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Abutilon (view source)

Revision as of 03:47, 5 September 2008

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{{Taxobox
 
{{Taxobox
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| color = lightgreen
   
| name = ''Abutilon''
 
| name = ''Abutilon''
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| common_names = Flowering Maple, Chinese Bellflower, Chinese Lanter
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| growth_habit = Evergreen Vine-Shrub
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| lifespan = varies to species
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| exposure = Sun, part-shade in hot summer areas
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| water = regular to moderate
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| features = Flowers, Fragrance, Naturalizes
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| hardiness = Frost sensitive
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| sunset_zones = 8, 9, 12-27
 
| image = Abutilonmegapotamicum1web.jpg
 
| image = Abutilonmegapotamicum1web.jpg
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| image_width = 250px
   
| image_caption = ''Abutilon megapotamicum''
 
| image_caption = ''Abutilon megapotamicum''
 
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
 
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
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| familia = [[Malvaceae]]
 
| familia = [[Malvaceae]]
 
| genus = '''''Abutilon'''''
 
| genus = '''''Abutilon'''''
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| genus_authority = [[Gerrit Smith Miller|Miller]]
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| genus_authority = [[Mill.]]
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| subdivision_ranks = Species
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| subdivision =
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''About 150 species; see text.''
   
}}
 
}}
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'''''Abutilon''''' is a large genus of about 150 species of broadleaf [[evergreen]]s in the [[mallow]] family ([[Malvaceae]]). The genus includes [[Annual plant|annuals]], [[perennial]]s, [[shrub]]s, and small [[tree]]s from 1-10 m tall, and is found in the tropical and subtropical regions of all continents. The [[leaf|leaves]] are alternate, unlobed or palmately lobed with 3-7 lobes. The [[flower]]s are conspicuous, with five petals, mostly red, pink, orange, yellow or white.
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'''''Abutilon''''' is a large [[genus]] of about 150 species of broadleaf [[evergreen]]s in the [[mallow]] family ([[Malvaceae]]). The genus includes [[Annual plant|annuals]], [[Perennial plant|perennials]], [[shrub]]s, and small [[tree]]s ranging from 1-10 m tall, and can be found wild in the tropical and subtropical regions of all continents. [[leaf|Leaves]] are alternate, unlobed or palmately lobed with 3-7 lobes. The [[flower]]s are conspicuous, have five petals, and come mostly in red, pink, orange, yellow or white.
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Common names include '''Abutilon''', '''Chinese Bell Flower''', '''Chinese Lantern''', '''Mallow''', '''Indian Mallow''', and '''Flowering Maple''' (for the maple-like leaves of some species, although the genus is not related to the true [[maple]]s).
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Common names include '''Abutilon''', '''Chinese Bell Flower''', '''Chinese Lantern''', '''Mallow''', '''Indian Mallow''', and '''Flowering Maple'''.  The names with maple refer to the maple-like leaves of some species, though the genus is not related to true [[maple]]s).
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''Abutilon'' species are used as food plants by the [[larva]]e of some [[Lepidoptera]] species including [[Yellow-banded Skipper]] (which feeds exclusively on ''A. avicennae'') and ''[[Chionodes|Chionodes mariona]]''.
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==Species==
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*''[[Abutilon abutiloides|A. abutiloides]]'' <small>([[Jacq.]]) [[Garcke]]</small> (Bushy Abutilon).<ref>Britton & Millspaugh, p. 265</ref>
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;Selected species
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*''[[Abutilon albescens|A. albescens]]'' <small>[[Miq.]]</small>
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*''[[Abutilon albescens]]''. Endemic in [[Indonesia]].
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*''[[Abutilon auritum|A. auritum]]'' <small>([[Wall.]] ex [[Johann Heinrich Friedrich Link|Link]]) [[Robert Sweet (botanist)|Sweet]]</small> (Asian Indian Mallow)
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*''[[Abutilon auritum]]'' (Asian Indian Mallow).
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*''[[Abutilon bedfordianum|A. bedfordianum]]'' <small>([[Hook.]]) [[A. St.-Hil.]]</small> (Bedford's Mallow)
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*''[[Abutilon bedfordianum]]'' (Bedford's Mallow). [[Brazil]].
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*''[[Abutilon berlandieri|A. berlandieri]]'' <small>[[Samuel Frederick Gray|Gray]] ex [[S. Watson]]</small> (Berlandier's Indian Mallow)
