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−| color = lightgreen
| subdivision_ranks = Species
−| subdivision =
−''About 50; see text''
'''''Xanthosoma''''' is a genus of about 50 species of tropical and sub-tropical arums in the [[flowering plant]] family, [[Araceae]], all native to tropical [[Americas|America]]. Several species are grown for their [[starch]]y [[corm]]s, an important [[root vegetable|food staple]] of tropical regions, known variously as '''malanga''', '''new cocoyam''', '''tannia''', '''tannier''', '''yautía''', '''macabo''', '''taioba ''', '''dasheen''' and '''‘ape'''. Many other species (including especially ''X. roseum'') are utilized as [[ornamental plant]]s, and in popular horticultural literature are known as ‘ape or '''elephant ear''' (from the purported resemblance of the leaf to an [[elephant]]'s [[ear]]), although the latter name is sometimes also applied to members with similar appearance and uses in the closely related genera of ''[[Caladium]]'', ''[[Colocasia]]'' (i.e., [[taro]]), and ''[[Alocasia]]''.+The [[leaf|leaves]] of most ''Xanthosoma'' species are 40-200 cm long, saggitate (arrowhead-shaped) or subdivided into 3 or as many as 18 segments. Unlike the leaves of ''Colocasia'', those of ''Xanthosoma'' are usually not ''peltate''—the upper v-notch extends in to the point of attachment of the leaf ''petiole'' to the blade.+Inflorescences of ''Xanthosoma'' are composed by a spadix with pistillate flowers+at the base, a belt of sterile flowers offered as a reward for+pollinators in the middle, and staminate flowers on the upper part.+Prior to opening, the inflorescence is enclosed within a leaf-like+spathe. When the inflorescence is ready to open, the upper part of
−the spathe opens and exposes the staminate area of the spadix; the
−basal area of the spathe remains closed, forming a spacious chamber
−(i.e., the spathe tube) that encloses the pistillate and sterile flowers
−(García-Robledo et al. 2004; 2005a; 2005b).
−[[Image:Arum flower.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Inflorescence of ''X. roseum'']]+[[Image:Inflo_detail.jpg|thumb|left|158px|Inflorescence of ''X. daguense'']]+changing from the pistillate phase that attracts pollinators on the+night it opens, to a staminate phase on the second night, when pollen+is shed (Garcıa-Robledo et al. 2004; 2005a; 2005b). When inflorescences open, produce heat and release a sweet scent attracting its pollinators, Dynastine beetles (''Cyclocephala'' spp.). Dinastines arrive covered with pollen from another inflorescence, and remain in the spathe+tube for 24 h, pollinating the pistillate flowers as they feed on the
−sterile area of the spadix. On the second night, they come out of
−the tube and walk over the staminate flowers, getting covered with
−pollen and then flying to the nearest recently opened inflorescence (García-Robledo et al. 2004; 2005a; 2005b).
−[[Image:Pollination.jpg|thumb|right|400px|Beetle pollination in ''X. daguense'' A. First night B. Second night C. after third night after inflorescence anthesis]]+Fruit maturation takes several months. Fruits start to grow+within the shelter of the spathe tube. When the infructescence
−is mature, in some species it arches back and downwards. In other species it stays erect. Then, the tissue of the spathe tube rolled
−outwards, exhibiting the bright orange fruits and the
−velvety pink inner spathe surface (García-Robledo et al. 2004; 2005a; 2005b).
−
−[[Image:Infruc Xanthosoma copy.jpg|thumb|left|350px|A. Infructescence of ''X. poeppigii'', Peruvian Amazonas B. Infructescence of ''X. daguense'' . Western Cordillera of Los Andes, Colombia]]
−
−== Crop uses ==
−
−[[Image:Bakweri cocoyam farmer from Cameroon.jpg|thumb|240px|right|A Cameroonian man works his cocoyam field.]]
