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* [[Pteridophyta]] (ferns)
* [[Pteridophyta]] (ferns)
Other groups, which first appeared towards the end of the [[Paleozoic]] era, reproduce using [[desiccation]]-resistant capsules called [[seed]]s. These groups are accordingly called [[spermatophyte]]s or seed plants. In these forms, the gametophyte is completely reduced, taking the form of single-celled [[pollen]] and [[ovum|ova]], while the sporophyte begins its life enclosed within the seed. Some seed plants
Other groups, which first appeared towards the end of the [[Paleozoic]] era, reproduce using [[desiccation]]-resistant capsules called [[seed]]s. These groups are accordingly called [[spermatophyte]]s or seed plants. In these forms, the gametophyte is completely reduced, taking the form of single-celled [[pollen]] and [[ovum|ova]], while the sporophyte begins its life enclosed within the seed. Some seed plants may even survive in extremely arid conditions, unlike their more water-bound precursors. The seed plants include the following extant groups:
* [[Cycad]]ophyta (Cycads)
* [[Cycad]]ophyta (Cycads)
