaped hooks, which aid the rose in hanging onto other vegetation when growing over it. Some species such as ''Rosa rugosa'' and ''R. pimpinellifolia'' have densely packed straight spines, probably an adaptation to reduce browsing by animals, but also possibly an adaptation to trap wind-blown [[sand]] and so reduce [[erosion]] and protect their [[root]]s (both of these species grow naturally on [[coast]]al [[dune|sand dunes]]). Despite the presence of prickles, roses are frequently browsed by [[deer]]. A few species of roses only have vestigial prickles that have no points.
 +
 +
==Pruning==
 +
Rose [[pruning]], sometimes regarded as a horticultural art form, is largely dependent on the type of rose to be pruned, the reason for pruning, and the time of year it is at the time of the desired pruning.
 +
 +
Most Old Garden Roses of strict European heritage (albas, damasks, gallicas, etc.) are shrubs that bloom once yearly, in late spring or early summer, on two-year-old (or older) canes. As such, their pruning requirements are quite minimal, and are overall similar to any other analogous shrub, such as [[lilac]] or [[forsythia]]. Generally, only old, spindly canes should be pruned away, to make room for new canes. One-year-old canes should never be pruned because doing so will remove next year's flower buds. The shrubs can also be pruned back lightly, immediately after the blooms fade, to reduce the overall height or width of the plant. In general, pruning requirements for OGRs are much less laborious and regimented than for Modern hybrids.
 +
 +
Modern hybrids, including the hybrid teas, floribundas, grandifloras, modern miniatures, and English roses, have a complex genetic background that almost always includes China roses (''R. chinensis''). China roses were evergrowing, everblooming roses from humid subtropical regions that bloomed constantly on any new vegetative growth produced during the growing season. Their modern hybrid descendants exhibit similar habits: Unlike Old Garden Roses, modern hybrids bloom continuously (until stopped by frost) on any new canes produced during the growing season. They therefore require pruning away of any spent flowering stem, in order to divert the plant's energy into producing new growth and thence new flowers.
 +
 +
Additionally, Modern Hybrids planted in cold-winter climates will almost universally require a "hard" annual pruning (reducing all canes to 8"–12" in height) in early spring. Again, because of their complex China rose background, Modern Hybrids are typically not as cold-hardy as European OGRs, and low winter temperatures often desiccate or kill exposed canes. In spring, if left unpruned, these damanged canes will often die back all the way to the shrub's root zone, resulting in a weakened, disfigured plant. The annual "hard" pruning of hybrid teas, floribundas, etc. should generally be done in early spring; most gardeners coincide this pruning with the blooming of forsythia shrubs. Canes should be cut about 1/2" above a vegetative bud (identifiable as a point on a cane where a leaf once grew).
 +
 +
For both Old Garden Roses and Modern Hybrids, any weak, damaged or diseased growth should be pruned away completely, regardless of the time of year. Any pruning of any rose should also be done so that the cut is made at a forty five degree angle above a vegetative bud. This helps the pruned stem callus over more quickly, and also mitigates moisture buildup over the cut, which can lead to disease problems.
 +
 +
For all general rose pruning (including cutting flowers for arrangements), sharp secateurs (hand-held, sickle-bladed pruners) should be used to cut any growth 1/2" or less in diameter. For canes of a thickness greater than 1/2", pole loppers or a small handsaw are generally more effective; secateurs may be damaged or broken in such instances.
 +
 +
===Deadheading===
 +
[[Deadheading]] is the simple practice of manually removing any spent, faded, withered, or discoloured flowers from rose shrubs over the course of the blooming season. The purpose of deadheading is to encourage the plant to focus its energy and resources on forming new offshoots and blooms, rather than in fruit production. Deadheading may also be performed, if spent flowers are unsightly, for aethestic purposes. Roses are particularly responsive to deadheading.
 +
 +
==Rose types==
 +
[[Image:Rose-picking in Bulgaria 1870ies.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Rose oil|Rose-picking]] in the [[Rose Valley, Bulgaria|Rose Valley]] near the town of [[Kazanlak]] in [[Bulgaria]], 1870s, engraving by [[Austria-Hungary|Austro-Hungarian]] traveller [[Felix Philipp Kanitz|F. Kanitz]]]]
 +
{{seealso|Rose cultivars named after celebrities}}
 +
 +
Roses are popular [[garden]] shrubs, as well as the most popular and commonly sold [[florist|florists']] flowers. In addition to their great economic importance as a florists crop, roses are also of great value to the [[perfume]] industry.
 +
 +
Many thousands of rose [[Hybrid (biology)|hybrids]] and [[cultivar]]s have been bred and selected for garden use; most are [[double-flowered]] with many or all of the [[stamen]]s having mutated into additional [[petal]]s. As long ago as 1840 a collection numbering over one thousand different cultivars, varieties and species was possible when a rosarium was planted by [[Loddiges|Loddiges nursery]] for [[Abney Park Cemetery]], an early Victorian garden cemetery and arboretum in England.
 +
 +
Twentieth-century rose breeders generally emphasized size and colour, producing large, attractive blooms with little or no scent. Many wild and "old-fashioned" roses, by contrast, have a strong sweet scent.
 +
 +
Roses thrive in [[temperate climate]]s, though certain species and cultivars can flourish in [[sub-tropical]] and even [[tropical]] climates, especially when [[grafting|grafted]] onto appropriate [[rootstock]].
 +
 +
There is no single system of classification for garden roses. In general, however, roses are placed in one of three main groups:
 +
 +
===Wild Roses===
 +
The wild roses includes the species listed above and some of their hybrids.
 +
 +
===Old Garden Roses===
 +
Most Old Garden Roses are classified into one of the following groups. In general, Old Garden Roses of [[Europe]]an or [[Mediterranean]] origin are once-blooming shrubs, with notably fragrant, double-flowered blooms primarily in shades of white, pink and red. The shrubs' foliage tends to be highly disease-resistant, and they generally bloom only on two-year-old canes.
 +
====Alba====
 +
[[Image:Rosa alba semi-plena img 2175.jpg|thumb|right|''Rosa'' x ''alba'' 'Alba Semiplena', an Alba rose]]
 +
[[Image:Rosa alba2.jpg|thumb|upright|''Rosa'' 'Maiden's Blush', an Alba rose]]
 +
Literally "white roses", derived from ''R. arvensis'' and the closely allied ''R. alba''. These are some of the oldest garden roses, probably brought to [[Great Britain]] by the [[Ancient Rome|Romans]]. The shrubs flower once yearly in the spring with blossoms of white or pale pink. The shrubs frequently feature gray-green foliage and a climbing habit of growth . Examples: 'Alba Semiplena', '[[White Rose of York]]'.
 +
====Gallica====
 +
The [[Gallic Rose|gallica]] roses have been developed from ''R. gallica'', which is a native of central and southern [[Europe]]. They flower once in the summer over low shrubs rarely over 4' tall. Unlike most other once-blooming Old Garden Roses, the gallica class includes shades of red, maroon and deep purplish crimson. Examples: 'Cardinal de Richelieu', 'Charles de Mills', 'Rosa Mundi' (''R. gallica versicolor'').
 +
====Damask====
 +
Robert de Brie is given credit for bringing [[Rosa damascena|damask]] roses from [[Iran|Persia]] to Europe sometime between 1254 and 1276, although there is evidence from ancient Roman frescoes that at least one damask rose, the Autumn Damask, existed in Europe for hundreds of years prior. Summer damasks (crosses between gallica roses and ''R. phoenicea'') bloom once in summer. Autumn damasks (Gallicas crossed with ''R. moschata'') bloom again later, in the autumn. Shrubs tend to have rangy to sprawly growth habits and vicious thorns. The flowers typically have a more loose petal formation than gallicas, as well as a stronger, tangy fragrance. Examples: '[[Ispahan (rose)|Ispahan]]', 'Madame Hardy'.
 +
====Centifolia or Provence====
 +
[[Rosa centifolia|Centifolia]] roses, raised in the [[17th Century|seventeenth century]] in the [[Netherlands]], are named for their "one hundred" petals; they are often called "cabbage" roses due to the globular shape of the flowers. The result of damask roses crossed with albas, the centifolias are all once-flowering. As a class, they are notable for their inclination to produce mutations of various sizes and forms, including moss roses and some of the first miniature roses (see below) . Examples: 'Centifolia', 'Paul Ricault'.
 +
====Moss====
 +
Mutations of primarily centifolia roses (or sometimes damasks), moss roses have a mossy excrescence on the [[Plant stem|stems]] and [[sepal]]s that often emits a pleasant woodsy or balsam scent when rubbed. Moss roses are cherised for this unique trait, but as a group they have contributed nothing to the development of new rose classifications. Moss roses with centifolia background are once-flowering; some moss roses exhibit repeat-blooming, indicative of Autumn Damask parentage. Example: 'Common Moss' (centifolia-moss), 'Alfred de Dalmas' (Autumn Damask moss).
 +
====China====
 +
The [[Rosa chinensis|China]] roses were grown in East Asia for thousands of years and finally reached Western Europe in the late 1700s. Compared to the aforementioned European rose classes, the Chinese roses had smaller, less fragrant, more poorly formed blooms carried over twiggier, more cold-sensitive shrubs. Yet they possessed the amazing ability to bloom repeatedly throughout the summer and into late autumn, unlike their European counterparts. This made them highly desirable for hybridization purposes in the early 1800s. The flowers of China roses were also notable for their tendency to "suntan," or darken over time — unlike the blooms of European roses, which tended to fade after opening. Four China roses ('Slater's Crimson China', 1792; 'Parsons' Pink China', 1793; 'Hume's Blush China', 1809; and 'Parks' Yellow Tea Scented China', 1824) were brought to [[Europe]] in the late [[18th Century|eighteenth]] and early [[19th Century|nineteenth centuries]]. This brought about the creation of the first classes of repeat-flowering Old Garden Roses, and later the Modern Garden Roses. Examples: 'Old Blush China', 'Mutabilis' (butterfly rose).
 +
====Portland====
 +
The Portland roses represent the first group of crosses between China roses and European roses, specifically gallicas and damasks. They were named after the [[Duke of Portland|Duchess of Portland]] who received (from [[Italy]] in 1800) a rose then known as ''R. paestana'' or 'Scarlet Four Seasons' Rose' (now known simply as 'The Portland Rose'). The whole class of Portland roses was thence developed from that one rose. The first repeat-flowering class of rose with fancy European-style blossoms, they are mostly descended from hybrids between damask and China roses. The plants tend to be fairly short and shrubby, with proportionately short flower stalks. Example: 'James Veitch', 'Rose de Rescht', 'Comte de Chambourd'.
 +
====Bourbon====
 +
[[Image:Rosa 'Climbing Souvenir de la Malmaison'.JPG|thumb|right|''Rosa'' 'Climbing Souvenir de la Malmaison', a Bourbon rose]]
 +
[[Image:Rose zepherine drouhin img 1838.jpg|thumb|upright|'Rosa'' 'Zéphirine Drouhin', a Bourbon rose]]
 +
Bourbons originated on l'Île de Bourbon (now called [[Réunion]]) off the coast of Madagascar in the Indian Ocean. They are most likely the result of a cross between the Autumn Damask and the 'Old Blush' China rose, both of which were frequently used as hedging materials on the island. They flower repeatedly over vigorous, frequently semi-climbing shrubs with glossy foliage and purple-tinted canes. They were first Introduced in [[France]] in 1823. Examples: 'Louise Odier', 'Mme. Pierre Oger', 'Zéphirine Drouhin'.
 +
====Noisette====
 +
The first Noisette rose was raised as a hybrid seedling by a South Carolina rice planter named John Champneys. Its parents were the China Rose 'Parson's Pink' and the autumn-flowering musk rose (''Rosa moschata''), resulting in a vigorous climbing rose producing huge clusters of small pink flowers from spring to fall. Champneys sent seedlings of his rose (called 'Champneys' Pink Cluster') to his gardening friend, Philippe Noisette, who in turn sent plants to his brother Louis in [[Paris, France|Paris]], who then introduced 'Blush Noisette' in 1817. The first Noisettes were small-blossomed, fairly winter-hardy climbers, but later infusions of Tea rose genes created a Tea-Noisette subclass with larger flowers, smaller clusters, and considerably reduced winter hardiness. Examples: 'Blush Noisette', 'Mme. Alfred Carriere' (Noisette), 'Marechal Niel' (Tea-Noisette). (See [[:fr:Rosier de Noisette|French]] and [[:de:Noisette-Rose|German]] articles on Noisette roses)
 +
====Tea====
 +
The result of crossing two of the original China roses ('Hume's Blush China' and 'Parks' Yellow Tea Scented China') with various Bourbons and Noisette roses, tea roses are considerably more tender than other Old Garden Roses (due to cold-tender ''Rosa gigantea'' in the ancestry of the 'Parks' Yellow' rose). The teas are repeat-flowering roses, named for their fragrance being reminiscent of Chinese black tea (although this is not always the case). The color range includes pastel shades of white, pink and yellow, and the petals tend to roll back at the edges, producing a petal with a pointed tip. The individual flowers of many cultivars are semi-pendent and nodding, due to weak flower stalks. Examples: 'Lady Hillingdon', 'Maman Cochet'.
 +
====Hybrid Perpetual====
 +
The dominant class of roses in [[Victorian Era|Victorian]] England, hybrid perpetuals first emerged in 1838 and were derived to a great extent from the Bourbons. They became the most popular garden and florist roses of northern Europe at the time, as the tender tea roses would not thrive in cold climates. The "perpetual" in the name hints at repeat-flowering, but many varieties of this class had poor reflowering habits; the tendency was for a massive spring bloom, followed by either scattered summer flowering, a smaller autumn burst, or sometimes nothing at all until next spring. Due to a limited color palette (white, pink, red) and lack of reliable repeat-bloom, the hybrid perpetuals were ultimately overshadowed by their own descendants, the Hybrid Teas. Examples: 'Ferdinand Pichard', 'Reine Des Violettes', 'Paul Neyron'.
 +
====Hybrid Musk====
 +
The hybrid musk group was primarily developed by Rev. [[Joseph Pemberton]], a British rosarian, in the first decades of the 20th century, based upon 'Aglaia', a 1896 cross by Peter Lambert. A seedling of this rose, 'Trier', is considered to the be foundation of the class. The genetics of the class are somewhat obscure, as some of the parents are unknown. ''Rose multiflora'', however, is known to be one parent, and ''R. moschata'' (the musk rose) also figures in its heritage, though it is considered to be less important than the name would suggest. Hybrid musks are disease-resistant, remontant and generally cluster-flowered, with a strong, characteristic "musk" scent.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rosegathering.com/hybridmusks.html|title=Hybrid Musks|author=Filiberti, Daphne}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://rdrop.com/~paul/musks/index.html|title=Hybrid Musks|author=Bardon, Paul}}</ref> Examples include 'Buff Beauty' and 'Penelope'.
 +
====Bermuda "Mystery" Roses====
 +
A group of several dozen "found" roses that have been grown in [[Bermuda]] for at least a century. The roses have significant value and interest for those growing roses in tropical and semi-tropical regions, since they are highly resistant to both [[nematode]] damage and the [[black spot|fungal diseases]] that plague rose culture in hot, humid areas, and capable of blooming in hot and humid weather. Most of these roses are likely Old Garden Rose cultivars that have otherwise dropped out of cultivation, or sports thereof. They are "mystery roses" because their "proper" historical names have been lost. Tradition dictates that they are named after the owner of the garden where they were rediscovered.
 +
====Hybrid Rugosa====
 +
Derived from the R. Rugosa species, these vigorous roses are extremely hardy with excellent disease resistance.  Most are extremely fragrant, repeat bloomers with moderately double flat flowers.  The defining characteristic of a Hybrid Rugosa rose is its wrinkly leaves, but some hybrids do lack this trait.  These roses will often set hips.  Examples include 'Hansa' and 'Roseraie de l'Häy'.
 +
====Miscellaneous====
 +
There are also a few smaller classes (such as Scots, Sweet Brier) and some climbing classes of old roses (including Ayrshire, Climbing China, Laevigata, Sempervirens, Boursault, Climbing Tea, and Climbing Bourbon). Those classes with both climbing and shrub forms are often grouped together.
 +
 +
===Modern Garden Roses===
 +
[[Image:Rose at University of the Pacific.JPG|thumb|right|A modern garden rose at [[University of the Pacific|University of the Pacific (United States)]].]]
 +
[[Image:Pink rose albury botanical gardens.jpg|thumb|''Rosa'' 'Cajun Sunrise', a modern Hybrid Tea rose]]
 +
Classification of modern roses can be quite confusing because many modern roses have old garden roses in their ancestry and their form varies so much. The classifications tend to be by growth and flowering characteristics, such as "large-flowered shrub", "recurrent, large-flowered shrub", "cluster-flowered", "rambler recurrent", or "ground-cover non-recurrent". The following includes the most notable and popular classifications of Modern Garden Roses:
 +
====Hybrid Tea====
 +
The favourite rose for much of the history of modern roses, [[Hybrid Tea|hybrid teas]] were initially created by hybridizing Hybrid Perpetuals with Tea roses in the late 1800s. 'La France,' created in 1867, is universally acknowledged as the first indication of a new class of roses. Hybrid teas exhibit traits midway between both parents: hardier than the teas but less hardy than the hybrid perpetuals, and more everblooming than the hybrid perpetuals but less so than the teas. The flowers are well-formed with large, high-centered buds, and each flowering stem typically terminates in a single shapely bloom. The shrubs tend to be stiffly upright and sparsely foliaged, which today is often seen as a liability in the landscape. The hybrid tea class is important in being the first class of roses to include genes from the old Austrian brier rose (''Rosa foetida''). This resulted in an entirely new color range for roses: shades of deep yellow, apricot, copper, orange, true scarlet, yellow bicolors, lavender, gray, and even brown were now possible. The new color range did much to skyrocket hybrid tea popularity in the 20th century, but these colors came at a price: ''Rosa foetida'' also passed on a tendency toward disease-susceptibility, scentless blooms, and an intolerance of pruning, to its descendants. Hybrid teas became the single most popular class of garden rose of the 20th century; today, their reputation as being more high maintenance than many other rose classes has led to a decline in hybrid tea popularity among gardeners and landscapers in favor of lower-maintenance "landscape" roses. The hybrid tea remains the standard rose of the floral industry, however, and is still favoured in small gardens in formal situations. Examples: '[[Peace (rose)|Peace]]' (yellow), 'Mr. Lincoln' (red), 'Double Delight' (multicolors).
 +
====Polyantha====
 +
Literally "many-flowered" roses, from the Greek "poly" (many) and "anthos" (flower). Originally derived from crosses between two East Asian species (''Rosa chinensis'' and ''R. multiflora''), polyanthas first appeared in France in the late 1800s alongside the hybrid teas. They featured short plants — some compact, others spreading in habit — with tiny blooms (1" in diameter on average) carried in large sprays, in the typical rose colors of white, pink and red. Their main claim to fame was their prolific bloom: From spring to fall, a healthy polyantha shrub might be literally covered in flowers, creating a strong color impact in the landscape. Polyantha roses are still regarded as low-maintenance, disease-resistant garden roses today, and remain popular for that reason. Examples: 'Cecile Brunner', 'The Fairy', 'Red Fairy'.
 +
====Floribunda====
 +
[[Image:Rosa sp.61.jpg|thumb|right|''Rosa'' 'Borussia', a modern Floribunda rose]]
 +
Rose breeders quickly saw the value in crossing polyanthas with hybrid teas, to create roses that bloomed with the polyantha profusion, but with hybrid tea floral beauty and color range. In 1909, the first polyantha/hybrid tea cross, 'Gruss an Aachen,' was created, with characteristics midway between both parent classes.  As the larger, more shapely flowers and hybrid-tea-like growth habit separated these new roses from polyanthas and hybrid teas alike, a new class was created and named [[Rosa Floribunda|Floribunda]], Latin for "many-flowering." Typical floribundas feature stiff shrubs, smaller and bushier than the average hybrid tea but less dense and sprawling than the average polyantha. The flowers are often smaller than hybrid teas but are carried in large sprays, giving a better floral effect in the garden. Floribundas are found in all hybrid tea colors and with the classic hybrid tea-shaped blossom, sometimes differing from hybrid teas only in their cluster-flowering habit. Today they are still used in large bedding schemes in public [[park]]s and similar spaces. Examples: 'Dainty Maid', 'Iceberg', 'Tuscan Sun'.
 +
====Grandiflora====
 +
[[Grandiflora]]s (Latin for "large-flowered") were the class of roses created in the mid 1900s to designate back-crosses between hybrid teas and floribundas that fit neither category — specifically, the 'Queen Elizabeth' rose, which was introduced in 1954<ref>[http://www.gardenmob.com/blog1/2006/07/13/the-great-roses-queen-elizabeth/ The Great Roses: Queen Elizabeth]</ref>. Grandiflora shrubs are typically larger than either hybrid teas or floribundas, and feature hybrid tea-style flowers borne in small clusters of three to five, similar to a floribunda. Grandifloras maintained some popularity from about the 1950s to the 1980s but today they are much less popular than either the hybrid teas or the floribundas. Examples: 'Queen Elizabeth', 'Comanche,' 'Montezuma'.
 +
====Miniature====
 +
[[Image:"Meillandine" Rose in clay pot.jpg|thumb|upright|''Meillandine'' (a miniature rose) in a [[terra cotta]] flowerpot]]
 +
All of the classes of Old Garden Roses—gallicas, centifolias, etc.—had corresponding miniature forms, although these were once-flowering just as their larger forms were. As with the standard-sized varieties, miniature Old Garden roses were crossed with repeat-blooming Asian species to produce everblooming miniature roses. Today, miniature roses are represented by twiggy, repeat-flowering shrubs ranging from 6" to 36" in height, with most falling in the 12"–24" height range. Blooms come in all the hybrid tea colours; many varieties also emulate the classic high-centered hybrid tea flower shape. Miniature roses are often marketed and sold by the floral industry as houseplants, but it is important to remember that these plants are largely descended from outdoor shrubs native to temperate regions; thus, most miniature rose varieties require an annual period of cold dormancy to survive. (Examples: ''Petite de Hollande'' (Miniature Centifolia, once-blooming), ''Cupcake'' (Modern Miniature, repeat-blooming).)
 +
 +
====Climbing/Rambling====
 +
As is the case with Miniature roses, all aforementioned classes of roses, both Old and Modern, have "climbing" forms, whereby the canes of the shrubs grow much longer and more flexible than the normal ("bush") forms. In the Old Garden Roses, this is often simply the natural growth habit of many cultivars and varieties; in many Modern roses, however, climbing roses are the results of spontaneous mutations. For example, 'Climbing Peace' is designated as a "Climbing Hybrid Tea," for it is genetically identical to the normal "shrub" form of the 'Peace' hybrid tea rose, except that its canes are long and flexible, i.e. "climbing." Most Climbing roses grow anywhere from 8'–20' in height and exhibit repeat-bloom. Rambler roses, although technically a separate class, are often lumped together with climbing roses. They also exhibit long, flexible canes, but are distinguished from true climbers in two ways: A larger overall size (20'–30' tall is common), and a once-blooming habit. It should be noted that both climbing roses and rambling roses are not true vines such as [[ivy]], [[clematis]] or [[wisteria]]; they lack the ability to cling to supports on their own, and must be manually trained and tied over structures such as arbors and pergolas. Examples: 'Blaze' (repeat-blooming climber), 'American Pillar' (once-blooming rambler).
 +
====English / David Austin====
 +
Although not officially recognized as a separate class of roses by any established rose authority, English (aka David Austin) roses are often set aside as such by consumers and retailers alike. Development started in the 1960s by [[David Austin]] of [[Shropshire]], [[England]], who wanted to rekindle interest in Old Garden Roses by hybridizing them with modern hybrid teas and floribundas. The idea was to create a new group of roses that featured blooms with old-fashioned shapes and fragrances, evocative of classic gallica, alba and damask roses, but with modern repeat-blooming characteristics and the larger modern color range as well. Austin mostly succeeded in his mission; his tribe of "English" roses, now numbering hundreds of varieties, has been warmly embraced by the gardening public and are widely available to consumers.  David Austin roses are still actively developed, with new varieties released regularly. It should be noted that the typical winterhardiness and disease-resistance of the classic Old Garden Roses has largely been compromised in the process; many English roses are susceptible to the same disease problems that plague modern hybrid teas and floribundas, and many are not hardy north of USDA Zone 5. Examples: 'Mary Rose,' 'Graham Thomas', 'Tamora'.
 +
====Canadian Hardy Roses====
 +
Developed for the extreme weather conditions of Canadian winters, these roses were developed by Agriculture Canada at the Morden Research Station in Morden, Manitoba and the Experimental Farm in Ottawa (and later at L'Assomption, Quebec).  These two main lines are called the Parkland series and the Explorer series.  These programs have now been discontinued; however the remaining plant stock has been taken over by private breeders via the Canadian Artists series.  Derived mostly from crosses of native Canadian species and more tender roses, these plants are extremely tolerant of cold weather, some down to -50F.  A wide diversity of forms and colors were achieved.  Examples include 'Morden Belle', 'Winnipeg Parks' and 'Cuthbert Grant'.
 +
 +
Other notable Canadian breeders include Georges Bugnet and Robert Erskine.
 +
 +
===Landscape Roses===
 +
These are a modern classifation of rose developed mainly for mass amenity planting. They are collectively known as shrub roses. In the late 20th century, traditional hybrid tea and floribunda rose varieties fell out of favor amid gardeners and landscapers, as they are often labor- and chemical-intensive plants susceptible to myriad pest and disease problems. So-called "landscape" roses have thus been developed to fill the consumer desire for a garden rose that offers color, form and fragrance, but is also low maintenance and easy to care for. Most landscape roses having the following characteristics:
 +
* Good disease resistance
 +
* Lower growing habit, usually under 60 cm (24 in)
 +
* Repeat flowering
 +
* Disease and pest resistance
 +
* Non suckering, growing on their own roots.
 +
Principal parties involved in the breeding of new Landscape Roses varieties are: Werner Noak (Germany), Meidiland Roses (France), & Boot & Co. (Netherlands).
 +
 +
==Propagation==
 +
Cuttings and grafts are necessary for true offspring.  Seeds work but you won't know what you have until it blooms.
 +
 +
==Pests and diseases==
 +
{{Main|Pests and diseases of roses|List of rose diseases}}
 +
 +
Roses are subject to several [[disease]]s, such as [[rose rust]] (''Phragmidium mucronatum''), [[Black Spot (disease)|rose black spot]], and [[powdery mildew]]. Fungal diseases in the Rose are best solved by a preventative [[Fungicide|fungicidal]] spray program rather than by trying to cure an infection after it emerges on the plant. After the disease is visible, its spread can be minimized through pruning and the use of fungicides, although the actual infection cannot be reversed. Certain rose varieties are considerably less susceptible than others to fungal diseases.
 +
 +
The main insect pest affecting roses is the [[aphid]] (greenfly), which sucks the sap and weakens the plant. ([[Coccinellidae|Ladybird]]s are a predator of aphids and should be encouraged in the rose garden.) The spraying with insecticide of roses is often recommended but should be done with care to minimize the loss of beneficial insects. Roses are also used as food plants by the [[larva]]e of some [[Lepidoptera]] ([[butterfly]] and [[moth]]) species; see [[list of Lepidoptera that feed on roses]].
 +
 +
== References ==
 +
{{reflist}}
 +
 +
==See also==
 +
* [[List of roses named after people]]
 +
* [[Rose (color)]]
 +
 +
==External links==
 +
* [http://www.rose.org/ All-America Rose Selections], a non-profit association of rose growers and introducers dedicated to the introduction and promotion of exceptional roses
 +
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose Rose], Wikipedia entry for the Rose flower.
 +
* [http://rosomanes.blogspot.com/ Rosmanes], a regularly updated blog on roses with beautiful images and posts on the history of the flower.
 +
* [http://www.tigersheds.com/garden-resources/post/2010/04/30/Introduction-to-Roses-and-Tips-for-Growing.aspx Introduction to Roses], a useful post introducing roses to the novice with tips for growing.
 +
* [http://thegardenprince.co.uk/gardening-articles/407-history-of-the-roses History of the Roses], a great article from The Garden Prince
 +
 +
 
