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{{Taxobox
| color = lightgreen
| name = ''Linaria''
| image = Common toadflax 600.jpg
| image_width = 240px
| image_caption = ''Linaria vulgaris''
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
| classis = [[Magnoliopsida]]
| ordo = [[Lamiales]]
| familia = [[Plantaginaceae]]
| genus = '''''Linaria'''''
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision =
About 100 species; see text
}}
'''''Linaria''''' is a genus of about 100 species of [[herb]]aceous [[Annual plant|annuals]] and [[perennial]]s that was traditionally placed in the [[foxglove]] family [[Scrophulariaceae]]. Due to new genetic research, it has now been placed in the vastly expanded family [[Plantaginaceae]]. The genus is native to temperate regions of [[Europe]], northern [[Africa]] and [[Asia]], with the highest species diversity in the [[Mediterranean region]].
The members of this genus are known in English as [[toadflax]], a name shared with several related genera. The scientific name means "resembling ''Linum''" ([[flax]]), which the foliage of some species superficially resembles.
Closely related genera include the ''[[Nuttallanthus]]'' (American toadflaxes, recently split from ''Linaria''), ''[[Antirrhinum]]'' (snapdragons) and ''[[Cymbalaria]]'' (Ivy-leaved toadflaxes).
;Selected species
{|
|- valign=top
|
*''[[Linaria aeruginea]]''
*''[[Linaria algarviana]]''
*''[[Linaria alpina]]''
*''[[Linaria amethystea]]''
*''[[Linaria amoi]]''
*''[[Linaria angustissima]]''
*''[[Linaria anticaria]]''
*''[[Linaria arenaria]]''
*''[[Linaria arvensis]]''
*''[[Linaria badalii]]''
*''[[Linaria biebersteinii]]''
*''[[Linaria bipartita]]''
*''[[Linaria bipunctata]]''
*''[[Linaria bungei]]''
*''[[Linaria buriatica]]''
*''[[Linaria caesia]]''
*''[[Linaria capraria]]''
*''[[Linaria cavanillesii]]''
*''[[Linaria chalepensis]]''
*''[[Linaria clementei]]''
*''[[Linaria coutinhoi]]''
*''[[Linaria cretacea]]''
*''[[Linaria debilis]]''
*''[[Linaria depauperata]]''
*''[[Linaria diffusa]]''
*''[[Linaria elegans]]''
*''[[Linaria faucicola]]''
*''[[Linaria ficalhoana]]''
*''[[Linaria filicaulis]]''
*''[[Linaria flava]]''
|
*''[[Linaria genistifolia]]''
*''[[Linaria glacialis]]''
*''[[Linaria glauca]]''
*''[[Linaria hellenica]]''
*''[[Linaria heterophylla]]''
*''[[Linaria hirta]]''
*''[[Linaria huteri]]''
*''[[Linaria incarnata]]''
*''[[Linaria incompleta]]''
*''[[Linaria japonica]]''
*''[[Linaria kulabensis]]''
*''[[Linaria lamarckii]]''
*''[[Linaria latifolia]]''
*''[[Linaria laxiflora]]''
*''[[Linaria lilacina]]''
*''[[Linaria loeselii]]''
*''[[Linaria longicalcarata]]''
*''[[Linaria macroura]]''
*''[[Linaria maroccana]]''
*''[[Linaria micrantha]]''
*''[[Linaria microsepala]]''
*''[[Linaria nevadensis]]''
*''[[Linaria nigricans]]''
*''[[Linaria nivea]]''
*''[[Linaria oblongifolia]]''
*''[[Linaria odora]]''
*''[[Linaria oligantha]]''
*''[[Linaria pedunculata]]''
*''[[Linaria pelisseriana]]''
|
*''[[Linaria peloponnesiaca]]''
*''[[Linaria pinifolia]]''
*''[[Linaria platycalyx]]''
*''[[Linaria propinqua]]''
*''[[Linaria pseudolaxiflora]]''
*''[[Linaria purpurea]]''
*''[[Linaria reflexa]]''
*''[[Linaria repens]]''
*''[[Linaria reticulata]]''
*''[[Linaria ricardoi]]''
*''[[Linaria sabulosa]]''
*''[[Linaria sagittata]]''
*''[[Linaria saturejoides]]''
*''[[Linaria saxatilis]]''
*''[[Linaria simplex]]''
*''[[Linaria spartea]]''
*''[[Linaria supina]]''
*''[[Linaria thibetica]]''
*''[[Linaria thymifolia]]''
*''[[Linaria tonzigii]]''
*''[[Linaria triornithophora]]''
*''[[Linaria triphylla]]''
*''[[Linaria tristis]]''
*''[[Linaria uralensis]]''
*''[[Linaria ventricosa]]''
*''[[Linaria verticillata]]''
*''[[Linaria viscosa]]''
*''[[Linaria vulgaris]]''
*''[[Linaria yunnanensis]]''
|}
[[Image:Linaria canadensis.jpg|thumb|250px|''Linaria Canadensis'' growing wild in East Gippsland Australia]]
'''Common Toadflax''' (''Linaria vulgaris'') is a [[Europe]]an species which is widely introduced elsewhere. The yellow and orange [[flower]]s are seen in many waste places. The species is also know
n in some areas as "[[butter-and-eggs]]".
