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{{Plantbox
| color = IndianRed
| sunset_zones = 13-26
| name = Needle Bush
| image = Acaciafarnesiana1web.jpg
}}
'''''Acacia farnesiana''''', commonly known as '''Needle Bush''', is so named because of the numerous thorns distributed along its branches. The native range of ''A. farnesiana'' is uncertain. While the point of origin is [[Mexico]] and [[Central America]] the species has a pantropical distribution incorporating Northern [[Australia]] and Southern [[Asia]]. It remains unclear whether the extra-American distribution is primarily natural or anthropogenic.<ref>Clarke, H.D., Seigler, D.S., Ebinger, J.E. 1989; 'Acacia farnesiana (Fabaceae: Mimosoideae) and Related Species from Mexico, the Southwestern U.S., and the Caribbean'
Systematic Botany 14 549-564</ref> It is deciduous over part of its range,<ref>[http://cals.arizona.edu/pubs/crops/az1359/az13592b.pdf PDF] Ursula K. Schuch and Margaret Norem, Growth of Legume Tree Species
Growing in the Southwestern United States, University of Arizona.</ref> but evergreen in most locales.<ref>[http://pick5.pick.uga.edu/mp/20q?search=Acacia+farnesiana&guide=North_American_Invasives Discover Life - Fabaceae: Acacia farnesiana (L. ) Willd. - Cassie Flower, Vachellia farnesiana, Poponax farnesiana, Mimosa farnesiana, Ellington Curse, Klu, Sweet Acacia, Mimosa Bush, Huisache<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> The species grows to a height of up to 8m tall<ref name="purdue">[http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/Acacia_farnesiana.html Purdue University]</ref> and has a life span of about 25-50 years.<ref name="www">[http://www.worldwidewattle.com/infogallery/utilisation/acaciasearch/pdf/salicina.pdf Acacia Search]</ref>
[[Image:Acacia-minuta-habit.jpg|thumb|left|250px|''Acacia farnesiana'' (L.) Willd.]]
The plant has been recently spread to many new locations as a result of human activity and it is considered a serious [[weed]] in [[Fiji]], where locals call it '''Ellington's Curse'''. It thrives in dry, saline or sodic soils. It is also a serious pest plant in parts of Australia, including north-west New South Wales, where it now infests thousands of acres of grazing country.<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://www.northwestweeds.nsw.gov.au/mimosa_bush.htm
|title=Mimosa bush - briar bush
|publisher=www.northwestweeds.nsw.gov.au
|accessdate=2008-04-09
|last=
|first=
}}
</ref>
==Cultivation==
==Propagation==
==Pests and diseases==
==Uses==
==History==
==Taxonomy==
{{Taxbox
| color = IndianRed
| name = Needle Bush
| regnum = [[Plantae]]
| divisio = [[Magnoliophyta]]
| classis = [[Magnoliopsida]]
| ordo = [[Fabales]]
| familia = [[Fabaceae]]
| genus = ''[[Acacia]]''
| species = '''''A. farnesiana'''''
| binomial = ''Acacia farnesiana''
| binomial_authority = ([[L.]]) [[Willd.]]
| status = G5
| status_system = TNC
| range_map = Acacia-farnesiana-range-map.png
| synonyms =
*"''Acacia acicularis'' Willd.
*''Acacia farnesiana'' (L.) Willd. var. ''lenticellata'' (F.Muell.)Bailey
*''Acacia indica'' (Poir.) Desv.
*''Acacia lenticellata'' F. Muell.
*'''''Acacia minuta''''' (M.E. Jones) R.M. Beauch.
*''Acacia minuta'' (M.E. Jones) R.M. Beauch. subsp. ''minuta'' (M.E.Jones)R.M.Beauch.
*''Farnesia odora'' Gasp.
*''Farnesiana odora'' Gasp.
*''Mimosa acicularis'' Poir.
*''Mimosa farnesiana'' L.
*''Mimosa indica'' Poir.
*''Mimosa suaveolens'' Salisb.
*''Pithecellobium acuminatum'' M.E. Jones
*''Pithecellobium minutum'' M.E. Jones
*''Popanax farnesiana'' (L.) Raf.
*''Poponax farnesiana'' (L.) Raf.
