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Passion flower (view source)

Revision as of 21:01, 13 March 2009

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{{Taxobox
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__NOTOC__{{Plantbox
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| color = lightgreen
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| name = ''Passiflora''
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| name = Passion flower
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| common_names = Passion flower, passion vine
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| growth_habit = vines (some shrubs, herbaceous)
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| high = 20-30 ft
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| wide =    <!--- 65cm (25 inches) -->
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| origin =    <!--- Mexico, S America, S Europe, garden, etc -->
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| poisonous =    <!--- indicate parts of plants which are known/thought to be poisonous -->
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| lifespan =    <!--- perennial, annual, etc -->
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| exposure = full sun
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| water = regular to moderate
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| features = flowers (some fruit)
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| hardiness =    <!--- frost sensitive, hardy, 5[[Celsius|°C]], etc -->
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| bloom = during warm weather
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| usda_zones =    <!--- eg. 8-11 -->
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| sunset_zones = vary by species
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| color = IndianRed
 
| image =Passionflower.jpg
 
| image =Passionflower.jpg
 
| image_width = 240px
 
| image_width = 240px
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| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
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| image_caption =    <!--- eg. Cultivated freesias -->
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| divisio = [[flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
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| regnum = Plantae
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| classis = [[Magnoliopsida]]
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| divisio = Magnoliophyta
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| ordo = [[Malpighiales]]
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| classis = Magnoliopsida
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| familia = [[Passifloraceae]]
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| ordo = Malpighiales
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| genus = '''''Passiflora'''''
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| familia = Passifloraceae
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| genus_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]
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| genus = Passiflora
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| subdivision_ranks = Species
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| species =  
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| subdivision =  
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| subspecies =  
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About 500 species, including:<br/>
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| cultivar =  
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''[[Passiflora affinis]]''<br/ >
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''[[Passiflora alata]]''<br />
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''[[Passiflora amalocarpa]]''<br />
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''[[Passiflora amethystina]]''<br />
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''[[Passiflora aurantia]]''<br />
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''[[Passiflora caerulea]]''<br />
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''[[Passiflora capsularis]]''<br />
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''[[Passiflora coccinea]]'' <br />
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''[[Passiflora edulis]]''<br />
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''[[Passiflora foetida]]''<br />
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''[[Passiflora guatemalensis]]''<br />
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''[[Passiflora hahnii]]'' <br />
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''[[Passiflora helleri]]''<br />
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''[[Passiflora holosericea]]''<br />
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''[[Passiflora incarnata]]''<br />
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''[[Passiflora karwinskii]]''<br />
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''[[Passiflora kermesina]]''<br>
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''[[sweet granadilla|Passiflora ligularis]]''<br>
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''[[Passiflora lutea]]''<br />
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''[[Passiflora maliformis]]''<br />
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''[[Passiflora mixta]]''<br />
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''[[Passiflora mollissima]]''<br />
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''[[Passiflora montana]]''<br />
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''[[Passiflora mucronata]]''<br />
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''[[Passiflora murucuja]]''<br />
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''[[Passiflora nitida]]''<br />
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''[[Passiflora palenquensis]]''<br />
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''[[Passiflora phoenicea]]''<br />
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''[[Passiflora picturata]]''<br />
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''[[Passiflora pinnatistipula]]''<br />
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''[[Passiflora quadrangularis]]'' <br />
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''[[Passiflora racemosa]]'' <br />
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''[[Passiflora serratifolia]]'' <br />
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''[[Passiflora tarminiana]]''<br>
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''[[Passiflora tenuifila]]''<br />
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''[[Passiflora tripartita]]''<br />
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''[[Passiflora tulae]]''<br />
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''[[Passiflora vitifolia]]''<br />
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''[[Passiflora yucatanensis]]''
   
