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{{Taxobox
| color = lightgreen
| name = Pili nut
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
| classis = [[Magnoliopsida]]
| ordo = [[Sapindales]]
| familia = [[Burseraceae]]
| genus = ''[[Canarium]]''
| species = '''''C. ovatum'''''
| binomial = ''Canarium ovatum''
| binomial_authority = [[Adolf Engler|Engl.]]
}}
The '''Pili nut''' (''Canarium ovatum''), one of 600 species in the family [[Burseraceae]], is native to the [[Philippines]] and is abundant and wild in southern [[Luzon]], and in parts of [[Visayas]] and [[Mindanao]].
Trees of ''Canarium ovatum'' are attractive symmetrically shaped evergreens, averaging 20 m tall with resinous wood and resistance to strong wind. ''C. ovatum'' is [[dioecious]], with [[flower]]s borne on [[cymose]] inflorescence at the leaf [[axil]]s of young shoots. As in [[papaya]] and [[rambutan]], functional [[hermaphrodite]]s exist in pili. [[Pollination]] is by [[insect]]s. Flowering of pili is frequent and [[fruit]]s ripen through a prolonged period of time. The ovary contains three locules, each with two ovules, most of the time only one ovule develops (Chandler 1958).
Pili fruit is a [[drupe]], 4 to 7 cm long, 2.3 to 3.8 cm in diameter, and weighs 15.7 to 45.7 g. The skin ([[exocarp]]) is smooth, thin, shiny, and turns purplish black when the fruit ripens; the pulp ([[mesocarp]]) is fibrous, fleshy, and greenish yellow in color, and the hard shell ([[endocarp]]) within protects a normally [[dicotyledonous]] embryo. The [[basal]] end of the shell (endocarp) is pointed and the [[apical]] end is more or less blunt; between the [[seed]] and the hard shell (endocarp) is a thin, brownish, fibrous seed coat developed from the inner layer of the endocarp. This thin coat usually adheres tightly to the shell and/or the seed. Much of the kernel weight is made up of the [[cotyledon]]s, which are about 4.1 to 16.6% of the whole fruit; it is composed of approximately 8% [[carbohydrate]], 11.5 to 13.9% [[protein]], and 70% [[fat]]. Kernels from some trees may be bitter, fibrous or have a turpentine odor.
== Cultivation and uses ==
Although they are grown as [[ornamental tree]]s in many areas of the [[Old World]] tropics of [[Malaysia]] and the Philippines, only the Philippines produces and processes pili nuts commercially. Production centers are located in the [[Bicol]] region, provinces of [[Sorsogon]], [[Albay]], and [[Camarines Sur]], southern Tagalog, and eastern [[Visaya]]. There is no commercial planting of this crop, fruits are collected from natural stands in the mountains near these provinces. In 1977, the Philippines exported approximately 3.8 t of pili preparation to [[Guam]] and [[Australia]].
Pili is a tropical tree preferring deep, fertile, well drained [[soil]], warm temperatures, and well distributed [[rainfall]]. It can not tolerate the slightest frost or low temperature. Refrigeration of seeds at 4 °C to 13 °C resulted in loss of viability after 5 days. Seed germination is highly recalcitrant, reduced from 98 to 19% after 12 weeks of storage at room temperature; seeds stored for more than 137 days did not germinate.
[[Asexual]] propagations using [[marcotting]], budding, and grafting were too inconsistent to be used in commercial production. Young shoots of pili were believed to have functional internal [[phloem]]s, which rendered [[bark]] ringing ineffective as a way of building up carbohydrate levels in the wood. Success in marcottage may be cultivar dependent. Production standards for a mature pili tree is between 100 to 150 kg of in-shell [[Nut (fruit)|nut]] with the harvest season from May to October and peaking between June and August. There are high variations in kernel qualities and production between seedling trees.
