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{{Infobox Cultivar | name = Kale Drought
| image =
| image_width = 240px
| image_caption = Curly kale
| species = ''[[Brassica oleracea]]''
| group = [[Acephala Group]]
| origin = unknown, before the [[Middle Ages]]
| subdivision = Many, and some are known by other names.
}}
'''Kale''' (also called '''Borecole''') is a form of [[cabbage]] (''[[Brassica oleracea]]'' [[Acephala Group]]), green in color, in which the central leaves do not form a head. It is considered to be closer to wild cabbage than most domesticated forms. The species ''Brassica oleracea'' contains a wide array of vegetables, including [[broccoli]], [[cauliflower]], and [[Brussels sprouts]]. The [[cultivar|Cultivar Group]] Acephala also includes [[spring greens]] and [[collard greens]], which are extremely similar genetically.
== Cultivation ==
[[Image:Kale1.jpg|thumb|right|Freshly picked Siberian kale (Gulag Star).]]
The most important growing areas lie in central and northern [[Europe]] and [[North America]]. Kale grows more rarely in tropical areas as it prefers cooler climates. Kale is the most robust cabbage type - indeed the [[Hardiness (plants)|hardiness]] of kale is unmatched by any other vegetable. Kale will also tolerate nearly all soils provided that drainage is satisfactory. Another advantage is that kale rarely suffers from [[Pest (animal)|pest]]s and diseases of other members of the cabbage family - [[Dove|pigeons]], [[club root]] and [[cabbage root fly]] (''[[Delia radicum]]'').
Kale is the result of man's artificial selection for enlargement of leaves in the wild mustard [[plant]].
== Nutritional Value ==
Kale is considered to be one of the most highly nutritious vegetables, with powerful antioxidant properties. Dr. [[Joel Fuhrman]] uses kale as the highest value highest to calibrate his index of foods by nutrient density versus calories, assigning kale a value of 1000. Compared to kale, [[spinach]] and [[broccoli]], widely considered extremely nutritious foods, are valued at 886 and 395, respectively by Fuhrman.
== Origins ==
[[Image:Lacinato Kale and Collard Greens.jpg|thumb|right|Lacinato Kale (left) with [[Collard greens]] (right)]]
Until the end of the [[Middle Ages]], kale was the common green vegetable in all of Europe.
Curly leaved varieties of cabbage already existed along with flat leafed varieties in [[Greece]], in the fourth century BC. These forms, which were referred to by the [[Ancient Rome|Romans]] as Sabellian kale, are considered to be the the ancestors of modern kales. Today, one may differentiate between varieties according to the low, intermediate or high length of the stem, with varying leaf types. The leaf colours range from light green through green, dark green and violet-green to violet-brown. Russian kale was introduced into [[Canada]] (and then into the U.S.) by Russian traders in the 19th century.
[[Kai-lan]], a separate cultivar of ''Brassica oleracea'' much used in Chinese cuisine, is somewhat similar to kale in appearance and is occasionally called "kale" in English.
== Cultivars ==
Kale can be classified by leaf type:
* Curly leaved (Scots kales)
* Plain leaved
* Rape kale
* Leaf and spear (a cross between curly leaved and plain leaved kale)
* Cavolo nero (also known as black cabbage, Tuscan kale, Lacinato and dinosaur kale)
Because kale can grow well into winter, one variety of Rape kale is called 'Hungry Gap', named after the period in winter in traditional agriculture when little could be harvested.
== Culinary uses ==
[[Image:Steamed kale and slivered almonds.jpg|thumb|left|Steamed kale and slivered [[almond]]s]]
Kale freezes well and actually tastes sweeter and more flavorful after being exposed to a [[frost]].
Tender kale greens can provide an intense addition to salads, particularly when combined with other such strongly-flavored ingredients as dry-roasted [[peanuts]], [[tamari]]-roasted almonds, or red [[capsicum|pepper]] flakes.
In [[the Netherlands]] it is very frequ
ently used in the winter dish [[stamppot]] and seen as one of the countries traditional dishes, called Boerenkool.
A traditional [[Portuguese cuisine|Portuguese]] soup, ''[[caldo verde]]'', combines pureed [[potato]]es, diced kale, [[olive oil]], broth, and, generally, sliced cooked spicy [[sausage]]. Under the name of ''couve'', kale is also popular in the former Portuguese colony of [[Brazil]], in ''caldo verde'' or as a vegetable dish, often cooked with ''carne seca'' (shredded dried [[beef]]).