{{Inc|
 
{{Inc|
 
Rosa (ancient Latin name). Rosaceae. Rose. Ornamental shrubs chiefly grown for handsome flowers, also for ornamental fruits and attractive foliage.
 
Rosa (ancient Latin name). Rosaceae. Rose. Ornamental shrubs chiefly grown for handsome flowers, also for ornamental fruits and attractive foliage.
Line 40: Line 207:     
Ayrshire .............R.arrensis var. capreolata.
 
Ayrshire .............R.arrensis var. capreolata.
 +
 
Banks Rose............R.Banksiae.
 
Banks Rose............R.Banksiae.
 +
 
Bengal ...............R.chinensis.
 
Bengal ...............R.chinensis.
 +
 
Bourbon ..............R.borbonica.
 
Bourbon ..............R.borbonica.
 +
 
Champney............. R.Noisettiana.
 
Champney............. R.Noisettiana.
 +
 
Cherokee............. R.laevigata.
 
Cherokee............. R.laevigata.
 +
 
Cinnamon............. R.cinnamomea.
 
Cinnamon............. R.cinnamomea.
 +
 
Damask ...............R.damascena.
 
Damask ...............R.damascena.
 +
 
Dog ..................R.canina.
 
Dog ..................R.canina.
 +
 
Eglantine............ R.rubiginosa.
 
Eglantine............ R.rubiginosa.
 +
 
Macartney............ R.bracteata.
 
Macartney............ R.bracteata.
 +
 
Memorial..............R.Wichuraiana.
 
Memorial..............R.Wichuraiana.
 +
 
Moss................. R.gallica var.muscosa.
 
Moss................. R.gallica var.muscosa.
 +
 
Musk................. R.moschata.
 
Musk................. R.moschata.
 +
 
Noisette............. R.Noisettiana.
 
Noisette............. R.Noisettiana.
 +
 
Prairie.............. R.setigera.
 
Prairie.............. R.setigera.
 +
 
Provence............. R.gallica.
 
Provence............. R.gallica.
 +
 
Scotch............... R.spinosissima.
 
Scotch............... R.spinosissima.
 +
 
Sweetbrier.......... .R.rubiginosa.
 
Sweetbrier.......... .R.rubiginosa.
 +
 
Tea...................R.odorata.
 
Tea...................R.odorata.
   Line 85: Line 271:     
PageHorticultural classification of roses (Barren)................ 3001
 
PageHorticultural classification of roses (Barren)................ 3001
 +
 
Propagation of rosee (Watson)................................. 3004
 
Propagation of rosee (Watson)................................. 3004
 +
 
Roses for the amateur (Huey, Beal)............................ 3006
 
Roses for the amateur (Huey, Beal)............................ 3006
 +
 
Outdoor roses for the mid-continental region (Irish).......... 3010
 
Outdoor roses for the mid-continental region (Irish).......... 3010
 +
 
Roses in California (Braunton)................................ 3012
 
Roses in California (Braunton)................................ 3012
 +
 
The cultivation of rosee under glass (Pierson).................3014
 
The cultivation of rosee under glass (Pierson).................3014
 +
 
Rose insects (Crosby and Leonard) .............................3018
 
Rose insects (Crosby and Leonard) .............................3018
 +
 
Rose diseases (Maseey) ........................................3019
 
Rose diseases (Maseey) ........................................3019
   Line 547: Line 740:  
                 L. M. Massey.
 