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*''[[Abutilon berlandieri]]'' (Berlandier's Indian Mallow).
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*''[[Abutilon bidentatum|A. bidentatum]]'' <small>[[A. Rich.]]</small>
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*''[[Abutilon darwinii]]'' (Darwin's Mallow). Brazil.
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*''[[Abutilon buchii|A. buchii]]'' <small>[[Urb.]]</small>
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*''[[Abutilon eremitopetalum]]'' (Hiddenpetal Indian Mallow).
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*''[[Abutilon darwinii|A. darwinii]]'' <small>[[Hook.f.]]</small> (Darwin's Mallow)
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*''[[Abutilon fruticosum]]'' (Texas Indian Mallow).
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*''[[Abutilon eremitopetalum|A. eremitopetalum]]'' <small>[[Edward Leonard Caum|Caum]]</small> (Hiddenpetal Indian Mallow)
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*''[[Abutilon grandifolium]]'' (Hairy Indian Mallow).
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*''[[Abutilon fruticosum|A. fruticosum]]'' <small>[[Guill.]] & [[Perr.]]</small> (Texas Indian Mallow)
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*''[[Abutilon hirtum]]'' (Hairy Indian Mallow). Old World tropics; naturalised in New World tropics.
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*''[[Abutilon giganteum|A. giganteum]]'' <small>(Jacq.) Sweet</small>
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*''[[Abutilon hulseanum]]''.
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*''[[Abutilon grandiflorum|A. grandiflorum]]'' <small>[[G. Don]]</small>
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*''[[Abutilon hyoleucum]]'' (Whiteleaf Indian Mallow).
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*''[[Abutilon grandifolium|A. grandifolium]]'' <small>([[Willd.]]) Sweet</small> (Hairy Indian Mallow)
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*''[[Abutilon incanum]]'' (Hoary Abutilon, Pelotazo).
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*''[[Abutilon hirtum|A. hirtum]]'' <small>([[Jean-Baptiste Lamarck|Lam.]]) Sweet</small> (Hairy Abutilon).<ref>Britton & Millspaugh, p. 265</ref>
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*''[[Abutilon indicum]]'' (Indian Mallow). Old World tropics.
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*''[[Abutilon hulseanum|A. hulseanum]]'' <small>[[Torr.]] ex [[A. Gray]]</small>
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*''[[Abutilon insigne]]''. [[Colombia]], [[Venezuela]].
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*''[[Abutilon hypoleucum|A. hypoleucum]]'' <small>A. Gray</small> (Whiteleaf Indian Mallow)
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*''[[Abutilon leonardi]]'' (Woolly Abutilon).
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*''[[Abutilon incanum|A. incanum]]'' <small>(Link) Sweet</small> (Hoary Abutilon, Pelotazo)
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*''[[Abutilon malacum]]'' (Yellow Indian Mallow).
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*''[[Abutilon indicum|A. indicum]]'' <small>([[L.]]) Sweet</small> (Indian Mallow)
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*''[[Abutilon megapotamicum]]'' (Trailing Abutilon). Brazil.
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*''[[Abutilon insigne|A. insigne]]'' <small>[[Planch.]]</small>
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*''[[Abutilon menziesii]]'' (Ko'oloa'ula). [[Hawaii]].
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*''[[Abutilon julianae|A. julianae]]'' <small>[[Endl.]]</small>
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*''[[Abutilon mollicomum]]'' (Sonoran Indian Mallow).
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*''[[Abutilon leonardi|A. leonardi]]'' <small>Urb.</small> (Woolly Abutilon)
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*''[[Abutilon mollissimum]]''. South America.
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*''[[Abutilon leucopetalum|A. leucopetalum]]'' <small>([[F. Muell.]]) F. Muell. ex [[Benth.]]</small>
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*''[[Abutilon niveum]]''. (White-flowered Abutilon). Argentina, Bolivia.
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*''[[Abutilon longicuspe|A. longicuspe]]'' <small>[[Hochst.]] ex A. Rich.</small>
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*''[[Abutilon ochsenii]]''. [[Chile]].
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*''[[Abutilon malacum|A. malacum]]'' <small>S. Watson</small> (Yellow Indian Mallow)
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*''[[Abutilon palmeri]]'' (Palmer's Indian Mallow).
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*''[[Abutilon mauritianum|A. mauritianum]]'' <small>(Jacq.) [[Medik.]]</small>
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*''[[Abutilon parishii]]'' (Parish's Indian Mallow).
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*''[[Abutilon megapotamicum|A. megapotamicum]]'' <small>[[A. St.-Hil.]] & [[Naudin]]</small> (Trailing Abutilon)
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*''[[Abutilon parvulum]]'' (Dwarf Indian Mallow).
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*''[[Abutilon menziesii|A. menziesii]]'' <small>[[Seem.]]</small> (Ko'oloa'ula)