}}
 
}}
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There are approximately 500 species in the '''''Passiflora''''' genus, better known as '''Passion flowers''' or '''passion vines'''.  The exotic flowers and fruit of many varieties are popular with gardeners.  Most are [[vine]]s, but some are [[shrub]]s, and a few are [[herbaceous]]. The most commonly eaten [[passionfruit]] grows on [[Passiflora edulis]].
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'''Passion flower''' (''Passiflora''; [[synonymy|syn.]] ''Disemma'' [[Labill.]]) is a [[genus]] of about 500 [[species]] of [[flowering plant]]s in the family [[Passifloraceae]]. They are mostly [[vine]]s, with some being [[shrub]]s, and a few species being [[herbaceous]]. For information about the fruit of the passiflora plant, see [[passionfruit]].
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===Fruit===
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Most species produce round to elongated edible fruit, though few are widely eaten. Fruit is 2-8 inches long and 1-2 inches across, depending on species or [[cultivar]].  
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== Biology ==
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The '''[[passion fruit]]''' or '''''maracujá''''' (''P. edulis'') is cultivated extensively for its fruit, which is used as a source of juice. A small purple fruit which wrinkles easily and a larger shiny yellow to orange fruit are traded under this name. The yellow form is normally just treated as a [[variety (biology)|variety]] ''flavicarpa'', but appears to be more distinct in fact.
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Most decorative passifloras have a unique [[flower]] structure, which requires a large [[bee]] to effectively [[Pollination|pollinate]] (see photos below). In the American tropics, wooden beams are mounted very near [[passionfruit]] plantings to encourage [[Carpenter bee]]s to nest. At the same time, the size and structure of flowers of different species of passiflora vary. Some species can be pollinated by [[hummingbird]]s and [[bumble bee]]s, others by [[wasp]]s, still others are self-pollinating. ''Passiflora'' species are used as food plants by the [[larva]] of the [[moth]], ''[[Cibyra|Cibyra serta]]'' and many ''[[Heliconiinae]]'' [[Butterflies]]. Some of these include the caterpillars of the butterflies Melpomene, Sara, and Rosina.
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The bracts of ''[[Passiflora foetida]]'' are covered by hairs which exude a sticky fluid. Many insects get stuck to this. Studies have suggested that this may be an adaptation similar to that seen in [[carnivorous plant]]s. (Radhamani, et al)
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[[Image:Maliformis.jpg|thumb|right|[[Sweet Calabash]] (''[[Passiflora maliformis|P. maliformis]]'') grown for its edible fruit.]]
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'''[[Sweet Granadilla]]''' (''P. ligularis'') is widely-grown. It's called "passionfruit" in much of of [[Africa]] and [[Australia]]: in [[South Africa]] it is usually called "granadilla". The fruit is something like a combination of the two ''P. edulis'' types.
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== Origin ==
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'''[[Maypop]]''' (''P. incarnata''), is common in the SE United States. It is a subtropical, in a mostly tropical family. Unlike most of the tropical varieties, this species can withstand cold down to -4°F  (-20°C) before the roots die. It has been cultivated north to [[Boston]] and [[Chicago]]. The yellowish fruit is sweet, and about the size of an egg. Grown for the edible fruit and for being relatively pest free.
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The family Passifloraceae is found world wide, excluding [[Europe]] and [[Antarctica]].
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Nine species are found in the [[USA]]. Passion flowers are found from [[Ohio]] to the north, as far west as [[California]] and south to the [[Florida Keys]]. Passion flowers are found in most of [[South America]] as well as [[China]] and Southern [[Asia]] (with 17 species), [[New Guinea]], [[Australia]] (with four, possibly more species) and [[New Zealand]] with one [[monotypic]] member of the family.
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[[Africa]] has many members of the family Passifloraceae, (the rather more primitive ''Adenia'') but no ''Passiflora''.
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'''[[Giant Granadilla]]''' ('''Giant Tumbo''' or '''''badea''''', ''P. quadrangularis''), '''[[Water Lemon]]''' (''[[Passiflora laurifolia|P. laurifolia]]'') and '''[[Sweet Calabash]]''' (''[[Passiflora maliformis|P. maliformis]]'') are popular for their fruit in certain, localized parts of the world. '''[[Wild Maracuja]]''' are popular in SE Asia and are the fruit of ''P. foetida''. '''[[Banana passionfruit]]s''' grow on [[Passiflora tripartita|''P. tripartita'' var. ''mollissima'']] and ''[[Passiflora tarminiana|P. tarminiana]]'', and as the name implies are rather elongated. These two are eaten locally, and are very invasive.
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The [[purple]] fruited ''[[Passiflora edulis]]'' and the yellow fruited ''Passiflora edulis'' var. ''flavicarpa'' are widely grown in subtropical and tropical regions respectively, for their delicious fruits.