                 L. M. Massey.
 
}}
 
}}
−
  −
A '''rose''' is a [[perennial plant|perennial]] flowering [[shrub]] or vine of the [[genus]] '''''Rosa''''', within the family [[Rosaceae]], that contains over 100 species. The species form a group of erect shrubs, and climbing or trailing plants, with stems that are often armed with sharp [[thorns]]. Most are native to Asia, with smaller numbers of species native to Europe, North America, and northwest Africa. Natives, [[cultivar]]s and [[hybrid]]s are all widely grown for their beauty and fragrance. [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/509710/rose]
  −
  −
The leaves are alternate and [[pinnate|pinnately compound]], with sharply toothed oval-shaped leaflets. The plants fleshy edible fruit is called a [[rose hip]]. Rose plants range in size from tiny, miniature roses, to climbers that can reach 20 metres in height. Species from different parts of the world easily hybridize, which has given rise to the many types of garden roses.
  −
  −
==Species==
  −
{{further|[[List of Rosa species]]}}
  −
[[Image:Rosa-multiflora01.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Rosa multiflora]]'']]
  −
Some representative rose species
  −
*''[[Rosa canina]]'': Dog Rose, Briar Bush
  −
*''[[Rosa chinensis]]'': China Rose
  −
*''[[Rosa dumalis]]'': Glaucous Dog Rose
  −
*''[[Rosa gallica]]'': Gallic Rose, French Rose
  −
*''[[Rosa gigantea]]'' (syn. ''R. x odorata gigantea'')
  −
*''[[Rosa glauca]]'' (syn. ''R. rubrifolia''): Redleaf Rose
  −
*''[[Rosa laevigata]]'' (syn. ''R. sinica''): Cherokee Rose, Camellia Rose, Mardan Rose
  −
*''[[Rosa majalis]]'': Cinnamon Rose
  −
*''[[Rosa moschata]]'': Musk Rose
  −
*''[[Rosa multiflora]]'': Multiflora Rose
  −
*''[[Rosa persica]]'' (syn. ''Hulthemia persica'', ''R. simplicifolia'')
  −
*''[[Rosa pimpinellifolia]]'': Burnet Rose
  −
*''[[Rosa roxburghii]]'': Chestnut Rose, Burr Rose
  −
*''[[Rosa rubiginosa]]'' (syn. ''R. eglanteria''): Eglantine, Sweet Briar
  −
*''[[Rosa rugosa]]'': Rugosa Rose, Japanese Rose
  −
*''[[Rosa stellata]]'': Gooseberry Rose, Sacramento Rose
  −
*''[[Rosa virginiana]]'' (syn. ''R. lucida''): Virginia Rose
  −
  −
==Cultivation==
  −
[[Image:Rosa canina hips.jpg|thumb|upright|''[[Rosa canina]]'' hips]]
  −
The [[leaf|leaves]] of most species are 5–15&nbsp;centimetres long, [[pinnate]], with (3–) 5–9 (–13) leaflets and basal stipules; the leaflets usually have a serrated margin, and often a few small prickles on the underside of the stem. The vast majority of roses are [[deciduous]], but a few (particularly in Southeast [[Asia]]) are [[evergreen]] or nearly so.
  −
  −
The [[flower]]s of most species roses have five petals, with the exception of ''[[Rosa sericea]]'', which usually has only four. Each petal is divided into two distinct lobes and is usually white or pink, though in a few species yellow or red. Beneath the petals are five sepals (or in the case of some [[Rosa sericea]], four). These may be long enough to be visible when viewed from above and appear as green points alternating with the rounded petals. The ovary is inferior, developing below the petals and sepals.
  −
  −
The [[Fruit#Aggregate fruit|aggregate fruit]] of the rose is a berry-like structure called a [[rose hip]]. Rose species that produce open-faced flowers are attractive to [[pollination|pollinating]] [[bee]]s and other [[insect]]s, thus more apt to produce hips. Many of the domestic cultivars are so tightly petalled that they do not provide access for pollination. The hips of most species are red, but a few (e.g. ''[[Rosa pimpinellifolia]]'') have dark purple to black hips. Each hip comprises an outer fleshy layer, the [[hypanthium]], which contains 5–160 "seeds" (technically dry single-seeded fruits called [[achene]]s) embedded in a matrix of fine, but stiff, hairs. Rose hips of some species, especially the [[Dog Rose]] (''Rosa canina'') and [[Rugosa Rose]] (''Rosa rugosa''), are very rich in [[vitamin C]], among the richest sources of any plant. The hips are eaten by fruit-eating [[bird]]s such as [[Thrush (bird)|thrushes]] and [[waxwing]]s, which then disperse the seeds in their droppings. Some birds, particularly [[finch]]es, also eat the seeds.
  −
  −
While the sharp objects along a rose stem are commonly called "thorns", they are actually prickles — outgrowths of the epidermis (the outer layer of tissue of the stem). True thorns, as produced by e.g. ''[[Citrus]]'' or ''[[Pyracantha]]'', are modified stems, which always originate at a node and which have nodes and internodes along the length of the thorn itself. Rose prickles are typically sickle-shaped hooks, which aid the rose in hanging onto other vegetation when growing over it. Some species such as ''Rosa rugosa'' and ''R. pimpinellifolia'' have densely packed straight spines, probably an adaptation to reduce browsing by animals, but also possibly an adaptation to trap wind-blown [[sand]] and so reduce [[erosion]] and protect their [[root]]s (both of these species grow naturally on [[coast]]al [[dune|sand dunes]]). Despite the presence of prickles, roses are frequently browsed by [[deer]]. A few species of roses only have vestigial prickles that have no points.
  −
  −
==Pruning==
  −
Rose [[pruning]], sometimes regarded as a horticultural art form, is largely dependent on the type of rose to be pruned, the reason for pruning, and the time of year it is at the time of the desired pruning.
  −
  −
Most Old Garden Roses of strict European heritage (albas, damasks, gallicas, etc.) are shrubs that bloom once yearly, in late spring or early summer, on two-year-old (or older) canes. As such, their pruning requirements are quite minimal, and are overall similar to any other analogous shrub, such as [[lilac]] or [[forsythia]]. Generally, only old, spindly canes should be pruned away, to make room for new canes. One-year-old canes should never be pruned because doing so will remove next year's flower buds. The shrubs can also be pruned back lightly, immediately after the blooms fade, to reduce the overall height or width of the plant. In general, pruning requirements for OGRs are much less laborious and regimented than for Modern hybrids.
  −
  −
Modern hybrids, including the hybrid teas, floribundas, grandifloras, modern miniatures, and English roses, have a complex genetic background that almost always includes China roses (''R. chinensis''). China roses were evergrowing, everblooming roses from humid subtropical regions that bloomed constantly on any new vegetative growth produced during the growing season. Their modern hybrid descendants exhibit similar habits: Unlike Old Garden Roses, modern hybrids bloom continuously (until stopped by frost) on any new canes produced during the growing season. They therefore require pruning away of any spent flowering stem, in order to divert the plant's energy into producing new growth and thence new flowers.
  −
  −
Additionally, Modern Hybrids planted in cold-winter climates will almost universally require a "hard" annual pruning (reducing all canes to 8"–12" in height) in early spring. Again, because of their complex China rose background, Modern Hybrids are typically not as cold-hardy as European OGRs, and low winter temperatures often desiccate or kill exposed canes. In spring, if left unpruned, these damanged canes will often die back all the way to the shrub's root zone, resulting in a weakened, disfigured plant. The annual "hard" pruning of hybrid teas, floribundas, etc. should generally be done in early spring; most gardeners coincide this pruning with the blooming of forsythia shrubs. Canes should be cut about 1/2" above a vegetative bud (identifiable as a point on a cane where a leaf once grew).
  −
  −
For both Old Garden Roses and Modern Hybrids, any weak, damaged or diseased growth should be pruned away completely, regardless of the time of year. Any pruning of any rose should also be done so that the cut is made at a forty five degree angle above a vegetative bud. This helps the pruned stem callus over more quickly, and also mitigates moisture buildup over the cut, which can lead to disease problems.
  −
  −
For all general rose pruning (including cutting flowers for arrangements), sharp secateurs (hand-held, sickle-bladed pruners) should be used to cut any growth 1/2" or less in diameter. For canes of a thickness greater than 1/2", pole loppers or a small handsaw are generally more effective; secateurs may be damaged or broken in such instances.
  −
  −
===Deadheading===
  −
[[Deadheading]] is the simple practice of manually removing any spent, faded, withered, or discoloured flowers from rose shrubs over the course of the blooming season. The purpose of deadheading is to encourage the plant to focus its energy and resources on forming new offshoots and blooms, rather than in fruit production. Deadheading may also be performed, if spent flowers are unsightly, for aethestic purposes. Roses are particularly responsive to deadheading.
  −
  −
==Rose types==
  −
[[Image:Rose-picking in Bulgaria 1870ies.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Rose oil|Rose-picking]] in the [[Rose Valley, Bulgaria|Rose Valley]] near the town of [[Kazanlak]] in [[Bulgaria]], 1870s, engraving by [[Austria-Hungary|Austro-Hungarian]] traveller [[Felix Philipp Kanitz|F. Kanitz]]]]
  −
{{seealso|Rose cultivars named after celebrities}}
  −
  −
Roses are popular [[garden]] shrubs, as well as the most popular and commonly sold [[florist|florists']] flowers. In addition to their great economic importance as a florists crop, roses are also of great value to the [[perfume]] industry.
  −
  −
Many thousands of rose [[Hybrid (biology)|hybrids]] and [[cultivar]]s have been bred and selected for garden use; most are [[double-flowered]] with many or all of the [[stamen]]s having mutated into additional [[petal]]s. As long ago as 1840 a collection numbering over one thousand different cultivars, varieties and species was possible when a rosarium was planted by [[Loddiges|Loddiges nursery]] for [[Abney Park Cemetery]], an early Victorian garden cemetery and arboretum in England.
  −
  −
Twentieth-century rose breeders generally emphasized size and colour, producing large, attractive blooms with little or no scent. Many wild and "old-fashioned" roses, by contrast, have a strong sweet scent.
  −
  −
Roses thrive in [[temperate climate]]s, though certain species and cultivars can flourish in [[sub-tropical]] and even [[tropical]] climates, especially when [[grafting|grafted]] onto appropriate [[rootstock]].
  −
  −
There is no single system of classification for garden roses. In general, however, roses are placed in one of three main groups:
  −
  −
===Wild Roses===
  −
The wild roses includes the species listed above and some of their hybrids.
  −
  −
===Old Garden Roses===
  −
Most Old Garden Roses are classified into one of the following groups. In general, Old Garden Roses of [[Europe]]an or [[Mediterranean]] origin are once-blooming shrubs, with notably fragrant, double-flowered blooms primarily in shades of white, pink and red. The shrubs' foliage tends to be highly disease-resistant, and they generally bloom only on two-year-old canes.
  −
====Alba====
  −
[[Image:Rosa alba semi-plena img 2175.jpg|thumb|right|''Rosa'' x ''alba'' 'Alba Semiplena', an Alba rose]]
  −
[[Image:Rosa alba2.jpg|thumb|upright|''Rosa'' 'Maiden's Blush', an Alba rose]]
  −
Literally "white roses", derived from ''R. arvensis'' and the closely allied ''R. alba''. These are some of the oldest garden roses, probably brought to [[Great Britain]] by the [[Ancient Rome|Romans]]. The shrubs flower once yearly in the spring with blossoms of white or pale pink. The shrubs frequently feature gray-green foliage and a climbing habit of growth . Examples: 'Alba Semiplena', '[[White Rose of York]]'.
  −
====Gallica====
  −
The [[Gallic Rose|gallica]] roses have been developed from ''R. gallica'', which is a native of central and southern [[Europe]]. They flower once in the summer over low shrubs rarely over 4' tall. Unlike most other once-blooming Old Garden Roses, the gallica class includes shades of red, maroon and deep purplish crimson. Examples: 'Cardinal de Richelieu', 'Charles de Mills', 'Rosa Mundi' (''R. gallica versicolor'').
  −
====Damask====
  −
Robert de Brie is given credit for bringing [[Rosa damascena|damask]] roses from [[Iran|Persia]] to Europe sometime between 1254 and 1276, although there is evidence from ancient Roman frescoes that at least one damask rose, the Autumn Damask, existed in Europe for hundreds of years prior. Summer damasks (crosses between gallica roses and ''R. phoenicea'') bloom once in summer. Autumn damasks (Gallicas crossed with ''R. moschata'') bloom again later, in the autumn. Shrubs tend to have rangy to sprawly growth habits and vicious thorns. The flowers typically have a more loose petal formation than gallicas, as well as a stronger, tangy fragrance. Examples: '[[Ispahan (rose)|Ispahan]]', 'Madame Hardy'.
  −
====Centifolia or Provence====
  −
[[Rosa centifolia|Centifolia]] roses, raised in the [[17th Century|seventeenth century]] in the [[Netherlands]], are named for their "one hundred" petals; they are often called "cabbage" roses due to the globular shape of the flowers. The result of damask roses crossed with albas, the centifolias are all once-flowering. As a class, they are notable for their inclination to produce mutations of various sizes and forms, including moss roses and some of the first miniature roses (see below) . Examples: 'Centifolia', 'Paul Ricault'.
  −
====Moss====
  −
Mutations of primarily centifolia roses (or sometimes damasks), moss roses have a mossy excrescence on the [[Plant stem|stems]] and [[sepal]]s that often emits a pleasant woodsy or balsam scent when rubbed. Moss roses are cherised for this unique trait, but as a group they have contributed nothing to the development of new rose classifications. Moss roses with centifolia background are once-flowering; some moss roses exhibit repeat-blooming, indicative of Autumn Damask parentage. Example: 'Common Moss' (centifolia-moss), 'Alfred de Dalmas' (Autumn Damask moss).
  −
====China====
  −
The [[Rosa chinensis|China]] roses were grown in East Asia for thousands of years and finally reached Western Europe in the late 1700s. Compared to the aforementioned European rose classes, the Chinese roses had smaller, less fragrant, more poorly formed blooms carried over twiggier, more cold-sensitive shrubs. Yet they possessed the amazing ability to bloom repeatedly throughout the summer and into late autumn, unlike their European counterparts. This made them highly desirable for hybridization purposes in the early 1800s. The flowers of China roses were also notable for their tendency to "suntan," or darken over time — unlike the blooms of European roses, which tended to fade after opening. Four China roses ('Slater's Crimson China', 1792; 'Parsons' Pink China', 1793; 'Hume's Blush China', 1809; and 'Parks' Yellow Tea Scented China', 1824) were brought to [[Europe]] in the late [[18th Century|eighteenth]] and early [[19th Century|nineteenth centuries]]. This brought about the creation of the first classes of repeat-flowering Old Garden Roses, and later the Modern Garden Roses. Examples: 'Old Blush China', 'Mutabilis' (butterfly rose).
  −
====Portland====
  −
The Portland roses represent the first group of crosses between China roses and European roses, specifically gallicas and damasks. They were named after the [[Duke of Portland|Duchess of Portland]] who received (from [[Italy]] in 1800) a rose then known as ''R. paestana'' or 'Scarlet Four Seasons' Rose' (now known simply as 'The Portland Rose'). The whole class of Portland roses was thence developed from that one rose. The first repeat-flowering class of rose with fancy European-style blossoms, they are mostly descended from hybrids between damask and China roses. The plants tend to be fairly short and shrubby, with proportionately short flower stalks. Example: 'James Veitch', 'Rose de Rescht', 'Comte de Chambourd'.
  −
====Bourbon====
  −
[[Image:Rosa 'Climbing Souvenir de la Malmaison'.JPG|thumb|right|''Rosa'' 'Climbing Souvenir de la Malmaison', a Bourbon rose]]
  −
[[Image:Rose zepherine drouhin img 1838.jpg|thumb|upright|'Rosa'' 'Zéphirine Drouhin', a Bourbon rose]]
  −
Bourbons originated on l'Île de Bourbon (now called [[Réunion]]) off the coast of Madagascar in the Indian Ocean. They are most likely the result of a cross between the Autumn Damask and the 'Old Blush' China rose, both of which were frequently used as hedging materials on the island. They flower repeatedly over vigorous, frequently semi-climbing shrubs with glossy foliage and purple-tinted canes. They were first Introduced in [[France]] in 1823. Examples: 'Louise Odier', 'Mme. Pierre Oger', 'Zéphirine Drouhin'.