A whole culture around kale has developed in north-western [[Germany]] around the towns of [[Bremen (city)|Bremen]] and [[Oldenburg]] as well as in the land of [[Schleswig-Holstein]]. There, most social clubs of any kind will have a "Grünkohlfahrt" ("kale tour") sometime in January, visiting a country [[inn]] to consume large quantities of kale, sausage and [[schnapps]]. Most communities in the area have a yearly kale festival which includes naming a "kale king". Curly kale is used in [[Halland]], [[Sweden]], to make [[långkål]], an obligatory on the [[julbord]] in the region, and is commonly served together with the [[christmas ham]]. In Scotland, kale provided such a base for a traditional diet that the word in dialect Scots is synonymous with food. To be "off one's kail" is to feel too ill to eat.
Kale is a very good source of [[iron#Biological role|iron]], [[calcium]], [[vitamin C]], [[Folic Acid]], [[vitamin K]] and [[Carotenoids]] (which provide [[vitamin A]]). In Japan, kale juice (known as ''[[aojiru]]'') is a popular dietary supplement.
== Decorative uses ==
[[Image:flowering-kale.jpg|thumb|Ornamental kale]]
Many varieties of kale are referred to as "flowering kales" and are grown mainly for their ornamental leaves, which are brilliant white, red, pink, lavender, blue or violet in the interior or the rosette. Most plants sold as "ornamental cabbage" are in fact kales. Ornamental kale is every bit as edible as any other variety. [http://davesgarden.com/pf/go/686/index.html]
== Literature ==
The [[Kailyard school]] of Scottish writers, which included [[J. M. Barrie]] (author of ''[[Peter Pan]]''), consisted of authors who wrote about traditional rural Scottish life (kailyard = kale field).
Kale was also mentioned in [[Robert Louis Stevenson|Robert Louis Stevenson's]] novel [[Kidnapped (novel)|Kidnapped]].
== References ==
* Dr D.G.Hessayon (2003)''The Vegetable & Herb Expert''. Expert Books. ISBN 0-903505-46-0
== See also ==
* [[Bowen's Kale]]
== External links ==
*[http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/cgi-bin/find_lat?LAT=&COM=kale&FAM=&RATING=1 Kale]: Plants For a Future database
*[http://growingtaste.com/vegetables/kale.shtml Kale for the home gardener]
* [http://everest.ento.vt.edu/~idlab/vegpests/veghosts/greens1.pests.html Pests commonly found on Collards, Kale, Mustard and Turnip]
*[http://nutritiondata.com/facts-C00001-01c20dh.html Detailed nutritional composition of kale]: Nutritiondata.com
[[Category:Leaf vegetables]]
[[Category:Brassica]]
| image =
| image_width = 240px
| image_caption = Curly kale
| species = ''[[Brassica oleracea]]''
| group = [[Acephala Group]]
| origin = unknown, before the [[Middle Ages]]
| subdivision = Many, and some are known by other names.
}}
'''Kale''' (also called '''Borecole''') is a form of [[cabbage]] (''[[Brassica oleracea]]'' [[Acephala Group]]), green in color, in which the central leaves do not form a head. It is considered to be closer to wild cabbage than most domesticated forms. The species ''Brassica oleracea'' contains a wide array of vegetables, including [[broccoli]], [[cauliflower]], and [[Brussels sprouts]]. The [[cultivar|Cultivar Group]] Acephala also includes [[spring greens]] and [[collard greens]], which are extremely similar genetically.
== Cultivation ==
[[Image:Kale1.jpg|thumb|right|Freshly picked Siberian kale (Gulag Star).]]
The most important growing areas lie in central and northern [[Europe]] and [[North America]]. Kale grows more rarely in tropical areas as it prefers cooler climates. Kale is the most robust cabbage type - indeed the [[Hardiness (plants)|hardiness]] of kale is unmatched by any other vegetable. Kale will also tolerate nearly all soils provided that drainage is satisfactory. Another advantage is that kale rarely suffers from [[Pest (animal)|pest]]s and diseases of other members of the cabbage family - [[Dove|pigeons]], [[club root]] and [[cabbage root fly]] (''[[Delia radicum]]'').
Kale is the result of man's artificial selection for enlargement of leaves in the wild mustard [[plant]].
== Nutritional Value ==
Kale is considered to be one of the most highly nutritious vegetables, with powerful antioxidant properties. Dr. [[Joel Fuhrman]] uses kale as the highest value highest to calibrate his index of foods by nutrient density versus calories, assigning kale a value of 1000. Compared to kale, [[spinach]] and [[broccoli]], widely considered extremely nutritious foods, are valued at 886 and 395, respectively by Fuhrman.
== Origins ==
[[Image:Lacinato Kale and Collard Greens.jpg|thumb|right|Lacinato Kale (left) with [[Collard greens]] (right)]]
Until the end of the [[Middle Ages]], kale was the common green vegetable in all of Europe.