Most pili kernels tend to stick to the shell when fresh, but come off easily after being dried to 3 to 5% moisture (30 °C for 27 to 28 h). Shell nuts, with a moisture content of 2.5 to 4.6%, can be stored in the shade for one year without deterioration of quality (Coronel et al. 1983).
The most important product from pili is t
he kernel. When raw, it resembles the flavor of roasted [[pumpkin seed]], and when roasted, its mild, nutty flavor and tender-crispy texture is superior to that of the [[almond]]. Pili kernel is also used in [[chocolate]], [[ice cream]], and baked goods. The largest buyers of pili nuts are in [[Hong Kong]] and [[Taiwan]], the kernel is one of the major ingredients in one type of the famous Chinese festive desserts known as the "[[moon cake]]".
Nutritionally, the kernel is high in [[calcium]], [[phosphorus]], and [[potassium]], and rich in [[fat]]s and [[protein]]. It yields a light yellowish oil, mainly of [[glyceride]]s of [[oleic]] (44.4 to 59.6%) and palmitic acids (32.6 to 38.2%).
The young shoots and the fruit [[pulp]] are edible. The shoots are used in salads, and the pulp is eaten after it is boiled and seasoned. Boiled pili pulp resembles the [[sweet potato]] in texture, it is oily (about 12%) and is considered to have food value similar to the [[avocado]]. Pulp oil can be extracted and used for cooking or as a substitute for [[cotton seed oil]] in the manufacture of [[soap]] and edible products. The stony shells are excellent as fuel or as porous, inert growth medium for [[orchid]]s and [[antherium]].
===Future Prospects===
According to Richard A. Hamilton, [[University of Hawaii]] at [[Manoa]] (macadamia breeder), the current status of the pili is equivalent to that of the [[macadamia]] some 30 years ago. It has great potential to develop into a major industry. The immediate concern in pili production is the difficulty of propagation. The lack of an effective clonal propagation method not only hampers the collection of superior [[germplasm]] but also makes it almost impossible to conduct feasibility trials of this crop. Few elite pili trees, such as 'Red', 'Albay', and 'Katutubo' were selected in the Philippines. [[The National Clonal Germplasm Repository at Hilo]], USDA/ARS, has initiated studies in [[in vitro]] and vegetative propagation for the multiplication and long-term preservation of pili. A recently released pili cultivar in [[Hawaii]] may further stimulate the interest in this crop. This new selection, known as '''Poamoho''', was released by R.A. Hamilton. Besides the desirable production and quality attributes, its kernels separate easily from the hard shell without the need of prior drying (30°C for 27 to 28 h). This is an important cost saving feature for processing.
== References and external links==
*Chandler, W.H. 1958. Evergreen orchards. Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia.
*Coronel, R.E. and J.C. Zuno. 1980a. Note: The correlation between some fruit characters of pili. ''Philippine Agriculturist'' 63: 163-165.
*Coronel, R.E. and J.C. Zuno. 1980b. Note: Evaluation of fruit characters of some pili seedling trees in Calauan and Los Banos, Laguna. ''Philippine Agriculturist'' 63: 166-173.
*Coronel, R.E., J.C. Zuno, and R.C. Sotto. 1983. Promising fruits of the Philippines, p. 325-350. Univ. Philippines at Los Banos, College of Agr., Laguna.
*Mohr, E. and G. Wichmann. 1987. Cultivation of pili nut Canarium ovatum and the composition of fatty acids and triglycerides of the oil. ''Fett Wissenschaft Technologie'' 89(3): 128-129.
*Neal, M.C. 1965. In gardens of Hawaii. Bernice P. Bishop Museum. Special Pub. Bishop Museum Press.