  −
====Noisette====
  −
The first Noisette rose was raised as a hybrid seedling by a South Carolina rice planter named John Champneys. Its parents were the China Rose 'Parson's Pink' and the autumn-flowering musk rose (''Rosa moschata''), resulting in a vigorous climbing rose producing huge clusters of small pink flowers from spring to fall. Champneys sent seedlings of his rose (called 'Champneys' Pink Cluster') to his gardening friend, Philippe Noisette, who in turn sent plants to his brother Louis in [[Paris, France|Paris]], who then introduced 'Blush Noisette' in 1817. The first Noisettes were small-blossomed, fairly winter-hardy climbers, but later infusions of Tea rose genes created a Tea-Noisette subclass with larger flowers, smaller clusters, and considerably reduced winter hardiness. Examples: 'Blush Noisette', 'Mme. Alfred Carriere' (Noisette), 'Marechal Niel' (Tea-Noisette). (See [[:fr:Rosier de Noisette|French]] and [[:de:Noisette-Rose|German]] articles on Noisette roses)
  −
====Tea====
  −
The result of crossing two of the original China roses ('Hume's Blush China' and 'Parks' Yellow Tea Scented China') with various Bourbons and Noisette roses, tea roses are considerably more tender than other Old Garden Roses (due to cold-tender ''Rosa gigantea'' in the ancestry of the 'Parks' Yellow' rose). The teas are repeat-flowering roses, named for their fragrance being reminiscent of Chinese black tea (although this is not always the case). The color range includes pastel shades of white, pink and yellow, and the petals tend to roll back at the edges, producing a petal with a pointed tip. The individual flowers of many cultivars are semi-pendent and nodding, due to weak flower stalks. Examples: 'Lady Hillingdon', 'Maman Cochet'.
  −
====Hybrid Perpetual====
  −
The dominant class of roses in [[Victorian Era|Victorian]] England, hybrid perpetuals first emerged in 1838 and were derived to a great extent from the Bourbons. They became the most popular garden and florist roses of northern Europe at the time, as the tender tea roses would not thrive in cold climates. The "perpetual" in the name hints at repeat-flowering, but many varieties of this class had poor reflowering habits; the tendency was for a massive spring bloom, followed by either scattered summer flowering, a smaller autumn burst, or sometimes nothing at all until next spring. Due to a limited color palette (white, pink, red) and lack of reliable repeat-bloom, the hybrid perpetuals were ultimately overshadowed by their own descendants, the Hybrid Teas. Examples: 'Ferdinand Pichard', 'Reine Des Violettes', 'Paul Neyron'.
  −
====Hybrid Musk====
  −
The hybrid musk group was primarily developed by Rev. [[Joseph Pemberton]], a British rosarian, in the first decades of the 20th century, based upon 'Aglaia', a 1896 cross by Peter Lambert. A seedling of this rose, 'Trier', is considered to the be foundation of the class. The genetics of the class are somewhat obscure, as some of the parents are unknown. ''Rose multiflora'', however, is known to be one parent, and ''R. moschata'' (the musk rose) also figures in its heritage, though it is considered to be less important than the name would suggest. Hybrid musks are disease-resistant, remontant and generally cluster-flowered, with a strong, characteristic "musk" scent.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rosegathering.com/hybridmusks.html|title=Hybrid Musks|author=Filiberti, Daphne}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://rdrop.com/~paul/musks/index.html|title=Hybrid Musks|author=Bardon, Paul}}</ref> Examples include 'Buff Beauty' and 'Penelope'.
  −
====Bermuda "Mystery" Roses====
  −
A group of several dozen "found" roses that have been grown in [[Bermuda]] for at least a century. The roses have significant value and interest for those growing roses in tropical and semi-tropical regions, since they are highly resistant to both [[nematode]] damage and the [[black spot|fungal diseases]] that plague rose culture in hot, humid areas, and capable of blooming in hot and humid weather. Most of these roses are likely Old Garden Rose cultivars that have otherwise dropped out of cultivation, or sports thereof. They are "mystery roses" because their "proper" historical names have been lost. Tradition dictates that they are named after the owner of the garden where they were rediscovered.
  −
====Hybrid Rugosa====
  −
Derived from the R. Rugosa species, these vigorous roses are extremely hardy with excellent disease resistance.  Most are extremely fragrant, repeat bloomers with moderately double flat flowers.  The defining characteristic of a Hybrid Rugosa rose is its wrinkly leaves, but some hybrids do lack this trait.  These roses will often set hips.  Examples include 'Hansa' and 'Roseraie de l'Häy'.
  −
====Miscellaneous====
  −
There are also a few smaller classes (such as Scots, Sweet Brier) and some climbing classes of old roses (including Ayrshire, Climbing China, Laevigata, Sempervirens, Boursault, Climbing Tea, and Climbing Bourbon). Those classes with both climbing and shrub forms are often grouped together.
  −
  −
===Modern Garden Roses===
  −
[[Image:Rose at University of the Pacific.JPG|thumb|right|A modern garden rose at [[University of the Pacific|University of the Pacific (United States)]].]]
  −
[[Image:Pink rose albury botanical gardens.jpg|thumb|''Rosa'' 'Cajun Sunrise', a modern Hybrid Tea rose]]
  −
Classification of modern roses can be quite confusing because many modern roses have old garden roses in their ancestry and their form varies so much. The classifications tend to be by growth and flowering characteristics, such as "large-flowered shrub", "recurrent, large-flowered shrub", "cluster-flowered", "rambler recurrent", or "ground-cover non-recurrent". The following includes the most notable and popular classifications of Modern Garden Roses:
  −
====Hybrid Tea====
  −
The favourite rose for much of the history of modern roses, [[Hybrid Tea|hybrid teas]] were initially created by hybridizing Hybrid Perpetuals with Tea roses in the late 1800s. 'La France,' created in 1867, is universally acknowledged as the first indication of a new class of roses. Hybrid teas exhibit traits midway between both parents: hardier than the teas but less hardy than the hybrid perpetuals, and more everblooming than the hybrid perpetuals but less so than the teas. The flowers are well-formed with large, high-centered buds, and each flowering stem typically terminates in a single shapely bloom. The shrubs tend to be stiffly upright and sparsely foliaged, which today is often seen as a liability in the landscape. The hybrid tea class is important in being the first class of roses to include genes from the old Austrian brier rose (''Rosa foetida''). This resulted in an entirely new color range for roses: shades of deep yellow, apricot, copper, orange, true scarlet, yellow bicolors, lavender, gray, and even brown were now possible. The new color range did much to skyrocket hybrid tea popularity in the 20th century, but these colors came at a price: ''Rosa foetida'' also passed on a tendency toward disease-susceptibility, scentless blooms, and an intolerance of pruning, to its descendants. Hybrid teas became the single most popular class of garden rose of the 20th century; today, their reputation as being more high maintenance than many other rose classes has led to a decline in hybrid tea popularity among gardeners and landscapers in favor of lower-maintenance "landscape" roses. The hybrid tea remains the standard rose of the floral industry, however, and is still favoured in small gardens in formal situations. Examples: '[[Peace (rose)|Peace]]' (yellow), 'Mr. Lincoln' (red), 'Double Delight' (multicolors).
  −
====Polyantha====
  −
Literally "many-flowered" roses, from the Greek "poly" (many) and "anthos" (flower). Originally derived from crosses between two East Asian species (''Rosa chinensis'' and ''R. multiflora''), polyanthas first appeared in France in the late 1800s alongside the hybrid teas. They featured short plants — some compact, others spreading in habit — with tiny blooms (1" in diameter on average) carried in large sprays, in the typical rose colors of white, pink and red. Their main claim to fame was their prolific bloom: From spring to fall, a healthy polyantha shrub might be literally covered in flowers, creating a strong color impact in the landscape. Polyantha roses are still regarded as low-maintenance, disease-resistant garden roses today, and remain popular for that reason. Examples: 'Cecile Brunner', 'The Fairy', 'Red Fairy'.
  −
====Floribunda====
  −
[[Image:Rosa sp.61.jpg|thumb|right|''Rosa'' 'Borussia', a modern Floribunda rose]]
  −
Rose breeders quickly saw the value in crossing polyanthas with hybrid teas, to create roses that bloomed with the polyantha profusion, but with hybrid tea floral beauty and color range. In 1909, the first polyantha/hybrid tea cross, 'Gruss an Aachen,' was created, with characteristics midway between both parent classes.  As the larger, more shapely flowers and hybrid-tea-like growth habit separated these new roses from polyanthas and hybrid teas alike, a new class was created and named [[Rosa Floribunda|Floribunda]], Latin for "many-flowering." Typical floribundas feature stiff shrubs, smaller and bushier than the average hybrid tea but less dense and sprawling than the average polyantha. The flowers are often smaller than hybrid teas but are carried in large sprays, giving a better floral effect in the garden. Floribundas are found in all hybrid tea colors and with the classic hybrid tea-shaped blossom, sometimes differing from hybrid teas only in their cluster-flowering habit. Today they are still used in large bedding schemes in public [[park]]s and similar spaces. Examples: 'Dainty Maid', 'Iceberg', 'Tuscan Sun'.
  −
====Grandiflora====
  −
[[Grandiflora]]s (Latin for "large-flowered") were the class of roses created in the mid 1900s to designate back-crosses between hybrid teas and floribundas that fit neither category — specifically, the 'Queen Elizabeth' rose, which was introduced in 1954<ref>[http://www.gardenmob.com/blog1/2006/07/13/the-great-roses-queen-elizabeth/ The Great Roses: Queen Elizabeth]</ref>. Grandiflora shrubs are typically larger than either hybrid teas or floribundas, and feature hybrid tea-style flowers borne in small clusters of three to five, similar to a floribunda. Grandifloras maintained some popularity from about the 1950s to the 1980s but today they are much less popular than either the hybrid teas or the floribundas. Examples: 'Queen Elizabeth', 'Comanche,' 'Montezuma'.
  −
====Miniature====
  −
[[Image:"Meillandine" Rose in clay pot.jpg|thumb|upright|''Meillandine'' (a miniature rose) in a [[terra cotta]] flowerpot]]
  −
All of the classes of Old Garden Roses—gallicas, centifolias, etc.—had corresponding miniature forms, although these were once-flowering just as their larger forms were. As with the standard-sized varieties, miniature Old Garden roses were crossed with repeat-blooming Asian species to produce everblooming miniature roses. Today, miniature roses are represented by twiggy, repeat-flowering shrubs ranging from 6" to 36" in height, with most falling in the 12"–24" height range. Blooms come in all the hybrid tea colours; many varieties also emulate the classic high-centered hybrid tea flower shape. Miniature roses are often marketed and sold by the floral industry as houseplants, but it is important to remember that these plants are largely descended from outdoor shrubs native to temperate regions; thus, most miniature rose varieties require an annual period of cold dormancy to survive. (Examples: ''Petite de Hollande'' (Miniature Centifolia, once-blooming), ''Cupcake'' (Modern Miniature, repeat-blooming).)
  −
  −
====Climbing/Rambling====
  −
As is the case with Miniature roses, all aforementioned classes of roses, both Old and Modern, have "climbing" forms, whereby the canes of the shrubs grow much longer and more flexible than the normal ("bush") forms. In the Old Garden Roses, this is often simply the natural growth habit of many cultivars and varieties; in many Modern roses, however, climbing roses are the results of spontaneous mutations. For example, 'Climbing Peace' is designated as a "Climbing Hybrid Tea," for it is genetically identical to the normal "shrub" form of the 'Peace' hybrid tea rose, except that its canes are long and flexible, i.e. "climbing." Most Climbing roses grow anywhere from 8'–20' in height and exhibit repeat-bloom. Rambler roses, although technically a separate class, are often lumped together with climbing roses. They also exhibit long, flexible canes, but are distinguished from true climbers in two ways: A larger overall size (20'–30' tall is common), and a once-blooming habit. It should be noted that both climbing roses and rambling roses are not true vines such as [[ivy]], [[clematis]] or [[wisteria]]; they lack the ability to cling to supports on their own, and must be manually trained and tied over structures such as arbors and pergolas. Examples: 'Blaze' (repeat-blooming climber), 'American Pillar' (once-blooming rambler).
  −
====English / David Austin====
  −
Although not officially recognized as a separate class of roses by any established rose authority, English (aka David Austin) roses are often set aside as such by consumers and retailers alike. Development started in the 1960s by [[David Austin]] of [[Shropshire]], [[England]], who wanted to rekindle interest in Old Garden Roses by hybridizing them with modern hybrid teas and floribundas. The idea was to create a new group of roses that featured blooms with old-fashioned shapes and fragrances, evocative of classic gallica, alba and damask roses, but with modern repeat-blooming characteristics and the larger modern color range as well. Austin mostly succeeded in his mission; his tribe of "English" roses, now numbering hundreds of varieties, has been warmly embraced by the gardening public and are widely available to consumers.  David Austin roses are still actively developed, with new varieties released regularly. It should be noted that the typical winterhardiness and disease-resistance of the classic Old Garden Roses has largely been compromised in the process; many English roses are susceptible to the same disease problems that plague modern hybrid teas and floribundas, and many are not hardy north of USDA Zone 5. Examples: 'Mary Rose,' 'Graham Thomas', 'Tamora'.
  −
====Canadian Hardy Roses====
  −
Developed for the extreme weather conditions of Canadian winters, these roses were developed by Agriculture Canada at the Morden Research Station in Morden, Manitoba and the Experimental Farm in Ottawa (and later at L'Assomption, Quebec).  These two main lines are called the Parkland series and the Explorer series.  These programs have now been discontinued; however the remaining plant stock has been taken over by private breeders via the Canadian Artists series.  Derived mostly from crosses of native Canadian species and more tender roses, these plants are extremely tolerant of cold weather, some down to -50F.  A wide diversity of forms and colors were achieved.  Examples include 'Morden Belle', 'Winnipeg Parks' and 'Cuthbert Grant'.
  −
  −
Other notable Canadian breeders include Georges Bugnet and Robert Erskine.
  −
  −
===Landscape Roses===
  −
These are a modern classifation of rose developed mainly for mass amenity planting. They are collectively known as shrub roses. In the late 20th century, traditional hybrid tea and floribunda rose varieties fell out of favor amid gardeners and landscapers, as they are often labor- and chemical-intensive plants susceptible to myriad pest and disease problems. So-called "landscape" roses have thus been developed to fill the consumer desire for a garden rose that offers color, form and fragrance, but is also low maintenance and easy to care for. Most landscape roses having the following characteristics:
  −
* Good disease resistance
  −
* Lower growing habit, usually under 60 cm (24 in)
  −
* Repeat flowering
  −
* Disease and pest resistance
  −
* Non suckering, growing on their own roots.
  −
Principal parties involved in the breeding of new Landscape Roses varieties are: Werner Noak (Germany), Meidiland Roses (France), & Boot & Co. (Netherlands).
      