Curly leaved varieties of cabbage already existed along with flat leafed varieties in [[Greece]], in the fourth century BC. These forms, which were referred to by the [[Ancient Rome|Romans]] as Sabellian kale, are considered to be the the ancestors of modern kales. Today, one may differentiate between varieties according to the low, intermediate or high length of the stem, with varying leaf types. The leaf colours range from light green through green, dark green and violet-green to violet-brown. Russian kale was introduced into [[Canada]] (and then into the U.S.) by Russian traders in the 19th century.
[[Kai-lan]], a separate cultivar of ''Brassica oleracea'' much used in Chinese cuisine, is somewhat similar to kale in appearance and is occasionally called "kale" in English.
== Cultivars ==
Kale can be classified by leaf type:
* Curly leaved (Scots kales)
* Plain leaved
* Rape kale
* Leaf and spear (a cross between curly leaved and plain leaved kale)
* Cavolo nero (also known as black cabbage, Tuscan kale, Lacinato and dinosaur kale)
Because kale can grow well into winter, one variety of Rape kale is called 'Hungry Gap', named after the period in winter in traditional agriculture when little could be harvested.
== Culinary uses ==
[[Image:Steamed kale and slivered almonds.jpg|thumb|left|Steamed kale and slivered [[almond]]s]]
Kale freezes well and actually tastes sweeter and more flavorful after being exposed to a [[frost]].
Tender kale greens can provide an intense addition to salads, particularly when combined with other such strongly-flavored ingredients as dry-roasted [[peanuts]], [[tamari]]-roasted almonds, or red [[capsicum|pepper]] flakes.
In [[the Netherlands]] it is very frequ
ently used in the winter dish [[stamppot]] and seen as one of the countries traditional dishes, called Boerenkool.
A traditional [[Portuguese cuisine|Portuguese]] soup, ''[[caldo verde]]'', combines pureed [[potato]]es, diced kale, [[olive oil]], broth, and, generally, sliced cooked spicy [[sausage]]. Under the name of ''couve'', kale is also popular in the former Portuguese colony of [[Brazil]], in ''caldo verde'' or as a vegetable dish, often cooked with ''carne seca'' (shredded dried [[beef]]).
A whole culture around kale has developed in north-western [[Germany]] around the towns of [[Bremen (city)|Bremen]] and [[Oldenburg]] as well as in the land of [[Schleswig-Holstein]]. There, most social clubs of any kind will have a "Grünkohlfahrt" ("kale tour") sometime in January, visiting a country [[inn]] to consume large quantities of kale, sausage and [[schnapps]]. Most communities in the area have a yearly kale festival which includes naming a "kale king". Curly kale is used in [[Halland]], [[Sweden]], to make [[långkål]], an obligatory on the [[julbord]] in the region, and is commonly served together with the [[christmas ham]]. In Scotland, kale provided such a base for a traditional diet that the word in dialect Scots is synonymous with food. To be "off one's kail" is to feel too ill to eat.
Kale is a very good source of [[iron#Biological role|iron]], [[calcium]], [[vitamin C]], [[Folic Acid]], [[vitamin K]] and [[Carotenoids]] (which provide [[vitamin A]]). In Japan, kale juice (known as ''[[aojiru]]'') is a popular dietary supplement.
== Decorative uses ==
[[Image:flowering-kale.jpg|thumb|Ornamental kale]]
Many varieties of kale are referred to as "flowering kales" and are grown mainly for their ornamental leaves, which are brilliant white, red, pink, lavender, blue or violet in the interior or the rosette. Most plants sold as "ornamental cabbage" are in fact kales. Ornamental kale is every bit as edible as any other variety. [http://davesgarden.com/pf/go/686/index.html]
== Literature ==
The [[Kailyard school]] of Scottish writers, which included [[J. M. Barrie]] (author of ''[[Peter Pan]]''), consisted of authors who wrote about traditional rural Scottish life (kailyard = kale field).
Kale was also mentioned in [[Robert Louis Stevenson|Robert Louis Stevenson's]] novel [[Kidnapped (novel)|Kidnapped]].
== References ==
* Dr D.G.Hessayon (2003)''The Vegetable & Herb Expert''. Expert Books. ISBN 0-903505-46-0
== See also ==
* [[Bowen's Kale]]
== External links ==
*[http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/cgi-bin/find_lat?LAT=&COM=kale&FAM=&RATING=1 Kale]: Plants For a Future database
*[http://growingtaste.com/vegetables/kale.shtml Kale for the home gardener]
* [http://everest.ento.vt.edu/~idlab/vegpests/veghosts/greens1.pests.html Pests commonly found on Collards, Kale, Mustard and Turnip]
*[http://nutritiondata.com/facts-C00001-01c20dh.html Detailed nutritional composition of kale]: Nutritiondata.com
[[Category:Leaf vegetables]]
[[Category:Brassica]]