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*''[[Abutilon permolle]]'' (Coastal Indian Mallow).
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*''[[Abutilon mollicomum|A. mollicomum]]'' <small>([[Willd.]]) Sweet</small> (Sonoran Indian Mallow)
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*''[[Abutilon pictum]]'' (Redvein Abutilon, Red Vein Indian Mallow; syn. ''A. striatum''). Brazil.
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*''[[Abutilon mollissimum|A. mollissimum]]''
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*''[[Abutilon purpurascens]]''. Brazil.
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*''[[Abutilon niveum|A. niveum]]'' <small>[[Griseb.]]</small> (White-flowered Abutilon)
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*''[[Abutilon reventum]]'' (Yellowflower Indian Mallow).
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*''[[Abutilon ochsenii|A. ochsenii]]'' <small>[[Phil.]]</small>
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*''[[Abutilon sachetianum]]''  
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*''[[Abutilon palmeri|A. palmeri]]'' <small>A. Gray</small> (Palmer's Indian Mallow)
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*''[[Abutilon sandwicense]]'' (Greenflower Indian Mallow).
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*''[[Abutilon parishii|A. parishii]]'' <small>A. Watson</small> (Parish's Indian Mallow)
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*''[[Abutilon theophrasti]]'' (Velvetleaf, Indian Mallow, Butterweed). Tropical Asia.
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*''[[Abutilon parvulum|A. parvulum]]'' <small>A. Gray</small> (Dwarf Indian Mallow)
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*''[[Abutilon thurberi]]'' (Thurber's Indian Mallow).
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*''[[Abutilon pauciflorum|A. pauciflorum]]'' <small>A. St.-Hil.</small> (Woolly Abutilon).<ref>Britton & Millspaugh, p. 266</ref>
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*''[[Abutilon thyrsodendron]]'' Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil.
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*''[[Abutilon permolle|A. permolle]]'' <small>(Willd.) Sweet</small> (Velvety Abutilon).<ref>Britton & Millspaugh, p. 265</ref>
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*''[[Abutilon trisulcatum]]'' (Anglestem Indian Mallow).
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*''[[Abutilon pictum|A. pictum]]'' <small>([[John Gillies (botanist)|Gillies]] ex Hook.) [[Walp.]]</small> (Redvein Abutilon, Red Vein Indian Mallow; syn. ''A. striatum'')
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*''[[Abutilon venosum]]''. Brazil.
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*''[[Abutilon purpurascens|A. purpurascens]]'' <small>(Link) [[K. Schum.]]</small>
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*''[[Abutilon virginianum]]'' (Virgin Islands Abutilon). [[Virgin Islands]].
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*''[[Abutilon reflexum|A. reflexum]]'' <small>([[Juss.]] ex [[Cav.]]) Sweet</small>
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*''[[Abutilon vitifolium]]''. Chile.
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*''[[Abutilon ramiflorum|A. ramiflorum]]'' <small>A. St.-Hil.</small>
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*''[[Abutilon wrightii]]'' (Wright's Indian Mallow).
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*''[[Abutilon reventum|A. reventum]]'' <small>S. Watson</small> (Yellowflower Indian Mallow)
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*''[[Abutilon sachetianum|A. sachetianum]]'' <small>[[Fosberg]]</small>
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*''[[Abutilon sandwicense|A. sandwicense]]'' <small>([[O. Deg.]]) [[Christoph.]]</small> (Greenflower Indian Mallow)
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*''[[Abutilon sellowianum|A. sellowianum]]'' <small>([[Johann Friedrich Klotzsch|Klotzsch]]) [[Eduard von Regel|Regel]]</small>
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*''[[Abutilon theophrasti|A. theophrasti]]'' <small>Medik.</small> (Velvetleaf, Indian Mallow, Butterweed)
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*''[[Abutilon thurberi|A. thurberi]]'' <small>A. Gray</small> (Thurber's Indian Mallow)
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*''[[Abutilon thyrsodendron|A. thyrsodendron]]'' <small>[[Griseb.]]</small>
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*''[[Abutilon trisulcatum|A. trisulcatum]]'' <small>(Jacq.) [[Nathaniel Lord Britton|Britton]] & [[Millsp.]]</small><ref>Britton & Millspaugh, p. 265&ndash;266</ref>
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*''[[Abutilon venosum|A. venosum]]'' <small>[[Lem.]]</small>
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*''[[Abutilon virginianum|A. virginianum]]'' <small>[[Krapov.]]</small> (Virgin Islands Abutilon)
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*''[[Abutilon vitifolium|A. vitifolium]]''
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*''[[Abutilon wrightii|A. wrightii]]'' <small>A. Gray</small>
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;Hybrids
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==Hybrids==
 