*''Vachellia farnesiana'' Wight & Arn."<ref>[http://www.ildis.org/LegumeWeb?sciname=Acacia+farnesiana ILDIS]</ref>
}}
The taxon name "''farnesiana''" comes from the Farnese Gardens in [[Rome]]. It was brought there from the Caribbean and Central America.<ref>[http://www.swsbm.com/AJP/AJP_1885_No_3.pdf HENRY TRIMBLE AND F. D. MACFARLAND., AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACY, Volume 57, #3, March, 1885]</ref>
== A little of the Uses ==
[[Image:Acacia-minuta-bark.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Bark and Thorns of ''Acacia farnesiana'']]
=== Bark ===
The bark is used for its tannin content.<ref name="purdue">.</ref>
=== Food ===
"Roasted pods used in sweet and sour dishes."<ref>[http://www.one-garden.org/DeepDiversity.pdf www.one-garden.org]</ref>
=== Flowers ===
The flowers are processed through [[distillation]] to produce a [[perfume]] called '''Cassie'''. It is widely used in the perfume industry in [[Europe]]. Scented [[ointment]]s from Cassie are made in [[India]].<ref name="purdue">.</ref>
[[Image:Acfa 002 lhp.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Acacia farnesiana (L.) Willd. - sweet acacia seeds]]
=== Foliage ===
The foliage is a significant source of [[Fodder|forage]] in much of its range, with a [[protein]] content of around 18%.
=== Seed pods ===
The concentration of [[tannin]] in the seed pods is about 23%.
=== Seeds ===
The seeds of ''A. farnesiana'' are completely non-toxic to humans<ref>[http://www.foodstandards.gov.au/monitoringandsurveillance/nuttab2006/onlineversion.cfm?&action=getFood&foodID=15A10010 Food Standards Australia]</ref> and are a valuable food source for people throughout the plant's range. The mature seeds are put through a press to make oil for cooking.<ref name="uk">[http://www.mhra.gov.uk/home/idcplg?IdcService=GET_FILE&dDocName=con009277&RevisionSelectionMethod=Latest www.mhra.gov.uk]</ref> Nonetheless
an anecdotal report has been made that in [[Brazil]] some people use the seeds of ''A. farnesiana'' to eliminate [[rabies|rabid]] [[dogs]].<ref name="purdue">.</ref> This is attributed to an unnamed toxic [[alkaloid]].
=== Forage ===
The tree makes good forage for bees.<ref name="brush">[http://www.bottlebrushpress.com/acacia.html Bottlebrush Press]</ref>
=== Dyes and Inks ===
A black pigment is extracted from the bark and fruit.<ref name="brush">.</ref>
=== Perfume ===
''Acaci farnesiana'' flowers are distilled in the south of [[France]] to make an [[essential oil]] called '''Cassie''' which is used as a basis for [[aromatherapy]] and [[perfume]].<ref>[http://www.bpi.da.gov.ph/Publications/mp/pdf/a/aroma.pdf ACACIA FARNESIANA (Linn) Willd.]</ref>
=== Traditional medicine ===
The bark and the flowers are the parts of the tree most used in traditional medicine.<ref name="uk">.</ref>
''A. farnesiana'' has been used in [[Colombia]] to treat [[malaria]], and recently it has been been confirmed in the laboratory that extract from the tree bark<ref name="dict">{{cite book
| last = Khare
| first = C. P.
| authorlink =
| title = Indian Herbal Remediess: rational Western therapy, ayurvedic, and other traditional usage, botany
| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=463ERB3VeUoC&pg=PA11&dq=acacia+alkaloids&sig=2wKekQoI5HUGeAioywMjns4oiaE
| year = 2004
| doi =
| pages = 11
| isbn = 3540010262 }}</ref> and leaves<ref>[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6T8D-4JR419J-6&_user=10&_coverDate=10%2F11%2F2006&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=3a9d6233c2f377f9b87071d183b38c4a G. Garavitoa, Corresponding Author Contact Information, E-mail The Corresponding Author, J. Rincóna, L. Arteagaa, Y. Hataa, G. Bourdyb, A. Gimenezc, R. Pinzóna and E. Deharo, Ethnopharmacological communication Antimalarial activity of some Colombian medicinal plants Journal of Ethnopharmacology Volume 107, Issue 3, 11 October 2006, Pages 460-462]</ref> is effective against the malarial [[pathogen]] ''[[Plasmodium falciparum]]''.<ref name="science">[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6T8D-4JR419J-6&_user=10&_coverDate=10%2F11%2F2006&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=3a9d6233c2f377f9b87071d183b38c4a Abstract] of G. Garavitoa, Corresponding Author Contact Information, E-mail The Corresponding Author, J. Rincóna, L. Arteagaa, Y. Hataa, G. Bourdyb, A. Gimenezc, R. Pinzóna and E. Deharo, Ethnopharmacological communication, Antimalarial activity of some Colombian medicinal plants Journal of Ethnopharmacology