−
−Domestication of ''Xanthosoma'' species (especially ''X. saggitifolium'' but also ''X. atrovirens'', ''X. violaceum'', ''X. maffaffa'', and others) is thought to have originated in northern lowland [[South America]] then spread to the [[Antilles]] and [[Mesoamerica]]. Today ''Xanthosoma'' is still grown in all those regions but is especially popular in [[Cuba]] and [[Puerto Rico]], where it is used in [[Alcapurria]]s. It is grown in [[Trinidad and Tobago]], [[Guyana]] and [[Jamaica]] to make the popular [[callaloo]] dish.It is also grown in [[West Africa]], now a major producer, where it can be used as a replacement for [[yam (vegetable)|yams]] in a popular regional dish called ''[[fufu]]''. ''Xanthosoma'' is also grown as a crop in the [[Philippines]].
−{| class="wikitable" align=left style="clear:left"
−! colspan=2|Top Yautía (Cocoyam) Producers - 2005<br>(million metric ton)
−|-
−| {{CUB}} || align="right" | 0.25
−|-
−| {{DOM}} || align="right" | 0.07
−|-
−| {{ESA}}|| align="right" | 0.05
−|-
−| {{VEN}} || align="right" | 0.05
−|-
−| {{PER}} || align="right" | 0.04
−|-
−|'''World Total''' || align="right" | '''0.47'''
−|-
−|colspan=2|''Source: <br>[[UN Food & Agriculture Organisation]] (FAO)''[http://faostat.fao.org/faostat/form?collection=Production.Crops.Primary&Domain=Production&servlet=1&hasbulk=0&version=ext&language=EN]
−|}
−Traditionally ''Xanthosoma'' has been a subsistence crop with excess sold at local markets, but in the [[United States]], large numbers of [[Latin American]] immigrants have created a market for commercial production. In general, production has yet to meet demand in some areas. In Polynesia, ''Xanthosoma'' (‘ape) was considered a [[famine food]], utilized only in the event of failure of the much preferred taro (''kalo'') crop.
−
−The typical ''Xanthosoma'' plant has a growing cycle of 9 to 11 months, during which time it produces a large stem called a [[corm]], this surrounded by smaller edible ''cormels'' about the size of [[potato]]es. These cormels (like the corm) are rich in starch. Their taste has been described as earthy and nutty and they are a common ingredient in soups and stews. They may also be eaten [[grilling|grilled]], [[frying|fried]], or [[purée]]d. The young, unfurled leaves of some varieties can be eaten as boiled [[leafy vegetable]]s or used in [[soup]]s and [[stew]]s, such as the Caribbean [[callaloo]].
−
−''Xanthosoma'' starch is highly [[hypoallergenic]] due to the small size of the starch grains.
−
−[[Image:Cocoyams for sale.jpg|thumb|230px|right|Cocoyam corms for sale in a Cameroonian market]]
−
−== References ==
−
−'''García -Robledo, C., '''G. Kattan, C. Murcia, P. Quintero.2005a. Equal and opposite effects of floral offer and spatial distribution on fruit production and pre-dispersal seed predation in ''Xanthosoma daguense'' (Araceae). Biotropica. 37: 373-380
−
−'''García–Robledo, C., '''P. Quintero-Marín. F. Mora-Kepfer. 2005b. Geographic Variation and Succession of Arthropod Communities in Inflorescences and Infructescences of ''Xanthosoma'' (Araceae). Biotropica. 37: 650-656
−
−'''García-Robledo, C. , '''G. Kattan, C. Murcia and P. Quintero. 2004. Beetle pollination and fruit predation in ''Xanthosoma daguense'' (Araceae). Journal of Tropical Ecology. 20: 459 – 469
−
−'''Valerio, C. E.''' 1988. Notes on the phenology and pollination of
−''Xanthosoma wendlandii'' (Araceae) in Costa Rica. Revista de Biologıa
−Tropical 36:55–61.