*Rosengarten, F. Jr. 1984. The book of edible nuts. Walker and Company, New York
*[http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/cropfactsheets/PiliNut.html Pili nut fact sheet]
[[Category:Sapindales]]
[[Category:Agriculture by country|Philippines]]
[[Category:Edible nuts and seeds]]
| color = lightgreen
| name = Pili nut
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
| classis = [[Magnoliopsida]]
| ordo = [[Sapindales]]
| familia = [[Burseraceae]]
| genus = ''[[Canarium]]''
| species = '''''C. ovatum'''''
| binomial = ''Canarium ovatum''
| binomial_authority = [[Adolf Engler|Engl.]]
}}
The '''Pili nut''' (''Canarium ovatum''), one of 600 species in the family [[Burseraceae]], is native to the [[Philippines]] and is abundant and wild in southern [[Luzon]], and in parts of [[Visayas]] and [[Mindanao]].
Trees of ''Canarium ovatum'' are attractive symmetrically shaped evergreens, averaging 20 m tall with resinous wood and resistance to strong wind. ''C. ovatum'' is [[dioecious]], with [[flower]]s borne on [[cymose]] inflorescence at the leaf [[axil]]s of young shoots. As in [[papaya]] and [[rambutan]], functional [[hermaphrodite]]s exist in pili. [[Pollination]] is by [[insect]]s. Flowering of pili is frequent and [[fruit]]s ripen through a prolonged period of time. The ovary contains three locules, each with two ovules, most of the time only one ovule develops (Chandler 1958).
Pili fruit is a [[drupe]], 4 to 7 cm long, 2.3 to 3.8 cm in diameter, and weighs 15.7 to 45.7 g. The skin ([[exocarp]]) is smooth, thin, shiny, and turns purplish black when the fruit ripens; the pulp ([[mesocarp]]) is fibrous, fleshy, and greenish yellow in color, and the hard shell ([[endocarp]]) within protects a normally [[dicotyledonous]] embryo. The [[basal]] end of the shell (endocarp) is pointed and the [[apical]] end is more or less blunt; between the [[seed]] and the hard shell (endocarp) is a thin, brownish, fibrous seed coat developed from the inner layer of the endocarp. This thin coat usually adheres tightly to the shell and/or the seed. Much of the kernel weight is made up of the [[cotyledon]]s, which are about 4.1 to 16.6% of the whole fruit; it is composed of approximately 8% [[carbohydrate]], 11.5 to 13.9% [[protein]], and 70% [[fat]]. Kernels from some trees may be bitter, fibrous or have a turpentine odor.
== Cultivation and uses ==
Although they are grown as [[ornamental tree]]s in many areas of the [[Old World]] tropics of [[Malaysia]] and the Philippines, only the Philippines produces and processes pili nuts commercially. Production centers are located in the [[Bicol]] region, provinces of [[Sorsogon]], [[Albay]], and [[Camarines Sur]], southern Tagalog, and eastern [[Visaya]]. There is no commercial planting of this crop, fruits are collected from natural stands in the mountains near these provinces. In 1977, the Philippines exported approximately 3.8 t of pili preparation to [[Guam]] and [[Australia]].
Pili is a tropical tree preferring deep, fertile, well drained [[soil]], warm temperatures, and well distributed [[rainfall]]. It can not tolerate the slightest frost or low temperature. Refrigeration of seeds at 4 °C to 13 °C resulted in loss of viability after 5 days. Seed germination is highly recalcitrant, reduced from 98 to 19% after 12 weeks of storage at room temperature; seeds stored for more than 137 days did not germinate.
[[Asexual]] propagations using [[marcotting]], budding, and grafting were too inconsistent to be used in commercial production. Young shoots of pili were believed to have functional internal [[phloem]]s, which rendered [[bark]] ringing ineffective as a way of building up carbohydrate levels in the wood. Success in marcottage may be cultivar dependent. Production standards for a mature pili tree is between 100 to 150 kg of in-shell [[Nut (fruit)|nut]] with the harvest season from May to October and peaking between June and August. There are high variations in kernel qualities and production between seedling trees.
