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Plumeria (view source)

Revision as of 01:54, 8 October 2008

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{{Taxobox
 
{{Taxobox
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| color = lightgreen
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| color = IndianRed
 
| name = ''Plumeria''
 
| name = ''Plumeria''
 
| image = Plumeria alba flowers.jpg
 
| image = Plumeria alba flowers.jpg
 
| image_width = 240px
 
| image_width = 240px
 
| image_caption = ''Plumeria alba'' (White Frangipani)
 
| image_caption = ''Plumeria alba'' (White Frangipani)
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| growth_habit = [[Shrub]], Small Tree
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| high = 18ft
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| lifespan = [[Perennial]]
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| exposure = Full Sun, High Shade
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| water = moderate
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| features = Flowers, Fragrance
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| hardiness = Frost tender
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| usda_zones = vary
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| sunset_zones = vary by species
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}}
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'''''Plumeria''''' (common name '''Frangipani'''; [[syn.]] ''Himatanthus'' [[Willd.]] ex [[Roem.]] & [[Schult.]]) is a small genus of 7-8 handsome and useful species native to tropical and subtropical [[Americas]]. Open plants have leathery, pointed leaves at the ends of the branches.  Flowers during warm seasons, and give clusters of large, showy, waxy flowers with a strong perfume.  ''Plumeria'' is related to the Oleander, ''[[Oleander|Nerium oleander]]'', and both possess poisonous, milky sap, rather similar to that of ''[[Euphorbia]]''.
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''Plumeria'' flowers are most fragrant at night in order to lure [[sphinx moths]] to pollinate them. The flowers have no [[nectar]], and simply dupe their pollinators. The moths inadvertently pollinate them by transferring pollen from flower to flower in their fruitless search for nectar.
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==Species==
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7-8 species including:
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* ''[[Plumeria alba]]'' - White Frangipani - Sunset zones 23, 24. leaves are narrow, lance shaped and corrugated/puckered, to 1 ft. long.  Flowers 2.5 inches wide, yellow with white center.
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* ''[[Plumeria inodora]]''
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* ''[[Plumeria obtusa]]'' - Sunset zones 24, 25. Retains dark green, glossy leaves and 2 inch flowers in winter.  From Columbia, but common name is "Singapore".
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* ''[[Plumeria pudica]]'' - leaves have an  elongated oak shape and glossy, dark green color. Everblooming type with non-deciduous, evergreen leaves.
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* ''[[Plumeria rubra]]'' - Known as Plumeria or Frangipani.  Sunset zones 12, 13, 19, 21-25, 27.  Thick leaves are 8-16" long.  Red flowers appear in clusters, and are 2 - 2.5" wide.  White, pink, yellow blossoms exist.  (Also known as ''Plumeria acuminata'' and ''Plumeria acutifolia'')
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* ''[[Plumeria stenopetala]]''
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* ''[[Plumeria stenophylla]]''
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==Cultivation==
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Feeding late in year will cause soft growth, which is venerable to the lightest frosts.
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==Propagation==
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''Plumeria'' species are easily [[Plant propagation|propagated]] by taking a cutting of leafless stem tips in [[Spring (season)|spring]] and allowing them to dry at the base before inserting them into soil. They are also propagated via tissue culture both from cuttings of freshly elongated stems and via aseptically germinated [[seed]].
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==Pests and diseases==
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Mealybugs are a problem.
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==Uses==
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Used to create the famous Hawaiian Leis.
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==History==
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==Taxonomy==
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{{Taxbox
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| color = IndianRed
 
| regnum = [[Plantae]]
 
| regnum = [[Plantae]]
 
| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
 
| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
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| genus_authority = [[Joseph Pitton de Tournefort|Tourn.]] ex [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]
 
| genus_authority = [[Joseph Pitton de Tournefort|Tourn.]] ex [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]
 
| subdivision_ranks = [[Species]]
 
| subdivision_ranks = [[Species]]
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| subdivision =  
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| subdivision = see text
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7-8 species including:
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* ''[[Plumeria alba]]''
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* ''[[Plumeria inodora]]''
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* ''[[Plumeria obtusa]]''
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* ''[[Plumeria pudica]]''
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* ''[[Plumeria rubra]]'' (Also known as ''Plumeria acuminata'' and ''Plumeria acutifolia'')
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* ''[[Plumeria stenopetala]]''
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* ''[[Plumeria stenophylla]]''
   
}}
 
}}
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'''''Plumeria''''' (common name '''Frangipani'''; [[syn.]] ''Himatanthus'' [[Willd.]] ex [[Roem.]] & [[Schult.]]) is a small genus of 7-8 species native to tropical and subtropical [[Americas]]. The genus consists of mainly deciduous shrubs and trees. ''P. rubra'' (Common Frangipani, Red Frangipani), native to [[Mexico]], [[Central America]],  and [[Venezuela]], produces flowers ranging from yellow to pink depending on form or cultivar. From Mexico and Central America, ''Plumeria'' has spread to all tropical areas of the world, especially [[Hawaii]], where it grows so abundantly that many people think that it is indigenous there. 
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==Plant==
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''Plumeria'' is related to the Oleander, ''[[Oleander|Nerium oleander]]'', and both possess poisonous, milky sap, rather similar to that of ''[[Euphorbia]]''. Each of the separate species  of ''Plumeria'' bears differently shaped leaves and their form and growth habits are also distinct. The leaves of ''P. alba'' are quite narrow and corrugated, while leaves of ''P. pudica'' have an  elongated oak shape and glossy, dark green color. ''P. pudica'' is one of the everblooming types with non-deciduous, evergreen leaves. Another species that retains leaves and flowers in winter is ''P. obtusa''; though its common name is "Singapore", it is originally from [[Colombia]].
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''Plumeria'' flowers are most fragrant at night in order to lure [[sphinx moths]] to pollinate them. The flowers have no [[nectar]], and simply dupe their pollinators. The moths inadvertently pollinate them by transferring pollen from flower to flower in their fruitless search for nectar.
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''Plumeria'' species are easily [[Plant propagation|propagated]] by taking a cutting of leafless stem tips in [[Spring (season)|spring]] and allowing them to dry at the base before inserting them into soil. They are also propagated via tissue culture both from cuttings of freshly elongated stems and via aseptically germinated [[seed]].
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== Etymology and common names ==
   