{{Inc|
 
{{Inc|
Line 763: Line 815:  
mitissima, 49.         Regeliana, 33.         Woodsii, 38.
 
mitissima, 49.         Regeliana, 33.         Woodsii, 38.
 
mollis. 23.         repena, 10.         xanthocarpa, 11.
 
mollis. 23.         repena, 10.         xanthocarpa, 11.
−
mollissima, 23.         reversa, 49.         yedoensis, 2.
+
mollissima, 23.         reversa, 49.         yedoensis, 2.  
      −
(The figure following the name indicates the section to which the species belongs.) R. agrestis Savi (R. sepium, Thuill.) (6). Allied to R. rubiginosa. Without bristles; pedicels smooth : fls. small, pale pink or whitish. Eu., N. Afr. W.R. 147.— R. Alberti, Regel (8). Allied to R. Will- mottiae. Branches slender, recurving: lfts. 5-9, ovate, pubescent beneath, 1/4-l 1/4 in. long fls. white, 1 1/2 in. across; sepals deciduous; pedicels smooth. Songaria, Turkestan. — R. amoyensis, Hance=R. microcarpa.—R. anemoni- flora. Fort. (1). Half-evergreen climbing shrub: lfts. 3-5, ovate - lanceolate, dark green, glabrous and shining: fls. few, white or slightly pinkish, double, the inner petals narrower and smaller. China. Half-hardy. R.H. 1849:281. W.R. 21.—R. anserinaefolia, Boiss., is a variety of R. Beggeriana, with silky pubescent lfts.—R. Aschersoniana, Graebn. (R. blanda XR. chinenais). Shrub, to 6 ft., with slender brown branches: prickles hooked: lfts. 5-7: fls. very numerous, small, bright light purple; styles usually exserted. Garden origin. Gt. 51:1504, 1.—R. banksiopsis. Baker (8). Branches brown, with subulate prickles, sometimes in pairs: lfts. 7-9, oblong, glabrous, 1 in. or more long: fls. corymbose, red; receptacle glabrous: sepals entire. W. China. W.R. 2:166.—R. Beggeriana, Scrank (8). Dense shrub, to 5 ft. : prickles in pairs: lfts. very small and bluish green: fls. corymbose, white; calyx and apex of fr. falling off, leaving the small, globular fr. with an opening at the top. N. Persia to Altai and Songaria. I.T. 5:122. W.R. 54.—R. bella, Rehd. & Wilson (8). Allied to R. Moyesii. Shrub, to 8 ft. : lfts. 7-9, elliptic or ovate, acutish, glaucescent and glabrous or nearly so beneath, 1/2-3/4in. long: fls. solitary, 1 3/4-2 in.broad, pink: fr. ovoid, scarlet, 3/4in. long. N. W. China. Var. pallens, Rehd. & Wilson. Fls. pale pink.—R. britzensis, Koehne (6). Shrub, to 6 ft.: lfts. 7-11, elliptic, glabrous, 1-1 1/2 in. long: fls. 1-2, palepink changing to white, 3-4 in. across: fr. brown, ovoid. Kurdistan. M.D. 1910, p. 94.—R. caudatas. Baker (8). Allied to R. macrophylla. Much branched: prickles subulate: lfts. 7-9, oblong, glabrous, but hispid on midrib beneath. 1-2 in. long: fls. red, few; pedicels and receptacle bristly: sepals entire: fr. oblong. W. China. W.R. 163.—R. ceraso- carpa, Rolfe=R. Gentiliana.—R. dinophylla, Thory (13). Closely allied to R. bracteata. Branches silky pubescent: prickles straight: lfts. elliptic-lanceolate, tomentose beneath: fls. white. India. B.R. 739. Tender.—R. collina, Jacq. (5). Allied to R. alba, but fls. rose-colored; sepals shorter. Probably hybrid of R. gallica with R. dumetorum.—R. coriifolia. Fries (6). Allied to R. canina. Lfts. pubescent beneath; petioles tomentose: fls. pink, short-pedicelled; bracts large; sepals upright after flowering. Eu., W. Asia. W.R. 129. Very variable. Var. Froebelii, Rehd. (R. canina var. Froebelii, Christ).Of vigorous growth: lfts. simply or doubly serrate, bluish green: fls. small, white.—R. corymbulosa, Rolfe (8). Upright or scan- dent, to 6 ft. : lfts. 3-5, ovate-oblong, doubly serrate, puberulous beneath, 2/3-1 1/2 in. long: fls. 3/4-1 in. across, red with white eye, in dense umbel-like corymbs; pedicels and receptacle glandularf-bristly: fr.globose. W.China B.M. 8566.—R. Davidii,Crepin (8). Allied to R. macrophylla. Shrub, to 10 ft.: sts. with scattered straight prickles: lfts. 7-11, elliptic to ovate-oblong, serrate, pubescent beneath, 1-2 1/2 in. long: fls. corymbose, pink, 1 1/2-2 in. across; styles exserted: pedicels like, the oblong receptacle glandular-setose, rarely glabrous: fr. scarlet, oblong-ovoid or ovoid, long-necked, 1/2-3/4in. long. W. China. Var. elongata, Rehd. & Wilson. Lfts. 2-3 in. long: fls. fewer: fr. 3/4-1 in. long. W.China.—R. davurica. Pall. (8). Allied to R. cinnamomea. Prickles straight and slender; stipules narrow: lfts. smaller, doubly serrate: pedicels longer, glandular: fr. ovate. Manchuria, Dahuria, Saghalin.—R. Ecae, Aitch. (R.xanthina. Auth., not Lindl.) (10). Upright shrub. to 4 ft., with brown branches: prickles numerous, stout, straight, wide-based: lfts. 9-11, oval, obtuse, dentate, glabrous, glandular, 1/4-1/3.in long: fls. pale yellow, solitary, short-stalked, 1-1 1/4 in. across: fr. obovoid, 1/3-1/2in. long, with reflexed sepals. Turkestan. Afghanistan. B.M. 7666. W.R. 2:94.—R. elliptica. Tausch (6). Allied to R. rubiginosa: lfts. cuneate- obovate, pubescent beneath: pedicels short, usually not glandular: fls. pinkish or whitish. Eu.—R. elymaitica, Boiss. & Hausskn. (6). Dwarf shrub, to 3 ft., with prickly zigzag branches: lfts. small, usually 5, glaucescent: fls. 1-3, small, pink: fr. globular, small. N. Persia. —R. Fcdtschenkoana, Regel (8). Sts. arching, with prickles and bristles: lfts. 7-9, oblong, glabrous or pubescent beneath, 3/4-1 1/4 in.long: fls. 1-4, white, 1 1/2-2 in. across; pedicels and receptacles hispid. Turkestan. B.M. 7770. W.R. 49.— R. ferox, Bieb. (6). Allied to R. rubiginosa. Dwarf: lfts. glandular on both sides: pedicels short, not glandular. S. E. Eu., W. Asia. W.R. 154.—R. filipes, Rehd. & Wilson (2). Allied to R. Brunonii. Sarmentose shrub, to 15 ft., with few hooked prickles: lfts. usually 5-7, oblong-ovate to lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, nearly glabrous, pale beneath, 1 3/4-3 in. long: fls, white, fragrant, about 1 in. across, in large, loose corymbs; pedicels filiform, 1-1 3/4 in. long, glandular: fr. globose, 1/2-1/2in. across, scarlet; sepals deciduous. W. China.—R. floribunda. Baker— R. Gentiliana.—R. Freundiana, Graebn. (R. moschata alba hybrida, Hort. R. gallica X R. moschata). Vigorous shrub, to 6 ft.: branches with prickles and bristles: lfts. usually 5: fls. white, 1 1/2-2 in. across. very fragrant; style often exserted. Garden origin. Gt. 57, p. 471. G. 25:311.—A. Froebelii, Hort.=R. coriifolia var. Froebelii.— ft. Gentiliana, Leveille (R. floribunda, Baker. R. cerasocarpa, Rolfe) (2). Allied to R. Brunonii. Sarmentose shrub, to 12 ft., with scattered hooked prickles: lfts. 5, elliptic, abruptly acuminute, serrate, glabrous, glaucescent beneath, 1 1/2-2 in. long: fls. corymbose, white, fragrant, 1-1 1/2 in. across; pedicels and receptacles glandular: fr. dark red, globose, 1/3in. across, with deciduous sepals. Cent. China.—R. Giraldii, Crepin (8). Slender-branched shrub, to 6 ft., with straight slender prickles: lfts. usually 7, suborbicular to obovate or elliptic, acute or obtuse, serrate, pubescent, 1/4-3/4in- long: fls. solitary or few, pink, 1 in. across: fr. scarlet, ovoid. 1/3- 1/2in. long. Cent. China. Var. venulosa, Rehd. & Wilson. Lfts. reticulate beneath, glabrous above.—R. Giraldii, Cat. Hesse, is described as having rosy pink fls. with white eye and oblong scarlet frs. It is possibly a synonym of one of the species related to R. macrophylla.—R. glauca, Vill. (6). Allied to R. canina. Lfts. broadly ovate, bluish green: fls. pink; sepals upright after flowering. Eu.—R. glomerata, Rehd. & Wilson (2). Sarmentose shrub, to 20 ft., with few scattered hooked prickles: lfts. usually 5-7, oblong or oblong-ovate, short-acuminate, serrulate, rugose above, reticulate beneath and pubescent on the veins. 1 1/2-4 in. long: fls. white, fragrant, 1 in. across, in dense corymbs: fr. subglobose, orange-red, about 1/3in. across; sepals deciduous. W. China.—R. glutinosa, Sibth. & Smith (6). Allied to R. rubiginosa. Dwarf, densely prickly: lfts. densely glandular on both sides: fls. small, pink. S. E. u., W. Asia. W.R. 150.—R. gratissima, Greene (8). Allied to R. californica. Lfts. glabrous, bright green and glandular, fragrant, thin. Calif.—R hawrana, Kmet. (6). Allied to R. pomifera: flowering shoots usually unarmed: lfts. 5-7, elliptic, pubescent beneath glabrous above: fls. pink, about 2 in. across: fr. globose, densely bristly. Hungary. W.R, 140.—R. Heckeliana, Tratt. (R. Hackeliana, Nym.) (6). Allied to R, rubiginosa. Dwarf: lfts. tomentose on both sides: fls. usually solitary.small.pink. S. Eu.— R. indica, Linn.=R. microcarpa,—R. inodora, Fries (R. agrestis var. inodora, Keller) (6). Allied to R, rubiginosa: lfts. 5-7, obovate, not glandular above: fls. white or pinkish, 1-1 1/2 in. across: fr. ovoid, bright red. Eu. W.R. 151.—R. involucrata, Roxbg.=R clino- phylla.—R. involuta, Smith (6). Probably hybrid of R. spinosissima and R. tomentosa. Lfts. doubly glandular-serrate, tomentose beneath: fls. whitish. W.R. 96.—R. Jackii. Rehd. (R. Kelleri, Baker, not Dalla Torre & Sarnth.) (2), Allied to R. moschata: low procumbent shrub, with ascending branches: lfts. 7-9, elliptic or elliptic-oblong, glabrous, 1 1/3-2 1/3 in. long: fls. in corymbs, white, 1 1/2in. across; sepals ovate, abruptly caudate: fr. ovoid, red, 1/5in. long. Korea. Hardy.—R. Jundzillii, Bess. (6). Allied to R. canina but resembling also R. gallica. Upright shrub, with straight spines: lfts almost glabrous, doubly glandular-serrate, rather large: fls. large, pink; fr. subglobose. Eu., W. Asia. W.R. 149.—R. Kelleri. Baker=R. Jackii.—R. laxa, Retz. (8). Upright shrub, with hooked prickles in pairs: lfts. 7-9, small, light green: fls. small, white: fr. oblong-ovate, small. Turkestan to Songaria and Altai, W.R. 53.— R. laxa, LindL=R. lucida.—R. laxa, Hort.=R. coriifolia var. Froebelii.—R. Leschenaultii, Wight & Arn. (R. moschata var. Leschenaultii. Crepin) (2). Similar to R. Brunonii, but fls. larger, in few-fld. corymbs; pedicels and receptacle glandular-hispid. India. W.R. 15.—R. longicuspis, Bertol. (R. Sinowilsonii, Hemsl. R. Willmottiana, Leveille-. R. lucens, Rolfe). Half-evergreen scandent bush, to 20 ft., with hooked prickles: lfts. usually 7, elliptic-ovate to oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, glabrous, lustrous, 1-3 in. long: fls. corymbose, white, 1 1/2 in. across; petals silky outside; pedicels about 1 in. long: fr. ovoid, 5/4in. long, scarlet or orange-red. W. China. Himalayas. Tender.—R. lucens, Rolfe =R. longicuspis.—R. Luciae, Franch. & Rochebr. (2). Allied to R. Wichuramna. Habit more upright: lfts. usually 7, narrower and thinner: fls. smaller. Japan.—R. Lyelli, Lindl. Probably hybrid of R. moschata and R. clinophylla. Climbing: lfts. usually 7, oblong, shining: fls. corymbose, large, white, single or double. Intro. from Nepal.—R. Macounii, Greene (8). Allied to R. Woodsii: low shrub, with rather stout, deflexed prickles: lfts. 9-11, obovate to obovate-oblong, sharply serrate, except at the cuneate base, pubescent beneath, 1/2-2/4in. long: stipules glandless: fls. small, pale pink: fr. depressed- globose. Assiniboia to Wyo.—R. macrantha, Desportes (R. canina X R. gallica). Shrub with uniform hooked prickles: lfts. 5-7, charta- ceous, ovate to ovate-oblong, pubescent beneath, 1-1 1/2 in. long: fls. few, 3 in. across, light pink. Spontaneous in S. France. W.R. 134.—R. Marcyana, Boullu (R. gallica XR. tomentosa). Low, to 2, rarely to 4 ft., prickly and bristly: lfts. 5-7, broadly oval, pubescent on both sides, 1-2 in. long: fls. long-stalked, pink to light purple, 2 1/2-3 in. across. Spontaneous in .S. France. W.R. 112.— R. Mariae-Graebnerae, Aschers. (R. Carolina XR. virginiana). Shrub, to 5 ft., with slightly recurved prickles: lfts. 7-9, elliptic: fls. few, pink: fr. subglobose: blooms almost all summer and very handsome in fall with orange and red foliage, red frs. and pink fls. Garden origin. Gt. 51:1504, 4.—R. micrantha, Smith (6). Allied to R. rubiginosa. With hooked prickles, without bristles: lfts. slightly pubescent beneath: fls. pale pink, small; styles slightly exserted, glabrous. Eu., N. Afr., W. Asia.—R. microcarpa, Lindl. (R. indica, ,Linn., partly, not Lindl. R. sorbiflora, Focke) (4). Branches slender, with scattered, hooked prickles: lfts. 3-7, elliptic to ovate- lanceolate, glabrous, 1 1/2-2 1/2 in. long; stipules almost free: fls. corymbose, small, white: fr. small, globose; sepals deciduous. China. G.C. III. 37:227.—R. microcarpa, Hort.=R. multiflora.—R. mon- tana, Chaix (6). Allied to R. canina. Of vigorous growth, with strong spines: lfts. broader, tinged reddish: fls. pink: pedicels and receptacle glandular-hispid. S. Eu., N. Afr.—R. multibracteata, Hemsl. & Wilson (R. reducta, Baker) (8). Shrub, to 6 ft., with straight paired prickles: lfts. 7-9, broadly oval, glabrous, 1/4-1/2in. long: fls. pink, 1 1/4 in. across, corymbose with numerous crowded bracts, sometimes few or solitary; styles exserted: fr. ovoid, 1/3-1/2in. long, orange-red; sepals persistent. W. China. W.R. 158 (form with few-fld. infl.).