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==Cultivation==
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{{edit-cult}}<!--- Type cultivation info below this line, then delete this entire line -->
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These forms of ''[[Passiflora edulis]]'' have been found to be different species. They occur in different climate regions in nature and bloom at different times of day. The purple fruited species is self fertile and the yellow fruited species, despite claims to the contrary, is self sterile. It requires two clones for pollenization.
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===Propagation===
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{{edit-prop}}<!--- Type propagation info below this line, then delete this entire line -->
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== Cultivation ==
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===Pests and diseases===
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During [[Victorian era|Victorian]] times the flower (which in all but a few species lasts only one day) was very popular and many hybrids were created using ''P. caerulea'' and ''P. alata'' and other tropical species.
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{{edit-pests}}<!--- Type pest/disease info below this line, then delete this entire line -->
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Hundreds of hybrids have been named and hybridizing is currently being done extensively for flowers, foliage and fruit.
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==Species==
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A number of species of ''Passiflora'' are cultivated outside their natural range (where some have become established) because of their beautiful flowers.  
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[[Image:P foetida bracts.jpg|thumb|right|[[Stinking Passion Flower]] (''P. foetida'') [[bract]]s with the insect-catching hairs.]]
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The '''passion fruit''' or '''maracujá''' vine of commerce, ''[[passion fruit|Passiflora edulis]]'', is cultivated extensively in the [[Caribbean]] and south [[Florida]] and [[South Africa]] for its fruit, which is used as a source of juice.
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[[Image:Passiflora citrina - D8-04-7243.jpg|thumb|right|[[Lemon-yellow Passion Flower]] (''[[Passiflora citrina|P. citrina]]'')]]
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[[Image:Passiflora-coccinea-Folio.JPG|thumb|right|''[[Passiflora coccinea]]'']]
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[[Image:Passiflora coriaceae Juss.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Passiflora coriacea]]'']]
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[[Image:Caterpillar-ZebraLongwing-01 crop.JPG|thumb|rightt|The caterpillars of ''[[Heliconius charithonia]]'', like many of their relatives, are fond of ''[[Passiflora lutea]]'' leaves whose poison protects the caterpillars from [[predator]]s.]]
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[[Image:Passiflora edmundoi2.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Passiflora edmundoi]]'']]
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[[Image:Passiflora jorrulensis1.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Passiflora jorrulensis]]'']]
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[[Image:Passiflora loefgrenii (BG Zurich)-04.JPG|thumb|right|''[[Passiflora loefgrenii]]'']]
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[[Image:Passiflora picturata1.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Passiflora picturata]]'']]
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[[Image:Flor de maracujá.JPG|thumb|right|''[[Passiflora × decaisneana]]'']]
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<div float="left">
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Selected species:
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{{col-begin|width=70%}}
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{{col-1-of-2}}
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* ''[[Passiflora actinia]]''
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* ''[[Passiflora adenopoda]]'' <small>DC.</small>
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* ''[[Passiflora affinis]]''
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* ''[[Passiflora alata]]'' &ndash; [[Winged-stem Passion Flower]], ''ouvaca''
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* ''[[Passiflora alba]]''
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* ''[[Passiflora amethystina]]'' <small>J.C.Mikan</small><!-- "amethistina" is lapsus -->
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* ''[[Passiflora ampullacea]]''
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* ''[[Passiflora andina]]''
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* ''[[Passiflora anfracta]]''
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* ''[[Passiflora antioquiensis]]''
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* ''[[Passiflora arbelaezii]]'' <small>L.Uribe</small>
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* ''[[Passiflora arborea]]'' <small>Spreng.</small>
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* ''[[Passiflora aurantia]]'' <small>G.Forst.</small>