Volume 107, Issue 3, 11 October 2006, Pages 460-462.</ref> [[Indiginous Australians]] have used the roots and bark of the tree to treat [[diarrhea]] and diseases of the [[skin]].<ref name="brush">.</ref> The tree's leaves can also be rubbed on the skin to treat skin diseases.<ref>[http://www.stuartxchange.org/HerbsAnimalsSkin.html Philippine Herbs Used in Small Animal Practice]</ref>
== Common names ==
'''Farnese Wattle''', '''Dead Finish''', '''Mimosa Wattle''', '''Mimosa bush''', '''Prickly Mimosa Bush''', '''Prickly Moses''', '''Needle Bush''', '''North-west Curara''', '''Sheep's Briar''', '''Sponge Wattle''', '''Sweet Acacia''', '''Thorny Acacia''', '''Thorny Feather Wattle''', '''Wild Briar''', '''Huisache''', '''Cassie''', '''Cascalotte''', '''Cassic''', '''Mealy Wattle''', '''Popinac''', '''Sweet Briar''', '''Texas Huisache''', '''Aroma''', ([[Bahamas]]) '''Cashia''', (Bahamas, [[USA]]) '''Opoponax''', '''Cashaw''', ([[Belize]]) '''Cuntich''', ([[Jamaica]]) '''Cassie-flower''', '''Cassie''', '''Iron Wood''', '''Cassie Flower''', '''Honey-ball''', '''Casha Tree''', '''Casha''', ([[Virgin Islands]]) '''Cassia''', ([[Fiji]]) '''Ellington's Curse'''.
== Botanical varieties ==
*[[Acacia farnesiana var. farnesiana|''Acacia farnesiana'' (L.) Willd. var. ''farnesiana'']]
*''Acacia farnesiana'' (L.) Willd. var. ''guanacastensis'' H.D.Clarke et al.
==Distribution and habitat==
==References==
=== Notes ===
{{reflist|2}}
===General references===
*[[List of Acacia species]]
==External links==
*[http://www.ars-grin.gov/duke/ Dr. Duke's Database]
{{wikispecies|Acacia farnesiana}}
[[Category:Acacia|Farnesiana, Acacia]]
| color = IndianRed
| sunset_zones = 13-26
| name = Needle Bush
| image = Acaciafarnesiana1web.jpg
}}
'''''Acacia farnesiana''''', commonly known as '''Needle Bush''', is so named because of the numerous thorns distributed along its branches. The native range of ''A. farnesiana'' is uncertain. While the point of origin is [[Mexico]] and [[Central America]] the species has a pantropical distribution incorporating Northern [[Australia]] and Southern [[Asia]]. It remains unclear whether the extra-American distribution is primarily natural or anthropogenic.<ref>Clarke, H.D., Seigler, D.S., Ebinger, J.E. 1989; 'Acacia farnesiana (Fabaceae: Mimosoideae) and Related Species from Mexico, the Southwestern U.S., and the Caribbean'
Systematic Botany 14 549-564</ref> It is deciduous over part of its range,<ref>[http://cals.arizona.edu/pubs/crops/az1359/az13592b.pdf PDF] Ursula K. Schuch and Margaret Norem, Growth of Legume Tree Species
Growing in the Southwestern United States, University of Arizona.</ref> but evergreen in most locales.<ref>[http://pick5.pick.uga.edu/mp/20q?search=Acacia+farnesiana&guide=North_American_Invasives Discover Life - Fabaceae: Acacia farnesiana (L. ) Willd. - Cassie Flower, Vachellia farnesiana, Poponax farnesiana, Mimosa farnesiana, Ellington Curse, Klu, Sweet Acacia, Mimosa Bush, Huisache<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> The species grows to a height of up to 8m tall<ref name="purdue">[http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/Acacia_farnesiana.html Purdue University]</ref> and has a life span of about 25-50 years.<ref name="www">[http://www.worldwidewattle.com/infogallery/utilisation/acaciasearch/pdf/salicina.pdf Acacia Search]</ref>
[[Image:Acacia-minuta-habit.jpg|thumb|left|250px|''Acacia farnesiana'' (L.) Willd.]]