—R. Murielae, Rehd. & Wilson (8). Slender-branched shrub, to 8 ft. with bristles and slender prickles: lfts. 9-15, elliptic to elliptic oblong, rarely oval, acutish, serrate, glabrous, except the pubescent midrib beneath,  1/2-3/4in. long: fls. white, about 1 in. across, in 3-7-fld. corymbs; pedicels slender, 3/4-1 1/2in. long: fr. ellipsoid, orange-red, 1/2-3/4in. long. W. China.—R. orbicularis. Baker (8). Sts. slender, with subulate prickles in pairs: lfts. 5-7, orbicular, simply serrate, glabrous, 1/2in. long: fls. 1-3, 1 1/2 in. across, white. S. W. China.—R. orientalis, Dup. (6). Allied to R, rubiginosa. Dwarf: prickles slender, subulate: lfts. 5-7, simply serrate, pubescent on both sides: fls. pink, solitary, short-pedicelled. W. Asia.— R. persetosa, Rolfe (R, macrophylla var. gracilis and var. acicu- laris, Vilm.) (8). Upright shrub, with densely bristly sts.: lfts. 5-9, elliptic to elliptic-ovate, serrate, puberulous beneath, 3/4-2 in. long: fls. deep pink, 1 in. across, in large panicles; sepals entire; pedicels and receptacle glabrous. W.China. J.H.S. 27:487. 488.— R, phaenicia, Boiss. (2). Allied to R. moschata. Lfts. usually 5, obtuse or acute: corymbs usually many-fld., pyramidal: styles glabrous. Asia Minor.—R. Prattii, Hemsl. (8). Slender-branched shrub, to 8 ft., with slender prickles and numerous bristles: lfts. 7-15, elliptic, obtusish, serrate, pubescent on the veins beneath, 1/4-1/2 in. long: fls. 1-3, pink, 3/4in. across: fr. subglobose to ovoid, scarlet, 1/4-1/3in. long; calyx persistent. W. China.—R. reducta, Baker= R. multibracteata.—R. Rubus, Leveille & Vaniot (2). Scandent bush, to 20 ft., with small hooked prickles: lfts. usually 5, ovate- elliptic to obovate, abruptly acuminate, sharply or coarsely serrate, pubescent beneath, rarely nearly glabrous, 1 1/2-2 1/2 in- long: fls. in dense corymbs, white, fragrant, 1-1 1/3 in. across; pedicels 1/2-3/4in. long, glandular: fr. subglobose, dark scarlet, about 1/3in. across. Cent. China.—R. sancta. Rich. (5). Low shrub, with unequal scattered hooked prickles: lfts. 5-7, elliptic to ovate-oblong, crenate, rugose, pubescent beneath: fls. few, large, pink, on setose pedicels. Abyssinia. W.R. 113.— R. saturata, Baker (8). Shrub, to 8 ft., unarmed or with few small prickles: lfts. usually 7, ovate to ovate- lanceolate, acute or short-acuminate, sharply serrate, pale or somewhat glaucescent beneath, pubescent on the veins or sometimes nearly glabrous, 1-2 1/2 in. long: fls. solitary, dark red, about 2 in. across; anthers purple: pedicels glabrous, 2/4-1 in. long: fr. globose- ovoid, 3/4in. long, coral-red; calyx persistent. Cent, China.—R. Scharnkeana, Graebn. (R. californica XR. nitida). Shrub, to 3 ft., with slender,often procumbent and ascending sts.; prickles slender, in pairs, below often mixed with bristles: lfts. 7-9, elliptic-oblong to oblong, cuneate: fls. 1-5, rose-purple. Garden origin. Gt. 51:1504, 2.—R. sepium, Thuill.=R. agrestis.—-R. Seraphinii, Viv. (6). Shrub, 1-3 ft., with copious, unequal, partly hooked prickles: lfts. 5-7, orbicular-ovate, doubly serrate, glandular beneath. 1/4-1/2in. long: fls. solitary, very short-stalked, 1 in. across, pink: fr. globose- ovoid, with reflexed, finally deciduous sepals. Medit. region. W.R. 153.—R. Seraphinii, Guss.=R. sicula.—R. sertata, Rolfe (8). Shrub to 5 ft.: branches glaucous, with straight slender prickles in pairs: lfts. 7-11, oval-oblong to narrow-oblong, serrate, glabrous, 1/4-3/4in. long: fls. solitary on short branchlets, rose or rose-purple, 2-2 1/2 in. across; sepals caudate, entire. W.China. B.M. 8473. G.C. III. 54:166. W.R. 2:153.—Very handsome graceful rose; has proved hardy at the Arnold Arboretum.—R. sicula, Tratt. (R. Seraphinii, Guss., not Viv.) (6). Low, 1/2-2 ft., with equal, slender, nearly straight prickles: lfts. 5-9, broadly elliptic to orbicular, glandular beneath, 1/4-1/2in. long: fls. solitary, rarely to 4, short-stalked, deep red to whitish, 1-1 1/4 in. across: fr. small, globose, with upright sepals. Medit. region. B.M. 7761 and G.W. 8, p. 17 (as R. Sera-phinii).—R. Sinowilsonii, Hemsl.=R. longicuspis.—R. sonomensis, Greene (8). Allied to R. californica. Low shrub, to 1 ft., with straight prickles: lfts. broadly ovate, doubly glandular-serrate: fls. small, in dense corymbs. Calif.—R. sorbiflora, Focke=R. micro- carpa.—R. Soulieana, Crepin (2). Upright spreading shrub, to 12 ft., with scattered hooked prickles: lfts. usually 7, oval to ovate-oblong, acute, finely serrate, glabrous, about 1 in. long: fls. corymbose, white, 1 1/2in. across; sepals ovate: fr. ovoid or subglobose, 1/3-1/2in. long, orange-red. W. China. B.M. 8158. W.R. 1:18. G. 77, p. 511.—R. spithamea, Wats. (8). Allied to R. californica. Sta. usually not over 1/2ft. high, sparingly branched: lfts. doubly glandular-serrate: fls. usually solitary. Calif.—R. stylosa, Desv. (R. systyla, Bastard) (6). Shrub with long arching prickly branches: lfts. 5-7, ovate-oblong, pubescent beneath, 3/4-2 in. long: fls. few, white or light pink, 1 1/2-2 in. across; styles connate into an exserted column. W. Eu. Red. Ros. (1:5, 2). W.R. 14,—R. Sweginzawii, Koehne (8). Shrub with large compressed prickles: lfts. usually 9, ovate to ovate-oblong, doubly serrate, pubescent beneath, 1 1/2-2 in. long: fls. 1-3, pink, 1 3/4 in. across: sepals nearly entire; pedicels and receptacles glandular-hispid: fr. oblong, 1 in. long. W. China. M.D. 1910, p. 96.—R. systyla, Bastard=R. stylosa.—R. tomentosa, Smith (6). Allied to R. villosa. Sts. slender, often arching: prickles often slightly curved: lfts. smaller, grayish green: fls. pale rose, on longer pedicels: fr. smaller, with the sepals upright spreading, caducous at maturity. Eu. W.R. 139. Gn. 77, p. 511.—R. trachy- phylla, Rau=R. Jundzillii.—R. Vorbergii, Graebn. (R. foetida X R. spinosissima). Shrub, to 3 ft.: lvs. similar to those of R. foe- tida: fls. white with a delicate flushing of yellow, 2 in. across, early. Garden origin. Gn. 79, p. 323 (as R. Vorbegii).—R. Web- biana, Wall. (8). Erect shrub, with prickly sts.: lfts. 5-9, very small, orbicular or oblong, usually glabrous: fls. mostly solitary, pink, large: fr. ovoid. Himalayas to Afghanistan and Turkestan. W.R.76.—R.Willmottiana, Leveille=R. longicuspis.—R.xanthina. Lindl. (10). Upright shrub, to 10 ft. with brown branches: prickles straight, stout: lfts. 7-11, oval or elliptic, obtuse, dentate, pubescent beneath, or sometimes glabrous, not glandular, 1/3-3/4in. long: fls. solitary, short-stalked, yellow, double, 1 3/4 in. across. N. China, Korea. Var. normalis, Rehd. & Wilson, is the single-fld. wild form. -R. xanthina, Auth.=R- Ecae.  
+
(The figure following the name indicates the section to which the species belongs.) R. agrestis Savi (R. sepium, Thuill.) (6). Allied to R. rubiginosa. Without bristles; pedicels smooth : fls. small, pale pink or whitish. Eu., N. Afr. W.R. 147.— R. Alberti, Regel (8). Allied to R. Will- mottiae. Branches slender, recurving: lfts. 5-9, ovate, pubescent beneath, 1/4-l 1/4 in. long fls. white, 1 1/2 in. across; sepals deciduous; pedicels smooth. Songaria, Turkestan. — R. amoyensis, Hance=R. microcarpa.—R. anemoni- flora. Fort. (1). Half-evergreen climbing shrub: lfts. 3-5, ovate - lanceolate, dark green, glabrous and shining: fls. few, white or slightly pinkish, double, the inner petals narrower and smaller. China. Half-hardy. R.H. 1849:281. W.R. 21.—R. anserinaefolia, Boiss., is a variety of R. Beggeriana, with silky pubescent lfts.—R. Aschersoniana, Graebn. (R. blanda XR. chinenais). Shrub, to 6 ft., with slender brown branches: prickles hooked: lfts. 5-7: fls. very numerous, small, bright light purple; styles usually exserted. Garden origin. Gt. 51:1504, 1.—R. banksiopsis. Baker (8). Branches brown, with subulate prickles, sometimes in pairs: lfts. 7-9, oblong, glabrous, 1 in. or more long: fls. corymbose, red; receptacle glabrous: sepals entire. W. China. W.R. 2:166.—R. Beggeriana, Scrank (8). Dense shrub, to 5 ft. : prickles in pairs: lfts. very small and bluish green: fls. corymbose, white; calyx and apex of fr. falling off, leaving the small, globular fr. with an opening at the top. N. Persia to Altai and Songaria. I.T. 5:122. W.R. 54.—R. bella, Rehd. & Wilson (8). Allied to R. Moyesii. Shrub, to 8 ft. : lfts. 7-9, elliptic or ovate, acutish, glaucescent and glabrous or nearly so beneath, 1/2-3/4in. long: fls. solitary, 1 3/4-2 in.broad, pink: fr. ovoid, scarlet, 3/4in. long. N. W. China. Var. pallens, Rehd. & Wilson. Fls. pale pink.—R. britzensis, Koehne (6). Shrub, to 6 ft.: lfts. 7-11, elliptic, glabrous, 1-1 1/2 in. long: fls. 1-2, palepink changing to white, 3-4 in. across: fr. brown, ovoid. Kurdistan. M.D. 1910, p. 94.—R. caudatas. Baker (8). Allied to R. macrophylla. Much branched: prickles subulate: lfts. 7-9, oblong, glabrous, but hispid on midrib beneath. 1-2 in. long: fls. red, few; pedicels and receptacle bristly: sepals entire: fr. oblong. W. China. W.R. 163.—R. ceraso- carpa, Rolfe=R. Gentiliana.—R. dinophylla, Thory (13). Closely allied to R. bracteata. Branches silky pubescent: prickles straight: lfts. elliptic-lanceolate, tomentose beneath: fls. white. India. B.R. 739. Tender.—R. collina, Jacq. (5). Allied to R. alba, but fls. rose-colored; sepals shorter. Probably hybrid of R. gallica with R. dumetorum.—R. coriifolia. Fries (6). Allied to R. canina. Lfts. pubescent beneath; petioles tomentose: fls. pink, short-pedicelled; bracts large; sepals upright after flowering. Eu., W. Asia. W.R. 129. Very variable. Var. Froebelii, Rehd. (R. canina var. Froebelii, Christ).Of vigorous growth: lfts. simply or doubly serrate, bluish green: fls. small, white.—R. corymbulosa, Rolfe (8). Upright or scan- dent, to 6 ft. : lfts. 3-5, ovate-oblong, doubly serrate, puberulous beneath, 2/3-1 1/2 in. long: fls. 3/4-1 in. across, red with white eye, in dense umbel-like corymbs; pedicels and receptacle glandularf-bristly: fr.globose. W.China B.M. 8566.—R. Davidii,Crepin (8). Allied to R. macrophylla. Shrub, to 10 ft.: sts. with scattered straight prickles: lfts. 7-11, elliptic to ovate-oblong, serrate, pubescent beneath, 1-2 1/2 in. long: fls. corymbose, pink, 1 1/2-2 in. across; styles exserted: pedicels like, the oblong receptacle glandular-setose, rarely glabrous: fr. scarlet, oblong-ovoid or ovoid, long-necked, 1/2-3/4in. long. W. China. Var. elongata, Rehd. & Wilson. Lfts. 2-3 in. long: fls. fewer: fr. 3/4-1 in. long. W.China.—R. davurica. Pall. (8). Allied to R. cinnamomea. Prickles straight and slender; stipules narrow: lfts. smaller, doubly serrate: pedicels longer, glandular: fr. ovate. Manchuria, Dahuria, Saghalin.—R. Ecae, Aitch. (R.xanthina. Auth., not Lindl.) (10). Upright shrub. to 4 ft., with brown branches: prickles numerous, stout, straight, wide-based: lfts. 9-11, oval, obtuse, dentate, glabrous, glandular, 1/4-1/3.in long: fls. pale yellow, solitary, short-stalked, 1-1 1/4 in. across: fr. obovoid, 1/3-1/2in. long, with reflexed sepals. Turkestan. Afghanistan. B.M. 7666. W.R. 2:94.—R. elliptica. Tausch (6). Allied to R. rubiginosa: lfts. cuneate- obovate, pubescent beneath: pedicels short, usually not glandular: fls. pinkish or whitish. Eu.—R. elymaitica, Boiss. & Hausskn. (6). Dwarf shrub, to 3 ft., with prickly zigzag branches: lfts. small, usually 5, glaucescent: fls. 1-3, small, pink: fr. globular, small. N. Persia. —R. Fcdtschenkoana, Regel (8). Sts. arching, with prickles and bristles: lfts. 7-9, oblong, glabrous or pubescent beneath, 3/4-1 1/4 in.long: fls. 1-4, white, 1 1/2-2 in. across; pedicels and receptacles hispid. Turkestan. B.M. 7770. W.R. 49.— R. ferox, Bieb. (6). Allied to R. rubiginosa. Dwarf: lfts. glandular on both sides: pedicels short, not glandular. S. E. Eu., W. Asia. W.R. 154.—R. filipes, Rehd. & Wilson (2). Allied to R. Brunonii. Sarmentose shrub, to 15 ft., with few hooked prickles: lfts. usually 5-7, oblong-ovate to lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, nearly glabrous, pale beneath, 1 3/4-3 in. long: fls, white, fragrant, about 1 in. across, in large, loose corymbs; pedicels filiform, 1-1 3/4 in. long, glandular: fr. globose, 1/2-1/2in. across, scarlet; sepals deciduous. W. China.—R. floribunda. Baker— R. Gentiliana.—R. Freundiana, Graebn. (R. moschata alba hybrida, Hort. R. gallica X R. moschata). Vigorous shrub, to 6 ft.: branches with prickles and bristles: lfts. usually 5: fls. white, 1 1/2-2 in. across. very fragrant; style often exserted. Garden origin. Gt. 57, p. 471. G. 25:311.—A. Froebelii, Hort.=R. coriifolia var. Froebelii.— ft. Gentiliana, Leveille (R. floribunda, Baker. R. cerasocarpa, Rolfe) (2). Allied to R. Brunonii. Sarmentose shrub, to 12 ft., with scattered hooked prickles: lfts. 5, elliptic, abruptly acuminute, serrate, glabrous, glaucescent beneath, 1 1/2-2 in. long: fls. corymbose, white, fragrant, 1-1 1/2 in. across; pedicels and receptacles glandular: fr. dark red, globose, 1/3in. across, with deciduous sepals. Cent. China.