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* ''[[Passiflora auriculata]]'' <small>Kunth</small>
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* ''[[Passiflora biflora]]'' <small>Lam.</small> &ndash; [[Two-flowered Passion Flower]]
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* ''[[Passiflora brachyantha]]''
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* ''[[Passiflora bryonioides]]'' &ndash; [[Cupped Passion Flower]]<!-- "bryonoides" is lapsus -->
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* ''[[Passiflora caerulea]]'' &ndash; [[Blue Passion Flower]], Common Passion Flower
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* ''[[Passiflora capsularis]]'' <small>L.</small>
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* ''[[Passiflora cincinnata]]'' <small>Masters</small>
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* ''[[Passiflora cinnabarina]]''
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* ''[[Passiflora citrina]]'' <small>J.M.MacDougal</small> &ndash; [[Lemon-yellow Passion Flower]]<!-- "citrine" is lapsus -->
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* ''[[Passiflora coccinea]]'' <small>Aubl.</small><!-- OrnitolColomb3:7. -->
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* ''[[Passiflora coriacea]]'' <small>Juss.</small>
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* ''[[Passiflora cuneata]]'' <small>Willd.</small><!-- CurtisBotMag15:109. -->
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* ''[[Passiflora cuspidifolia]]'' <small>Harms</small>
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* ''[[Passiflora decaisneana]]''
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* ''[[Passiflora deidamioides]]'' <small>Harms</small>
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* ''[[Passiflora deltoifolia]]''
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* ''[[Passiflora digitata]]'' <small>L.</small>
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* ''[[Passiflora discophora]]''
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* ''[[Passiflora edmundoi]]'' <small>Sacco</small>
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* ''[[Passiflora edulis]]'' &ndash; [[Passion Fruit]], ''maracujá'', ''parcha'' (Puerto Rico), ''wal dodam'' (Sinhalese)
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* ''[[Passiflora eggersii]]''
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* ''[[Passiflora eichleriana]]''
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* ''[[Passiflora foetida]]'' &ndash; [[Stinking Passion Flower]], Foetid Passion Flower, Wild Maracuja, Running Pop
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* ''[[Passiflora gardneri]]'' <small>Masters</small>
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* ''[[Passiflora gibertii]]'' <small>N.E.Br.</small>
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* ''[[Passiflora glandulosa]]'' <small>Cav.</small>
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* ''[[Passiflora haematostigma]]'' <small>Mast.</small>
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* ''[[Passiflora hahnii]]''
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* ''[[Passiflora harlingii]]''
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* ''[[Passiflora herbertiana]]'' &ndash; [[Native Passionfruit]]
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* ''[[Passiflora hirtiflora]]''
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* ''[[Passiflora holosericea]]'' <small>L.</small>
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* ''[[Passiflora hyacinthiflora]]'' <small>Planch. & Linden</small>
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* ''[[Passiflora incarnata]]'' &ndash; [[Maypop]], Purple Passion Flower, ''ocoee'' ([[Cherokee language|Cherokee]])
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* ''[[Passiflora indecora]]''
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* ''[[Passiflora jamesonii]]''
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* ''[[Passiflora jatunsachensis]]''
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* ''[[Passiflora jorullensis]]'' <small>Kunth.</small>
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* ''[[Passiflora kermesina]]''
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* ''[[Passiflora laurifolia]]'' <small>L.</small> &ndash; [[Water Lemon]], [[Jamaican Honeysuckle]]<!-- Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria 28(4): 277 -->
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* ''[[Passiflora ligularis]]'' &ndash; [[Sweet Granadilla]]
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* ''[[Passiflora linda]]''
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* ''[[Passiflora loefgrenii]]'' <small>Vitta</small>
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* ''[[Passiflora loxensis]]''
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{{col-2-of-2}}
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* ''[[Passiflora lutea]]'' &ndash; [[Yellow Passion Flower]]
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* ''[[Passiflora luzmarina]]''
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* ''[[Passiflora macdougaliana]]''
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* ''[[Passiflora macrophylla]]'' <small>Spruce ex Mast.</small>