[[Image:Plumeria-0-KayEss-1.jpeg|thumb|left|150px|''[[Plumeria rubra]]'']]
 
[[Image:Plumeria-0-KayEss-1.jpeg|thumb|left|150px|''[[Plumeria rubra]]'']]
 
The genus, originally spelled ''Plumiera'', is named in honor of the seventeenth-century French botanist [[Charles Plumier]], who traveled to the New World documenting many plant and animal species. The common name "Frangipani" comes from an [[Italy|Italian]] [[Frangipani family|noble family]], a sixteenth-century [[marquess]] of which invented a plumeria-scented [[perfume]].  
 
The genus, originally spelled ''Plumiera'', is named in honor of the seventeenth-century French botanist [[Charles Plumier]], who traveled to the New World documenting many plant and animal species. The common name "Frangipani" comes from an [[Italy|Italian]] [[Frangipani family|noble family]], a sixteenth-century [[marquess]] of which invented a plumeria-scented [[perfume]].  
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Depending on location, many other common names exist: "Kembang Kamboja" in [[Indonesia]], "Temple Tree" or "Champa" in [[India]], "Kalachuchi" in the [[Philippines]], "Araliya" or "Pansal Mal" in [[Sri Lanka]], "Champa" in [[Laos]], "Lantom" or "Lilarwadee" in [[Thai]] and "Dead man's fingers". Many English speakers also simply use the generic name "plumeria".
 
Depending on location, many other common names exist: "Kembang Kamboja" in [[Indonesia]], "Temple Tree" or "Champa" in [[India]], "Kalachuchi" in the [[Philippines]], "Araliya" or "Pansal Mal" in [[Sri Lanka]], "Champa" in [[Laos]], "Lantom" or "Lilarwadee" in [[Thai]] and "Dead man's fingers". Many English speakers also simply use the generic name "plumeria".
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== In culture ==
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==Distribution and habitat==
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They are now common [[Naturalisation (biology)|naturalised]] plants in southern and southeastern [[Asia]], and in local folk beliefs provide shelter to ghosts and demons. The scent of the ''Plumeria'' has been associated with a vampire in Malay folklore, the [[Pontianak (folklore)|pontianak]]. They are associated with temples in both [[Hindu]] and [[Buddhist]] cultures, though Hindus do not use the flowers in their temple offerings.  
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The genus consists of mainly deciduous shrubs and trees. ''P. rubra'' (Common Frangipani, Red Frangipani), native to [[Mexico]], [[Central America]],  and [[Venezuela]], produces flowers ranging from yellow to pink depending on form or cultivar. From Mexico and Central America, ''Plumeria'' has spread to all tropical areas of the world, especially [[Hawaii]], where it grows so abundantly that many people think that it is indigenous there.  
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In several Pacific islands, such as [[Tahiti]], Hawaii and [[Tonga]], Plumeria is used for making [[Lei (Hawaii)|leis]]. In modern Polynesian culture, it can be worn by women to indicate their relationship status - over the right ear if seeking a relationship, and over the left if taken.
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''P. alba'' is the national flower of [[Nicaragua]] and [[Laos]], where it is known under the local name "Sacuanjoche" (Nicaragua) and "Champa" (Laos).
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In the book "[[A Varanda do Frangipani]]" by [[Mozambique|Mozambican]] author, [[Mia Couto]], the shedding of the tree's flowers serves to mark the passage of time, and the conclusion sees the protagonists submerging into the tree's roots as the ultimate solution to fix their shattered world.
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In [[Culture of Bangladesh|Bangladeshi culture]] most white flowers, and particularly plumeria ([[Bengali language|Bengali]]: চম্পা ''chômpa'' or চাঁপা ''chãpa''), are associated with funerals and death.
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== In Fiction ==
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* [[Tagore]] story 'The Champa Flower' from the collection [[Crescent Moon]] [http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/tagore/cresmoon/cm17.htm]
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* Under the Frangipani by Mia Couto
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==References==
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*Flora: The Gardener's Bible, by Sean Hogan. Global Book Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0881926248
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*American Horticultural Society: A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants, by Christopher Brickell, Judith D. Zuk. 1996. ISBN 0789419432
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*Sunset National Garden Book. Sunset Books, Inc., 1997. ISBN 0376038608
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==Plumeria obtusa Gallery==
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==Gallery==
 
<gallery>
 
<gallery>
 
Image:Fruit_&_flower_I_IMG_4181.jpg|Fruit & flower  in [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]].
 
Image:Fruit_&_flower_I_IMG_4181.jpg|Fruit & flower  in [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]].
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Image:Leaves_I_IMG_8331.jpg|Leaves in [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]].
 
Image:Leaves_I_IMG_8331.jpg|Leaves in [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]].
 
</gallery>
 
</gallery>
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==See also==
    
==External links==
 
==External links==
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