—R. Giraldii, Crepin (8). Slender-branched shrub, to 6 ft., with straight slender prickles: lfts. usually 7, suborbicular to obovate or elliptic, acute or obtuse, serrate, pubescent, 1/4-3/4in- long: fls. solitary or few, pink, 1 in. across: fr. scarlet, ovoid. 1/3- 1/2in. long. Cent. China. Var. venulosa, Rehd. & Wilson. Lfts. reticulate beneath, glabrous above.—R. Giraldii, Cat. Hesse, is described as having rosy pink fls. with white eye and oblong scarlet frs. It is possibly a synonym of one of the species related to R. macrophylla.—R. glauca, Vill. (6). Allied to R. canina. Lfts. broadly ovate, bluish green: fls. pink; sepals upright after flowering. Eu.—R. glomerata, Rehd. & Wilson (2). Sarmentose shrub, to 20 ft., with few scattered hooked prickles: lfts. usually 5-7, oblong or oblong-ovate, short-acuminate, serrulate, rugose above, reticulate beneath and pubescent on the veins. 1 1/2-4 in. long: fls. white, fragrant, 1 in. across, in dense corymbs: fr. subglobose, orange-red, about 1/3in. across; sepals deciduous. W. China.—R. glutinosa, Sibth. & Smith (6). Allied to R. rubiginosa. Dwarf, densely prickly: lfts. densely glandular on both sides: fls. small, pink. S. E. u., W. Asia. W.R. 150.—R. gratissima, Greene (8). Allied to R. californica. Lfts. glabrous, bright green and glandular, fragrant, thin. Calif.—R hawrana, Kmet. (6). Allied to R. pomifera: flowering shoots usually unarmed: lfts. 5-7, elliptic, pubescent beneath glabrous above: fls. pink, about 2 in. across: fr. globose, densely bristly. Hungary. W.R, 140.—R. Heckeliana, Tratt. (R. Hackeliana, Nym.) (6). Allied to R, rubiginosa. Dwarf: lfts. tomentose on both sides: fls. usually solitary.small.pink. S. Eu.— R. indica, Linn.=R. microcarpa,—R. inodora, Fries (R. agrestis var. inodora, Keller) (6). Allied to R, rubiginosa: lfts. 5-7, obovate, not glandular above: fls. white or pinkish, 1-1 1/2 in. across: fr. ovoid, bright red. Eu. W.R. 151.—R. involucrata, Roxbg.=R clino- phylla.—R. involuta, Smith (6). Probably hybrid of R. spinosissima and R. tomentosa. Lfts. doubly glandular-serrate, tomentose beneath: fls. whitish. W.R. 96.—R. Jackii. Rehd. (R. Kelleri, Baker, not Dalla Torre & Sarnth.) (2), Allied to R. moschata: low procumbent shrub, with ascending branches: lfts. 7-9, elliptic or elliptic-oblong, glabrous, 1 1/3-2 1/3 in. long: fls. in corymbs, white, 1 1/2in. across; sepals ovate, abruptly caudate: fr. ovoid, red, 1/5in. long. Korea. Hardy.—R. Jundzillii, Bess. (6). Allied to R. canina but resembling also R. gallica. Upright shrub, with straight spines: lfts almost glabrous, doubly glandular-serrate, rather large: fls. large, pink; fr. subglobose. Eu., W. Asia. W.R. 149.—R. Kelleri. Baker=R. Jackii.—R. laxa, Retz. (8). Upright shrub, with hooked prickles in pairs: lfts. 7-9, small, light green: fls. small, white: fr. oblong-ovate, small. Turkestan to Songaria and Altai, W.R. 53.— R. laxa, LindL=R. lucida.—R. laxa, Hort.=R. coriifolia var. Froebelii.—R. Leschenaultii, Wight & Arn. (R. moschata var. Leschenaultii. Crepin) (2). Similar to R. Brunonii, but fls. larger, in few-fld. corymbs; pedicels and receptacle glandular-hispid. India. W.R. 15.—R. longicuspis, Bertol. (R. Sinowilsonii, Hemsl. R. Willmottiana, Leveille-. R. lucens, Rolfe). Half-evergreen scandent bush, to 20 ft., with hooked prickles: lfts. usually 7, elliptic-ovate to oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, glabrous, lustrous, 1-3 in. long: fls. corymbose, white, 1 1/2 in. across; petals silky outside; pedicels about 1 in. long: fr. ovoid, 5/4in. long, scarlet or orange-red. W. China. Himalayas. Tender.—R. lucens, Rolfe =R. longicuspis.—R. Luciae, Franch. & Rochebr. (2). Allied to R. Wichuramna. Habit more upright: lfts. usually 7, narrower and thinner: fls. smaller. Japan.—R. Lyelli, Lindl. Probably hybrid of R. moschata and R. clinophylla. Climbing: lfts. usually 7, oblong, shining: fls. corymbose, large, white, single or double. Intro. from Nepal.—R. Macounii, Greene (8). Allied to R. Woodsii: low shrub, with rather stout, deflexed prickles: lfts. 9-11, obovate to obovate-oblong, sharply serrate, except at the cuneate base, pubescent beneath, 1/2-2/4in. long: stipules glandless: fls. small, pale pink: fr. depressed- globose. Assiniboia to Wyo.—R. macrantha, Desportes (R. canina X R. gallica). Shrub with uniform hooked prickles: lfts. 5-7, charta- ceous, ovate to ovate-oblong, pubescent beneath, 1-1 1/2 in. long: fls. few, 3 in. across, light pink. Spontaneous in S. France. W.R. 134.—R. Marcyana, Boullu (R. gallica XR. tomentosa). Low, to 2, rarely to 4 ft., prickly and bristly: lfts. 5-7, broadly oval, pubescent on both sides, 1-2 in. long: fls. long-stalked, pink to light purple, 2 1/2-3 in. across. Spontaneous in .S. France. W.R. 112.— R. Mariae-Graebnerae, Aschers. (R. Carolina XR. virginiana). Shrub, to 5 ft., with slightly recurved prickles: lfts. 7-9, elliptic: fls. few, pink: fr. subglobose: blooms almost all summer and very handsome in fall with orange and red foliage, red frs. and pink fls. Garden origin. Gt. 51:1504, 4.—R. micrantha, Smith (6). Allied to R. rubiginosa. With hooked prickles, without bristles: lfts. slightly pubescent beneath: fls. pale pink, small; styles slightly exserted, glabrous. Eu., N. Afr., W. Asia.—R. microcarpa, Lindl. (R. indica, ,Linn., partly, not Lindl. R. sorbiflora, Focke) (4). Branches slender, with scattered, hooked prickles: lfts. 3-7, elliptic to ovate- lanceolate, glabrous, 1 1/2-2 1/2 in. long; stipules almost free: fls. corymbose, small, white: fr. small, globose; sepals deciduous. China. G.C. III. 37:227.—R. microcarpa, Hort.=R. multiflora.—R. mon- tana, Chaix (6). Allied to R. canina. Of vigorous growth, with strong spines: lfts. broader, tinged reddish: fls. pink: pedicels and receptacle glandular-hispid. S. Eu., N. Afr.—R. multibracteata, Hemsl. & Wilson (R. reducta, Baker) (8). Shrub, to 6 ft., with straight paired prickles: lfts. 7-9, broadly oval, glabrous, 1/4-1/2in. long: fls. pink, 1 1/4 in. across, corymbose with numerous crowded bracts, sometimes few or solitary; styles exserted: fr. ovoid, 1/3-1/2in. long, orange-red; sepals persistent. W. China. W.R. 158 (form with few-fld. infl.).—R. Murielae, Rehd. & Wilson (8). Slender-branched shrub, to 8 ft. with bristles and slender prickles: lfts. 9-15, elliptic to elliptic oblong, rarely oval, acutish, serrate, glabrous, except the pubescent midrib beneath,  1/2-3/4in. long: fls. white, about 1 in. across, in 3-7-fld. corymbs; pedicels slender, 3/4-1 1/2in. long: fr. ellipsoid, orange-red, 1/2-3/4in. long. W. China.—R. orbicularis. Baker (8). Sts. slender, with subulate prickles in pairs: lfts. 5-7, orbicular, simply serrate, glabrous, 1/2in. long: fls. 1-3, 1 1/2 in. across, white. S. W. China.—R. orientalis, Dup. (6). Allied to R, rubiginosa. Dwarf: prickles slender, subulate: lfts. 5-7, simply serrate, pubescent on both sides: fls. pink, solitary, short-pedicelled. W. Asia.— R. persetosa, Rolfe (R, macrophylla var. gracilis and var. acicu- laris, Vilm.) (8). Upright shrub, with densely bristly sts.: lfts. 5-9, elliptic to elliptic-ovate, serrate, puberulous beneath, 3/4-2 in. long: fls. deep pink, 1 in. across, in large panicles; sepals entire; pedicels and receptacle glabrous. W.China. J.H.S. 27:487. 488.— R, phaenicia, Boiss. (2). Allied to R. moschata. Lfts. usually 5, obtuse or acute: corymbs usually many-fld., pyramidal: styles glabrous. Asia Minor.—R. Prattii, Hemsl. (8). Slender-branched shrub, to 8 ft., with slender prickles and numerous bristles: lfts. 7-15, elliptic, obtusish, serrate, pubescent on the veins beneath, 1/4-1/2 in. long: fls. 1-3, pink, 3/4in. across: fr. subglobose to ovoid, scarlet, 1/4-1/3in. long; calyx persistent. W. China.—R. reducta, Baker= R. multibracteata.—R. Rubus, Leveille & Vaniot (2). Scandent bush, to 20 ft., with small hooked prickles: lfts. usually 5, ovate- elliptic to obovate, abruptly acuminate, sharply or coarsely serrate, pubescent beneath, rarely nearly glabrous, 1 1/2-2 1/2 in- long: fls. in dense corymbs, white, fragrant, 1-1 1/3 in. across; pedicels 1/2-3/4in. long, glandular: fr. subglobose, dark scarlet, about 1/3in. across. Cent. China.—R. sancta. Rich. (5). Low shrub, with unequal scattered hooked prickles: lfts. 5-7, elliptic to ovate-oblong, crenate, rugose, pubescent beneath: fls. few, large, pink, on setose pedicels. Abyssinia. W.R. 113.— R. saturata, Baker (8). Shrub, to 8 ft., unarmed or with few small prickles: lfts. usually 7, ovate to ovate- lanceolate, acute or short-acuminate, sharply serrate, pale or somewhat glaucescent beneath, pubescent on the veins or sometimes nearly glabrous, 1-2 1/2 in. long: fls. solitary, dark red, about 2 in. across; anthers purple: pedicels glabrous, 2/4-1 in. long: fr. globose- ovoid, 3/4in. long, coral-red; calyx persistent. Cent, China.—R. Scharnkeana, Graebn. (R. californica XR. nitida). Shrub, to 3 ft., with slender,often procumbent and ascending sts.; prickles slender, in pairs, below often mixed with bristles: lfts. 7-9, elliptic-oblong to oblong, cuneate: fls. 1-5, rose-purple. Garden origin. Gt. 51:1504, 2.—R. sepium, Thuill.=R. agrestis.—-R. Seraphinii, Viv. (6). Shrub, 1-3 ft., with copious, unequal, partly hooked prickles: lfts. 5-7, orbicular-ovate, doubly serrate, glandular beneath. 1/4-1/2in. long: fls. solitary, very short-stalked, 1 in. across, pink: fr. globose- ovoid, with reflexed, finally deciduous sepals. Medit. region. W.R. 153.—R. Seraphinii, Guss.=R. sicula.—R. sertata, Rolfe (8). Shrub to 5 ft.: branches glaucous, with straight slender prickles in pairs: lfts. 7-11, oval-oblong to narrow-oblong, serrate, glabrous, 1/4-3/4in. long: fls. solitary on short branchlets, rose or rose-purple, 2-2 1/2 in. across; sepals caudate, entire. W.China. B.M. 8473. G.C. III. 54:166. W.R. 2:153.—Very handsome graceful rose; has proved hardy at the Arnold Arboretum.—R. sicula, Tratt. (R. Seraphinii, Guss., not Viv.) (6). Low, 1/2-2 ft., with equal, slender, nearly straight prickles: lfts. 5-9, broadly elliptic to orbicular, glandular beneath, 1/4-1/2in. long: fls. solitary, rarely to 4, short-stalked, deep red to whitish, 1-1 1/4 in. across: fr. small, globose, with upright sepals. Medit. region. B.M. 7761 and G.W. 8, p. 17 (as R. Sera-phinii).—R. Sinowilsonii, Hemsl.=R. longicuspis.—R. sonomensis, Greene (8). Allied to R. californica. Low shrub, to 1 ft., with straight prickles: lfts. broadly ovate, doubly glandular-serrate: fls. small, in dense corymbs. Calif.—R. sorbiflora, Focke=R. micro- carpa.—R. Soulieana, Crepin (2). Upright spreading shrub, to 12 ft., with scattered hooked prickles: lfts. usually 7, oval to ovate-oblong, acute, finely serrate, glabrous, about 1 in. long: fls. corymbose, white, 1 1/2in. across; sepals ovate: fr. ovoid or subglobose, 1/3-1/2in. long, orange-red. W. China. B.M. 8158. W.R. 1:18. G. 77, p. 511.—R. spithamea, Wats. (8). Allied to R. californica. Sta. usually not over 1/2ft. high, sparingly branched: lfts. doubly glandular-serrate: fls. usually solitary. Calif.—R. stylosa, Desv. (R. systyla, Bastard) (6). Shrub with long arching prickly branches: lfts. 5-7, ovate-oblong, pubescent beneath, 3/4-2 in. long: fls. few, white or light pink, 1 1/2-2 in. across; styles connate into an exserted column. W. Eu. Red. Ros. (1:5, 2). W.R. 14,—R. Sweginzawii, Koehne (8). Shrub with large compressed prickles: lfts. usually 9, ovate to ovate-oblong, doubly serrate, pubescent beneath, 1 1/2-2 in. long: fls. 1-3, pink, 1 3/4 in. across: sepals nearly entire; pedicels and receptacles glandular-hispid: fr. oblong, 1 in. long. W. China. M.D. 1910, p. 96.—R. systyla, Bastard=R. stylosa.—R. tomentosa, Smith (6). Allied to R. villosa. Sts. slender, often arching: prickles often slightly curved: lfts. smaller, grayish green: fls. pale rose, on longer pedicels: fr. smaller, with the sepals upright spreading, caducous at maturity. Eu. W.R. 139. Gn. 77, p. 511.—R. trachy- phylla, Rau=R. Jundzillii.—R. Vorbergii, Graebn. (R. foetida X R. spinosissima). Shrub, to 3 ft.: lvs. similar to those of R. foe- tida: fls. white with a delicate flushing of yellow, 2 in. across, early. Garden origin. Gn. 79, p. 323 (as R. Vorbegii).—R. Web- biana, Wall. (8). Erect shrub, with prickly sts.: lfts. 5-9, very small, orbicular or oblong, usually glabrous: fls. mostly solitary, pink, large: fr. ovoid. Himalayas to Afghanistan and Turkestan. W.R.76.—R.Willmottiana, Leveille=R. longicuspis.—R.xanthina. Lindl. (10). Upright shrub, to 10 ft. with brown branches: prickles straight, stout: lfts. 7-11, oval or elliptic, obtuse, dentate, pubescent beneath, or sometimes glabrous, not glandular, 1/3-3/4in. long: fls. solitary, short-stalked, yellow, double, 1 3/4 in. across. N. China, Korea. Var. normalis, Rehd. & Wilson, is the single-fld. wild form. -R. xanthina, Auth.=R- Ecae.
 