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* ''[[Passiflora maliformis]]'' <small>L.</small> &ndash; [[Sweet Calabash]]
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* ''[[Passiflora manicata]]'' <small>(Juss.) Pers.</small>
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* ''[[Passiflora menispermifolia]]''
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* ''[[Passiflora miersii]]''
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* ''[[Passiflora mixta]]''
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* ''[[Passiflora monadelpha]]''
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* ''[[Passiflora montana]]''
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* ''[[Passiflora morifolia]]'' <small>Mast.</small>
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* ''[[Passiflora murucuja]]'' <small>L.</small>
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* ''[[Passiflora oerstedii]]''
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* ''[[Passiflora odontophylla]]'' <small>Harms ex Glaz.</small>
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* ''[[Passiflora organensis]]'' <small>Gardner</small>
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* ''[[Passiflora palenquensis]]''
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* ''[[Passiflora pardifolia]]'' <small>Vanderpl.</small>
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* ''[[Passiflora pergrandis]]''
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* ''[[Passiflora picturata]]'' <small>Ker Gawl.</small>
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* ''[[Passiflora pinnatistipula]]'' &ndash; [[Chilean Passion Flower]]
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* ''[[Passiflora pohlii]]'' <small>Mast.</small>
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* ''[[Passiflora punctata]]'' <small>L.</small>
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* ''[[Passiflora quadrangularis]]'' &ndash; [[Giant Granadilla]], Giant Tumbo, ''badea''
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* ''[[Passiflora racemosa]]'' <small>Brot.</small>
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* ''[[Passiflora reflexiflora]]''
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* ''[[Passiflora rhamnifolia]]'' <small>Mast.</small>
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* ''[[Passiflora roseorum]]''
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* ''[[Passiflora ruberosa]]''
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* ''[[Passiflora rubra]]'' <small>L.</small>
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* ''[[Passiflora sanctae-barbarae]]''
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* ''[[Passiflora sanguinolenta]]'' <small>Mast.</small>
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* ''[[Passiflora seemannii]]''
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* ''[[Passiflora serratifolia]]'' <small>L.</small>
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* ''[[Passiflora serratodigitata]]'' <small>L.</small>
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* ''[[Passiflora smilacifolia]]''
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* ''[[Passiflora sodiroi]]''
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* ''[[Passiflora speciosa]]'' <small>Gardner</small>
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* ''[[Passiflora sprucei]]''
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* ''[[Passiflora suberosa]]'' <small>L.</small> &ndash; [[Corky-stemmed Passion Flower]]
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* ''[[Passiflora subpeltata]]'' <small>Ortega</small>
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* ''[[Passiflora subpurpurea]]''
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* ''[[Passiflora tarminiana]]'' &ndash; [[Banana Passion Flower]], , ''curuba india, curuba ecuatoriana'', ''banana pōka'' (Hawaiʻi), ''curuba quiteña'' (Colombia), ''tacso amarillo'' (Ecuador)
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* ''[[Passiflora telesiphe]]''
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* ''[[Passiflora tenuifila]]'' <small>Killip.</small>
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* ''[[Passiflora tetrastylis]]''
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* ''[[Passiflora trinervia]]'' <small>(Juss.) Poir</small>
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* ''[[Passiflora tripartita]]''
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** ''Passiflora tripartita'' var. ''mollissima''
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* ''[[Passiflora trochlearis]]''
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* ''[[Passiflora tulae]]'' <small>Urb.</small>
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* ''[[Passiflora umbilicata]]'' <small>(Griseb.) Harms</small>
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* ''[[Passiflora urbaniana]]''
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* ''[[Passiflora vellozii]]'' <small>Gardner</small>
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* ''[[Passiflora vitifolia]]''
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* ''[[Passiflora warmingii]]''
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* ''[[Passiflora xishuangbannaensis]]'' <small>Krosnick</small>
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* ''[[Passiflora yucatanensis]]'' <small>Killip</small>