'''Broomleaf Toadflax''' or '''Dalmatian Toadflax''' (''Linaria genistifolia'', syn. ''L. dalmatica'') is a native of southeast Europe that has become a weed in parts of [[North America]].
'''Purple Toadflax''' (''Linaria purpurea'') is native to the [[Mediterranean]] region, and is a popular [[garden]] plant, with erect stems up to 1 m tall when fully mature, with numerous dark purple or pink flowers.
'''Pale Toadflax''' (''Linaria repens'') from west Europe is similar to ''L. purpurea'', but has more pale colored flowers.
Since ''Linaria'' species are [[toxic]] to livestock, the plants are regarded as [[noxious weed]]s. However, toadflaxes are used as food plants by the [[larva]]e of some [[Lepidoptera]] species, including the [[Mouse Moth]], and the [[common buckeye]].
<gallery>
Image:Linaria.alpina.web.jpg|Alpine Toadflax (''Linaria alpina'')
Image:Linaria.maroccana.web.jpg|''Linaria maroccana''
Image:Common toadflax close 800.jpg|Common Toadflax - flower detail
Image:Linaria purpurea2.jpg|''Linaria purpurea''
</gallery>
== Medicinal Uses ==
Common toadflax is especially valued for its strongly [[laxative]] and [[diuretic]] activities. Internally it us used in the treatment of [[edema]], [[jaundice]], liver diseases and skin problems. Externally it is used in an ointment to treat [[hemorrhoids]], skin eruptions, sores and [[ulcers]]. The juice of the plant, is a good remedy for [[inflamed]] eyes, though should be used with caution. Dosage is critical and it should not be given to [[pregnant]] women, since the plant might be slightly [[toxic]].
{{Commons|Linaria maroccana}}
{{Commons|Linaria purpurea}}
[[Category:Plantaginaceae]]
| color = lightgreen
| name = ''Linaria''
| image = Common toadflax 600.jpg
| image_width = 240px
| image_caption = ''Linaria vulgaris''
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
| classis = [[Magnoliopsida]]
| ordo = [[Lamiales]]
| familia = [[Plantaginaceae]]
| genus = '''''Linaria'''''
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision =
About 100 species; see text
}}
'''''Linaria''''' is a genus of about 100 species of [[herb]]aceous [[Annual plant|annuals]] and [[perennial]]s that was traditionally placed in the [[foxglove]] family [[Scrophulariaceae]]. Due to new genetic research, it has now been placed in the vastly expanded family [[Plantaginaceae]]. The genus is native to temperate regions of [[Europe]], northern [[Africa]] and [[Asia]], with the highest species diversity in the [[Mediterranean region]].
The members of this genus are known in English as [[toadflax]], a name shared with several related genera. The scientific name means "resembling ''Linum''" ([[flax]]), which the foliage of some species superficially resembles.
Closely related genera include the ''[[Nuttallanthus]]'' (American toadflaxes, recently split from ''Linaria''), ''[[Antirrhinum]]'' (snapdragons) and ''[[Cymbalaria]]'' (Ivy-leaved toadflaxes).