The plant has been recently spread to many new locations as a result of human activity and it is considered a serious [[weed]] in [[Fiji]], where locals call it '''Ellington's Curse'''. It thrives in dry, saline or sodic soils. It is also a serious pest plant in parts of Australia, including north-west New South Wales, where it now infests thousands of acres of grazing country.<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://www.northwestweeds.nsw.gov.au/mimosa_bush.htm
|title=Mimosa bush - briar bush
|publisher=www.northwestweeds.nsw.gov.au
|accessdate=2008-04-09
|last=
|first=
}}
</ref>
==Cultivation==
==Propagation==
==Pests and diseases==
==Uses==
==History==
==Taxonomy==
{{Taxbox
| color = IndianRed
| name = Needle Bush
| regnum = [[Plantae]]
| divisio = [[Magnoliophyta]]
| classis = [[Magnoliopsida]]
| ordo = [[Fabales]]
| familia = [[Fabaceae]]
| genus = ''[[Acacia]]''
| species = '''''A. farnesiana'''''
| binomial = ''Acacia farnesiana''
| binomial_authority = ([[L.]]) [[Willd.]]
| status = G5
| status_system = TNC
| range_map = Acacia-farnesiana-range-map.png
| synonyms =
*"''Acacia acicularis'' Willd.
*''Acacia farnesiana'' (L.) Willd. var. ''lenticellata'' (F.Muell.)Bailey
*''Acacia indica'' (Poir.) Desv.
*''Acacia lenticellata'' F. Muell.
*'''''Acacia minuta''''' (M.E. Jones) R.M. Beauch.
*''Acacia minuta'' (M.E. Jones) R.M. Beauch. subsp. ''minuta'' (M.E.Jones)R.M.Beauch.
*''Farnesia odora'' Gasp.
*''Farnesiana odora'' Gasp.
*''Mimosa acicularis'' Poir.
*''Mimosa farnesiana'' L.
*''Mimosa indica'' Poir.
*''Mimosa suaveolens'' Salisb.
*''Pithecellobium acuminatum'' M.E. Jones
*''Pithecellobium minutum'' M.E. Jones
*''Popanax farnesiana'' (L.) Raf.
*''Poponax farnesiana'' (L.) Raf.
*''Vachellia farnesiana'' Wight & Arn."<ref>[http://www.ildis.org/LegumeWeb?sciname=Acacia+farnesiana ILDIS]</ref>
}}
The taxon name "''farnesiana''" comes from the Farnese Gardens in [[Rome]]. It was brought there from the Caribbean and Central America.<ref>[http://www.swsbm.com/AJP/AJP_1885_No_3.pdf HENRY TRIMBLE AND F. D. MACFARLAND., AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACY, Volume 57, #3, March, 1885]</ref>
== A little of the Uses ==
[[Image:Acacia-minuta-bark.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Bark and Thorns of ''Acacia farnesiana'']]
=== Bark ===
The bark is used for its tannin content.<ref name="purdue">.</ref>
=== Food ===
"Roasted pods used in sweet and sour dishes."<ref>[http://www.one-garden.org/DeepDiversity.pdf www.one-garden.org]</ref>
=== Flowers ===
The flowers are processed through [[distillation]] to produce a [[perfume]] called '''Cassie'''. It is widely used in the perfume industry in [[Europe]]. Scented [[ointment]]s from Cassie are made in [[India]].<ref name="purdue">.</ref>
[[Image:Acfa 002 lhp.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Acacia farnesiana (L.) Willd. - sweet acacia seeds]]
=== Foliage ===
The foliage is a significant source of [[Fodder|forage]] in much of its range, with a [[protein]] content of around 18%.
=== Seed pods ===
The concentration of [[tannin]] in the seed pods is about 23%.
=== Seeds ===
The seeds of ''A. farnesiana'' are completely non-toxic to humans<ref>[http://www.foodstandards.gov.au/monitoringandsurveillance/nuttab2006/onlineversion.cfm?&action=getFood&foodID=15A10010 Food Standards Australia]</ref> and are a valuable food source for people throughout the plant's range. The mature seeds are put through a press to make oil for cooking.<ref name="uk">[http://www.mhra.gov.uk/home/idcplg?IdcService=GET_FILE&dDocName=con009277&RevisionSelectionMethod=Latest www.mhra.gov.uk]</ref> Nonetheless
an anecdotal report has been made that in [[Brazil]] some people use the seeds of ''A. farnesiana'' to eliminate [[rabies|rabid]] [[dogs]].<ref name="purdue">.</ref> This is attributed to an unnamed toxic [[alkaloid]].