*''[[Abutilon x hybridum]]'' ("Chinese Lantern"; unknown parentage).
 
*''[[Abutilon x hybridum]]'' ("Chinese Lantern"; unknown parentage).
 
*''[[Abutilon x milleri]]'' (''A. megapotamicum'' x ''A. pictum'').
 
*''[[Abutilon x milleri]]'' (''A. megapotamicum'' x ''A. pictum'').
 
*''[[Abutilon x suntense]]'' (''A. ochsenii'' x ''A. vitifolium'').  
 
*''[[Abutilon x suntense]]'' (''A. ochsenii'' x ''A. vitifolium'').  
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===Cultivation and uses===
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===Cultivation===
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Abutilons are popular [[garden]] plants in subtropical areas; the hardiest species, ''A. ochsenii'' and ''A. vitifolium'' from Chile, are hardy in warm temperate areas with moderate frost down to about -10°C.
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Abutilons are popular [[garden]] plants in subtropical areas. The hardiest species, ''A. ochsenii'' and ''A. vitifolium'' from Chile, are hardy in warm temperate areas with moderate frost down to about -10°C.
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''Abutilon x hybridum'' is a popular group of hybrids that are semi-tropical, frost-tender shrubs typically growing 2-3 m tall. The lantern-like buds open to solitary, pendulous, bell- to cup-shaped flowers to 8 cm diameter with five overlapping petals and significant staminal columns typical of the mallow family. Flowers come in red, pink, yellow, white and pastel shades. Lobed, maple-like, light green leaves are often variegated with white and yellow.
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''Abutilon x hyb
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==Propagation==
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ridum'' is a popular group of hybrids that are semi-tropical, frost-tender shrubs typically growing 2-3 m tall. The lantern-like buds open to solitary, pendulous, bell- to cup-shaped flowers to 8 cm diameter with five overlapping petals and significant staminal columns typical of the mallow family. Flowers come in red, pink, yellow, white and pastel shades. Lobed, maple-like, light green leaves are often variegated with white and yellow.
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Sow seed indoors in late winter and set out seedling plants after last frost date.
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==Pests and diseases==
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: Beds, borders, pots, window boxes or containers.
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''Abutilon'' species are used as food plants by the [[larva]]e of some [[Lepidoptera]] species including [[Yellow-banded Skipper]] (which feeds exclusively on ''A. avicennae'') and ''[[Chionodes|Chionodes mariona]]''.
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==Uses==
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==History==
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==Taxonomy==
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==Distribution and habitat==
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==References==
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==Gallery==
 
<gallery>
 
<gallery>
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Image:Abutilonincanum1.jpg|''Abutilon incanum'' (Hoary Abutilon)
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Image:Abutilonincanum1.jpg|''A. incanum'' (Hoary Abutilon)
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Image:Abutilon megapotamicum11.jpg|Flower of the ''Abutilon megapotamicum''
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Image:Abutilon megapotamicum11.jpg|Flower of ''A. megapotamicum''
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Image:Abutilonmenziesii1.jpg|''Abutilon menziesii'' (Kooloaula)
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Image:Abutilonmenziesii1.jpg|''A. menziesii'' (Kooloaula)
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Image:Abutilonmenziesii2web.jpg|''Abutilon menziesii'' flowers
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Image:Abutilonmenziesii2web.jpg|''A. menziesii'' flowers
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Image:Abutilonpictum1web.jpg|''Abutilon pictum''
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Image:Abutilonpictum1web.jpg|''A. pictum''
 
</gallery>
 
</gallery>
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==Notes==
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{{reflist|2}}
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==References==
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*{{cite book| last=Britton | first=Nathaniel Lord | authorlink=Nathaniel Lord Britton | coauthors=[[Charles Frederick Millspaugh]] | year=1920 | chapter=Malvaceae | title=[http://books.google.com/books?id=0xhVAAAAMAAJ The Bahama Flora] | pages=264&ndash;}}
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==See also==
    
==External links==
 
==External links==
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{{commons|Abutilon}}
      
[[Category:Malvaceae]]
 
[[Category:Malvaceae]]
 
[[Category:Pantropical flora]]
 
[[Category:Pantropical flora]]
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[[Category:Genera]]
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