}}
 
}}
−
  −
==Propagation==
  −
Cuttings and grafts are necessary for true offspring.  Seeds work but you won't know what you have until it blooms.
  −
  −
==Pests and diseases==
  −
{{Main|Pests and diseases of roses|List of rose diseases}}
  −
  −
Roses are subject to several [[disease]]s, such as [[rose rust]] (''Phragmidium mucronatum''), [[Black Spot (disease)|rose black spot]], and [[powdery mildew]]. Fungal diseases in the Rose are best solved by a preventative [[Fungicide|fungicidal]] spray program rather than by trying to cure an infection after it emerges on the plant. After the disease is visible, its spread can be minimized through pruning and the use of fungicides, although the actual infection cannot be reversed. Certain rose varieties are considerably less susceptible than others to fungal diseases.
  −
  −
The main insect pest affecting roses is the [[aphid]] (greenfly), which sucks the sap and weakens the plant. ([[Coccinellidae|Ladybird]]s are a predator of aphids and should be encouraged in the rose garden.) The spraying with insecticide of roses is often recommended but should be done with care to minimize the loss of beneficial insects. Roses are also used as food plants by the [[larva]]e of some [[Lepidoptera]] ([[butterfly]] and [[moth]]) species; see [[list of Lepidoptera that feed on roses]].
  −
  −
== References ==
  −
{{reflist}}
  −
  −
==See also==
  −
* [[List of roses named after people]]
  −
* [[Rose (color)]]
  −
  −
==External links==
  −
* [http://www.rose.org/ All-America Rose Selections], a non-profit association of rose growers and introducers dedicated to the introduction and promotion of exceptional roses
  −
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose Rose], Wikipedia entry for the Rose flower.
  −
* [http://rosomanes.blogspot.com/ Rosmanes], a regularly updated blog on roses with beautiful images and posts on the history of the flower.
  −
* [http://www.tigersheds.com/garden-resources/post/2010/04/30/Introduction-to-Roses-and-Tips-for-Growing.aspx Introduction to Roses], a useful post introducing roses to the novice with tips for growing.
  −
* [http://thegardenprince.co.uk/gardening-articles/407-history-of-the-roses History of the Roses], a great article from The Garden Prince
   
__NOTOC__
 
__NOTOC__
Aplant
2

edits

Retrieved from "http://gardenology.mywikis.net/wiki/Special:MobileDiff/135654"

Navigation menu