Most pili kernels tend to stick to the shell when fresh, but come off easily after being dried to 3 to 5% moisture (30 °C for 27 to 28 h). Shell nuts, with a moisture content of 2.5 to 4.6%, can be stored in the shade for one year without deterioration of quality (Coronel et al. 1983).
The most important product from pili is t
he kernel. When raw, it resembles the flavor of roasted [[pumpkin seed]], and when roasted, its mild, nutty flavor and tender-crispy texture is superior to that of the [[almond]]. Pili kernel is also used in [[chocolate]], [[ice cream]], and baked goods. The largest buyers of pili nuts are in [[Hong Kong]] and [[Taiwan]], the kernel is one of the major ingredients in one type of the famous Chinese festive desserts known as the "[[moon cake]]".
Nutritionally, the kernel is high in [[calcium]], [[phosphorus]], and [[potassium]], and rich in [[fat]]s and [[protein]]. It yields a light yellowish oil, mainly of [[glyceride]]s of [[oleic]] (44.4 to 59.6%) and palmitic acids (32.6 to 38.2%).
The young shoots and the fruit [[pulp]] are edible. The shoots are used in salads, and the pulp is eaten after it is boiled and seasoned. Boiled pili pulp resembles the [[sweet potato]] in texture, it is oily (about 12%) and is considered to have food value similar to the [[avocado]]. Pulp oil can be extracted and used for cooking or as a substitute for [[cotton seed oil]] in the manufacture of [[soap]] and edible products. The stony shells are excellent as fuel or as porous, inert growth medium for [[orchid]]s and [[antherium]].
===Future Prospects===
According to Richard A. Hamilton, [[University of Hawaii]] at [[Manoa]] (macadamia breeder), the current status of the pili is equivalent to that of the [[macadamia]] some 30 years ago. It has great potential to develop into a major industry. The immediate concern in pili production is the difficulty of propagation. The lack of an effective clonal propagation method not only hampers the collection of superior [[germplasm]] but also makes it almost impossible to conduct feasibility trials of this crop. Few elite pili trees, such as 'Red', 'Albay', and 'Katutubo' were selected in the Philippines. [[The National Clonal Germplasm Repository at Hilo]], USDA/ARS, has initiated studies in [[in vitro]] and vegetative propagation for the multiplication and long-term preservation of pili. A recently released pili cultivar in [[Hawaii]] may further stimulate the interest in this crop. This new selection, known as '''Poamoho''', was released by R.A. Hamilton. Besides the desirable production and quality attributes, its kernels separate easily from the hard shell without the need of prior drying (30°C for 27 to 28 h). This is an important cost saving feature for processing.
== References and external links==
*Chandler, W.H. 1958. Evergreen orchards. Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia.
*Coronel, R.E. and J.C. Zuno. 1980a. Note: The correlation between some fruit characters of pili. ''Philippine Agriculturist'' 63: 163-165.
*Coronel, R.E. and J.C. Zuno. 1980b. Note: Evaluation of fruit characters of some pili seedling trees in Calauan and Los Banos, Laguna. ''Philippine Agriculturist'' 63: 166-173.
*Coronel, R.E., J.C. Zuno, and R.C. Sotto. 1983. Promising fruits of the Philippines, p. 325-350. Univ. Philippines at Los Banos, College of Agr., Laguna.
*Mohr, E. and G. Wichmann. 1987. Cultivation of pili nut Canarium ovatum and the composition of fatty acids and triglycerides of the oil. ''Fett Wissenschaft Technologie'' 89(3): 128-129.
*Neal, M.C. 1965. In gardens of Hawaii. Bernice P. Bishop Museum. Special Pub. Bishop Museum Press.
*Rosengarten, F. Jr. 1984. The book of edible nuts. Walker and Company, New York
*[http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/cropfactsheets/PiliNut.html Pili nut fact sheet]
[[Category:Sapindales]]
[[Category:Agriculture by country|Philippines]]
[[Category:Edible nuts and seeds]]