=== Forage ===
The tree makes good forage for bees.<ref name="brush">[http://www.bottlebrushpress.com/acacia.html Bottlebrush Press]</ref>
=== Dyes and Inks ===
A black pigment is extracted from the bark and fruit.<ref name="brush">.</ref>
=== Perfume ===
''Acaci farnesiana'' flowers are distilled in the south of [[France]] to make an [[essential oil]] called '''Cassie''' which is used as a basis for [[aromatherapy]] and [[perfume]].<ref>[http://www.bpi.da.gov.ph/Publications/mp/pdf/a/aroma.pdf ACACIA FARNESIANA (Linn) Willd.]</ref>
=== Traditional medicine ===
The bark and the flowers are the parts of the tree most used in traditional medicine.<ref name="uk">.</ref>
''A. farnesiana'' has been used in [[Colombia]] to treat [[malaria]], and recently it has been been confirmed in the laboratory that extract from the tree bark<ref name="dict">{{cite book
| last = Khare
| first = C. P.
| authorlink =
| title = Indian Herbal Remediess: rational Western therapy, ayurvedic, and other traditional usage, botany
| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=463ERB3VeUoC&pg=PA11&dq=acacia+alkaloids&sig=2wKekQoI5HUGeAioywMjns4oiaE
| year = 2004
| doi =
| pages = 11
| isbn = 3540010262 }}</ref> and leaves<ref>[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6T8D-4JR419J-6&_user=10&_coverDate=10%2F11%2F2006&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=3a9d6233c2f377f9b87071d183b38c4a G. Garavitoa, Corresponding Author Contact Information, E-mail The Corresponding Author, J. Rincóna, L. Arteagaa, Y. Hataa, G. Bourdyb, A. Gimenezc, R. Pinzóna and E. Deharo, Ethnopharmacological communication Antimalarial activity of some Colombian medicinal plants Journal of Ethnopharmacology Volume 107, Issue 3, 11 October 2006, Pages 460-462]</ref> is effective against the malarial [[pathogen]] ''[[Plasmodium falciparum]]''.<ref name="science">[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6T8D-4JR419J-6&_user=10&_coverDate=10%2F11%2F2006&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=3a9d6233c2f377f9b87071d183b38c4a Abstract] of G. Garavitoa, Corresponding Author Contact Information, E-mail The Corresponding Author, J. Rincóna, L. Arteagaa, Y. Hataa, G. Bourdyb, A. Gimenezc, R. Pinzóna and E. Deharo, Ethnopharmacological communication, Antimalarial activity of some Colombian medicinal plants Journal of Ethnopharmacology
Volume 107, Issue 3, 11 October 2006, Pages 460-462.</ref> [[Indiginous Australians]] have used the roots and bark of the tree to treat [[diarrhea]] and diseases of the [[skin]].<ref name="brush">.</ref> The tree's leaves can also be rubbed on the skin to treat skin diseases.<ref>[http://www.stuartxchange.org/HerbsAnimalsSkin.html Philippine Herbs Used in Small Animal Practice]</ref>
== Common names ==
'''Farnese Wattle''', '''Dead Finish''', '''Mimosa Wattle''', '''Mimosa bush''', '''Prickly Mimosa Bush''', '''Prickly Moses''', '''Needle Bush''', '''North-west Curara''', '''Sheep's Briar''', '''Sponge Wattle''', '''Sweet Acacia''', '''Thorny Acacia''', '''Thorny Feather Wattle''', '''Wild Briar''', '''Huisache''', '''Cassie''', '''Cascalotte''', '''Cassic''', '''Mealy Wattle''', '''Popinac''', '''Sweet Briar''', '''Texas Huisache''', '''Aroma''', ([[Bahamas]]) '''Cashia''', (Bahamas, [[USA]]) '''Opoponax''', '''Cashaw''', ([[Belize]]) '''Cuntich''', ([[Jamaica]]) '''Cassie-flower''', '''Cassie''', '''Iron Wood''', '''Cassie Flower''', '''Honey-ball''', '''Casha Tree''', '''Casha''', ([[Virgin Islands]]) '''Cassia''', ([[Fiji]]) '''Ellington's Curse'''.
== Botanical varieties ==
*[[Acacia farnesiana var. farnesiana|''Acacia farnesiana'' (L.) Willd. var. ''farnesiana'']]
*''Acacia farnesiana'' (L.) Willd. var. ''guanacastensis'' H.D.Clarke et al.
==Distribution and habitat==
==References==
=== Notes ===
{{reflist|2}}
===General references===
*[[List of Acacia species]]
==External links==
*[http://www.ars-grin.gov/duke/ Dr. Duke's Database]
{{wikispecies|Acacia farnesiana}}
[[Category:Acacia|Farnesiana, Acacia]]