;Selected species
{|
|- valign=top
|
*''[[Linaria aeruginea]]''
*''[[Linaria algarviana]]''
*''[[Linaria alpina]]''
*''[[Linaria amethystea]]''
*''[[Linaria amoi]]''
*''[[Linaria angustissima]]''
*''[[Linaria anticaria]]''
*''[[Linaria arenaria]]''
*''[[Linaria arvensis]]''
*''[[Linaria badalii]]''
*''[[Linaria biebersteinii]]''
*''[[Linaria bipartita]]''
*''[[Linaria bipunctata]]''
*''[[Linaria bungei]]''
*''[[Linaria buriatica]]''
*''[[Linaria caesia]]''
*''[[Linaria capraria]]''
*''[[Linaria cavanillesii]]''
*''[[Linaria chalepensis]]''
*''[[Linaria clementei]]''
*''[[Linaria coutinhoi]]''
*''[[Linaria cretacea]]''
*''[[Linaria debilis]]''
*''[[Linaria depauperata]]''
*''[[Linaria diffusa]]''
*''[[Linaria elegans]]''
*''[[Linaria faucicola]]''
*''[[Linaria ficalhoana]]''
*''[[Linaria filicaulis]]''
*''[[Linaria flava]]''
|
*''[[Linaria genistifolia]]''
*''[[Linaria glacialis]]''
*''[[Linaria glauca]]''
*''[[Linaria hellenica]]''
*''[[Linaria heterophylla]]''
*''[[Linaria hirta]]''
*''[[Linaria huteri]]''
*''[[Linaria incarnata]]''
*''[[Linaria incompleta]]''
*''[[Linaria japonica]]''
*''[[Linaria kulabensis]]''
*''[[Linaria lamarckii]]''
*''[[Linaria latifolia]]''
*''[[Linaria laxiflora]]''
*''[[Linaria lilacina]]''
*''[[Linaria loeselii]]''
*''[[Linaria longicalcarata]]''
*''[[Linaria macroura]]''
*''[[Linaria maroccana]]''
*''[[Linaria micrantha]]''
*''[[Linaria microsepala]]''
*''[[Linaria nevadensis]]''
*''[[Linaria nigricans]]''
*''[[Linaria nivea]]''
*''[[Linaria oblongifolia]]''
*''[[Linaria odora]]''
*''[[Linaria oligantha]]''
*''[[Linaria pedunculata]]''
*''[[Linaria pelisseriana]]''
|
*''[[Linaria peloponnesiaca]]''
*''[[Linaria pinifolia]]''
*''[[Linaria platycalyx]]''
*''[[Linaria propinqua]]''
*''[[Linaria pseudolaxiflora]]''
*''[[Linaria purpurea]]''
*''[[Linaria reflexa]]''
*''[[Linaria repens]]''
*''[[Linaria reticulata]]''
*''[[Linaria ricardoi]]''
*''[[Linaria sabulosa]]''
*''[[Linaria sagittata]]''
*''[[Linaria saturejoides]]''
*''[[Linaria saxatilis]]''
*''[[Linaria simplex]]''
*''[[Linaria spartea]]''
*''[[Linaria supina]]''
*''[[Linaria thibetica]]''
*''[[Linaria thymifolia]]''
*''[[Linaria tonzigii]]''
*''[[Linaria triornithophora]]''
*''[[Linaria triphylla]]''
*''[[Linaria tristis]]''
*''[[Linaria uralensis]]''
*''[[Linaria ventricosa]]''
*''[[Linaria verticillata]]''
*''[[Linaria viscosa]]''
*''[[Linaria vulgaris]]''
*''[[Linaria yunnanensis]]''
|}
[[Image:Linaria canadensis.jpg|thumb|250px|''Linaria Canadensis'' growing wild in East Gippsland Australia]]
'''Common Toadflax''' (''Linaria vulgaris'') is a [[Europe]]an species which is widely introduced elsewhere. The yellow and orange [[flower]]s are seen in many waste places. The species is also know
n in some areas as "[[butter-and-eggs]]".
'''Broomleaf Toadflax''' or '''Dalmatian Toadflax''' (''Linaria genistifolia'', syn. ''L. dalmatica'') is a native of southeast Europe that has become a weed in parts of [[North America]].
'''Purple Toadflax''' (''Linaria purpurea'') is native to the [[Mediterranean]] region, and is a popular [[garden]] plant, with erect stems up to 1 m tall when fully mature, with numerous dark purple or pink flowers.
'''Pale Toadflax''' (''Linaria repens'') from west Europe is similar to ''L. purpurea'', but has more pale colored flowers.
Since ''Linaria'' species are [[toxic]] to livestock, the plants are regarded as [[noxious weed]]s. However, toadflaxes are used as food plants by the [[larva]]e of some [[Lepidoptera]] species, including the [[Mouse Moth]], and the [[common buckeye]].
<gallery>
Image:Linaria.alpina.web.jpg|Alpine Toadflax (''Linaria alpina'')
Image:Linaria.maroccana.web.jpg|''Linaria maroccana''
Image:Common toadflax close 800.jpg|Common Toadflax - flower detail
Image:Linaria purpurea2.jpg|''Linaria purpurea''
</gallery>
== Medicinal Uses ==
Common toadflax is especially valued for its strongly [[laxative]] and [[diuretic]] activities. Internally it us used in the treatment of [[edema]], [[jaundice]], liver diseases and skin problems. Externally it is used in an ointment to treat [[hemorrhoids]], skin eruptions, sores and [[ulcers]]. The juice of the plant, is a good remedy for [[inflamed]] eyes, though should be used with caution. Dosage is critical and it should not be given to [[pregnant]] women, since the plant might be slightly [[toxic]].
{{Commons|Linaria maroccana}}
{{Commons|Linaria purpurea}}
[[Category:Plantaginaceae]]