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* ''[[Passiflora zamorana]]''
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{{col-end}}
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</div>
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'''Maypop''' (''[[Passiflora incarnata]]''), a common species in the southern US, is a subtropical representative of this mostly tropical family. However, it thrives in New York City gardens. Its fruit is edible but quite seedy and mostly benefits wildlife. As with other passifloras, it is the larval food of a number of butterfly species.  Carpenter bees figure as important pollinators of maypops.
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[[Horticultural]] [[hybrid (biology)|hybrid]]s:
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* ''[[Passiflora × belotii]]''
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* ''[[Passiflora × decaisneana]]''
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* ''[[Passiflora × kewensis]]''
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* ''[[Passiflora × violacea]]''
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'''Banana poka''' or '''Curuba''' (''[[Passiflora tarminiana]]''), originally from Central [[Brazil]], is an [[invasive species|invasive]] [[weed]], especially on the islands of [[Hawaii]], where it is spread by [[feral]] [[pig]]s eating the fruits. It overgrows and smothers stands of [[endemic (ecology)|endemic]] vegetation, mainly on roadsides. Its fruits are edible, but not as much sought-after as [[maracujá]].
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==Gallery==
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{{photo-sources}}<!-- remove this line if there are already 3 or more photos in the gallery  -->
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'''Chilean passiflora''', (''[[Passiflora pinnatistipula]]'') grows in the [[Andes]], from [[Venezuela]] to [[Chile]], between 2500 and 3800 meters altitude, and in Coastal Central Chile, in where is an [[endangered]] vine from humid woody Chilean Mediterranean forests.
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Many cool growing ''Passiflora'' from the Andes Mountains can be grown successfully for their beautiful flowers and fruit in cooler Mediterranean climates, such as the [[Monterey Bay]] and [[San Francisco]] in [[California]] and along the Western Coast of the U.S. into [[Canada]].
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Most species have elongated fruit from two to eight inches long and an inch to two inches across depending upon the species or cultivar. ''P. pinnatistipula'' has a round fruit unusual in the ''Tacsonia'' group, which is typified by ''P. tarminiana'' and ''P. mixta'' with their elongated tubes and brightly red to rose colored petals.
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== Medical and entheogenic uses ==
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''Passiflora incarnata'' leaves and roots have a long history of use among [[Indigenous people of the Americas|Native Americans]] in [[North America]]. ''Passiflora edulis'' and a few other species are used in Central and South America. The fresh or dried leaves are used to make an infusion, a tea that is used to treat [[insomnia]], [[hysteria]], and [[epilepsy]], and is also valued for its painkilling properties. [http://www.umm.edu/altmed/ConsHerbs/Passionflowerch.html]  It has been found to contain [[beta-carboline]] [[harmala alkaloid]]s which are [[Monoamine oxidase inhibitor|MAOIs]] with [[anti-depressant]] properties.  The flower has only traces of these chemicals, but the leaves and the roots of some species contain more and have been used to enhance the effects of mind-altering drugs.
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Passionflower also may be effective for anxiety disorder, but further studies are needed. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11679026&dopt=Abstract]
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== The name ==
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"Passion" does not refer to love, but to the Passion of [[Christ]] on the cross. In the 15th and 16th centuries, Spanish Christian missionaries discovered this flower and adopted its unique physical structures as symbols of [[Crucifixion]]. For example: the 72 radial filaments (or corona) represent the Crown of Thorns. The ten petals and sepals represent the ten faithful [[apostles]]. The top 3 stigmata represent the 3 nails and the lower 5 anthers represent the 5 wounds. The flower has been given names related to this symbolism throughout Europe since that time. In [[Spain]], it is known as ''Espina de Cristo'' (Christ's Thorn). In [[Germany]] it was once known as ''Muttergottes-Schuzchen'' (Mother-of-God's Star).
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In [[Israel]] they are referred to as ''clock-flower'' (שעונית). In [[Japan]], they are known as ''clock-faced flowers'', and recently have become a symbol for [[homosexual]] youths.
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In North America they are also called the Maypop, the water lemon, and the wild apricot (after its fruit). [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]]s in the [[Tennessee]] area called it ''ocoee'', and the [[Ocoee River]] and valley are named after it.
      