−
−== External links ==
−* [http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/nexus/Xanthosoma_nex.html ''Xanthosoma'' spp. at Purdue University, Center for New Crops & Plants Products]
−* [http://www.kallus.com/aroids/ediblescientific.htm Distribution and names of edible aroids]
−
−[[Category:Araceae]]
−[[Category:Root vegetables]]
−[[Category:Leaf vegetables]]
−[[Category:Staple foods]]
−[[Category:Plants and pollinators]]
{{Taxobox
+__NOTOC__{{Plantbox
−| name = ''Xanthosoma''
| name = ''Xanthosoma''
+| common_names = <!--- if multiple, list all, if none, leave blank -->
+| growth_habit = <!--- tree, shrub, herbaceous, vine, etc -->
+| high = <!--- 1m (3 ft) -->
+| wide = <!--- 65cm (25 inches) -->
+| origin = <!--- Mexico, S America, S Europe, garden, etc -->
+| poisonous = <!--- indicate parts of plants which are known/thought to be poisonous -->
+| lifespan = perennial
+| exposure = <!--- sun, part-sun, semi-shade, shade, indoors, bright filtered (you may list more than 1) -->
+| water = <!--- frequent, regular, drought tolerant, let dry then soak -->
+| features = <!--- flowers, fragrance, naturalizes, invasive -->
+| hardiness = <!--- frost sensitive, hardy, 5[[Celsius|°C]], etc -->
+| bloom = <!--- seasons which the plant blooms, if it is grown for its flowers -->
+| usda_zones = <!--- eg. 8-11 -->
+| sunset_zones = <!--- eg. 8, 9, 12-24, not available -->
+| color = IndianRed
| image = Elephantear_reduced.jpg
| image = Elephantear_reduced.jpg
| image_width = 240px
| image_width = 240px
| image_caption = ''Xanthosoma roseum''
| image_caption = ''Xanthosoma roseum''
−| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
+| regnum = Plantae
−| divisio = [[flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
+| divisio = Magnoliophyta
−| classis = [[Liliopsida]]
+| classis = Liliopsida
−| ordo = [[Alismatales]]
+| ordo = Alismatales
−| familia = [[Araceae]]
+| familia = Araceae
−| genus = '''''Xanthosoma'''''
+| genus = Xanthosoma
−}}
}}
+{{edit-desc}}<!--- Type GENERAL genus/plant description below this line, then delete this entire line -->
−==Cultivation==
+{{monthbox
+| color = IndianRed
+| name = <!--- type name of plant just to the right of the equal sign on the left -->
+| jan =
+| feb =
+| mar =
+| apr =
+| may =
+| jun =
+| jul =
+| aug =
+| sep =
+| oct =
+| nov =
+| dec =
+| notes =
+}}
+{{edit-cult}}<!--- Type cultivation info below this line, then delete this entire line -->
−===Propagation===
+{{edit-prop}}<!--- Type propagation info below this line, then delete this entire line -->
−== Pollination biology ==
+===Pests and diseases===
+{{edit-pests}}<!--- Type pest/disease info below this line, then delete this entire line -->
−==Species==
−Genus of around 50 species, including:
−*''[[Xanthosoma saggittifolium]]''
−*''[[Xanthosoma undipes]]''
−==Gallery==
−{{photo-sources}}<!-- remove this line if there are already 3 or more photos in the gallery -->
+<gallery>
+Image:Upload.png| photo 1
+Image:Upload.png| photo 2
+Image:Upload.png| photo 3
+</gallery>
−The inflorescences last for two nights and are protogynous (but ''see'' Valerio 1988),
+==References==
−<!--- xxxxx *Flora: The Gardener's Bible, by Sean Hogan. Global Book Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0881925381 -->
−<!--- xxxxx *American Horticultural Society: A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants, by Christopher Brickell, Judith D. Zuk. 1996. ISBN 0789419432 -->
−<!--- xxxxx *Sunset National Garden Book. Sunset Books, Inc., 1997. ISBN 0376038608 -->
−==External links==
+*{{wplink}}
+{{stub}}
+[[Category:Categorize]]
−<!-- in order to add all the proper categories, go to http://www.plants.am/wiki/Plant_Categories and copy/paste the contents of the page here, and then follow the easy instructions! -->
−