<gallery>
 
<gallery>
 
Image:Passiflora kermesina3.jpg|''Passiflora kermesina''
 
Image:Passiflora kermesina3.jpg|''Passiflora kermesina''
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Image:Passiflora alata.JPG|''Passiflora alata''
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|''[[Passiflora caerulea]]'' closeup of the flower
   
Image:passion flower.jpg|''[[Passiflora caerulea]]'' with hand for comparison
 
Image:passion flower.jpg|''[[Passiflora caerulea]]'' with hand for comparison
 
Image:Passiflora sanguinolenta4.jpg|''Passiflora sanguinolenta''
 
Image:Passiflora sanguinolenta4.jpg|''Passiflora sanguinolenta''
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Image:Passiflora xishuangbannaensis1.jpg|''Passiflora xishuangbannaensis''
 
Image:Passiflora xishuangbannaensis1.jpg|''Passiflora xishuangbannaensis''
 
Image:Passiflora_Incense.jpg|''Passiflora'' 'Incense' is a decorative plant
 
Image:Passiflora_Incense.jpg|''Passiflora'' 'Incense' is a decorative plant
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Image:Passiflora xishuangbannaensis1.jpg|''[[Passiflora xishuangbannaensis]]'', a recently-described species
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Image:Passiflora 01 ies.jpg|''[[Passiflora pardifolia]]'' was only described in 2006
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Image:Flower jtca002.jpg|Flower of ''[[Passiflora × belotii]]'', a [[horticultural]] [[hybrid (biology)|hybrid]].
 
</gallery>
 
</gallery>
    
==References==
 
==References==
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* Radhamani, TR, Sudarshana, L., and Krishnan, R. 1995. Defence and carnivory: dual roles of bracts in Passiflora foetida. Journal of Biosciences 20: 657-664
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<!--- xxxxx  *Flora: The Gardener's Bible, by Sean Hogan. Global Book Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0881925381  -->
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<!--- xxxxx  *American Horticultural Society: A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants, by Christopher Brickell, Judith D. Zuk. 1996. ISBN 0789419432  -->
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== External links ==
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<!--- xxxxx  *Sunset National Garden Book. Sunset Books, Inc., 1997. ISBN 0376038608  -->
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{{commonscat|Passiflora}}
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==External links==
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*{{wplink}}
 
* [http://www.passiflora.org/ The Passiflora Society International]
 
* [http://www.passiflora.org/ The Passiflora Society International]
 
* [http://www.passionflow.co.uk/ Passiflora online]
 
* [http://www.passionflow.co.uk/ Passiflora online]
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* [http://www.heliconius.co.uk/foodplants.htm A list of Heliconius Butterflies and the Passiflora species their larvae consume]
 
* [http://www.heliconius.co.uk/foodplants.htm A list of Heliconius Butterflies and the Passiflora species their larvae consume]
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[[Category:Medicinal plants]]
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{{stub}}
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[[Category:Passifloraceae]]
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[[Category:Categorize]]
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[[Category:Plants and pollinators]]
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[[Category:Flora of Chile]]
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