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{{Taxobox
| color = lightgreen
| name = Raspberry
| image = Raspberries (Rubus Idaeus).jpg
| image_width = 250px
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
| classis = [[Magnoliopsida]]
| ordo = [[Rosales]]
| familia = [[Rosaceae]]
| subfamilia = [[Rosoideae]]
| genus = ''[[Rubus]]''
| subgenus = ''Idaeobatus''
| species = '''''R. idaeus'''''
| binomial = ''Rubus idaeus''
| binomial_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L]].
}}
The '''Raspberry''' or '''Red Raspberry''' (''Rubus idaeus'') is a [[plant]] that produces a [[tart]], sweet, red composite [[fruit]] in summer or early autumn. In proper [[botany|botanical]] language, it is not a [[berry]] at all, but instead an [[Fruit#Aggregate fruit|aggregate fruit]] of numerous [[drupe]]lets around a central core. In raspberry and other species of the subgenus ''Idaeobatus'', the drupelets separate from the core when picked, leaving a hollow fruit, whereas in [[blackberry]] the drupelets stay attached to the core.
It typically grows in forest clearings or fields, particularly where fire or wood-cutting has produced open space for colonization by this opportunistic colonizer of disturbed soil. The raspberry flower can be a [[Northern Nectar Sources for Honeybees|major nectar source]] for [[honeybee]]s. As a cultivated plant in moist temperate regions, it is easy to grow and has a tendency to spread unless cut back.
Two types are commercially available: the wild-type summer bearing, that produces an abundance of fruit on second-year canes within a relatively short period in midsummer, and double- or "ever"-bearing plants, which also bear a few fruit on first-year canes in the autumn, as well as the summer crop on second-year canes. Raspberries can be cultivated from [[USDA plant hardiness zone]]s 3 to 9.
Leaves of the raspberry cane are used fresh or dried in herbal and medicinal [[herbal tea|teas]]. The leaves have an astringent flavour and in [[herbal medicine]] are reputed to be effective in regulating [[menses]]. Leaves are found in groups of 3 or 5 and the undersides are silver-white in color. Blackberries have similar looking leaves but the undersides are green.
Raspberries contain significant amounts of [[polyphenol antioxidant]]s, chemicals linked to promoting [[endothelial]] and [[cardiovascular]] health. [[Xylitol]], a [[sugar alcohol]] [[alternative sweetener]], can be extracted from raspberries.
==Growing==
Raspberries are grown for two reasons: for the fresh market and for commercial processing. Traditionally raspberries were a late summer crop, but with new technology, varieties and innovations, raspberries can be enjoyed all year-round. Raspberries need a lot of sun and ample amounts of water in order to develop to their fullest. Escaped raspberries frequently appear as garden weeds, spread by seeds found in the excrement of birds.
==Culture==
Raspberries are normally started in the winter from dormant canes. These should be planted 1m apart in fertile, well drained soil. Prepare the soil before planting by digging deeply and incorporate plenty of organic matter, such as compost.
In the first year, remove all flowers to allow the plant to build up reserves and to grow bigger. From the second year, previous year's canes will flower in the spring and the fruit will ripen in the summer. Water and feed well in the spring and summer, but decrease water and food in the autumn. This will harden the canes to survive the winter.
In the winter, prune out old flowered canes, down to the ground level. Of the new canes, remove all small and weak ones. Remove ones that are growing too close to each other - allow around 10-15cm between canes. Most varieties will need to be staked.
Raspberries are very vigorous and can be a little invasive. They will sucker new canes some distance from the main plant. In the spring, mark out the boundary of the plant and push a spade straight down the boundary. This will sever the suckers. Then dig out the suckers that grow outside the boundary.
Pick the fruits when they have turned a deep red and drop off easily from the core when touched. This is when the fruits are most ripe and sweetest. Excess fruit can be made into raspberry jam or frozen.
==Varieties==
Recent breeding has resulted in varieties that are thornless and upright (do not require staking). Raspberries have also been crossed with other members of the Rubus genus, resulting in a number of hybrids, such as [[boysenberry]] and [[loganberry]].
A [[gold raspberry]], which is pale yellow, has been selected by [[horticulture|horticulturists]].
The '''[[black raspberry]]''', also called a '''blackcap''', is not the same plant, being a [[Variety (plant)|variety]] (usually) of ''Rubus occidentalis'', a [[North America]]n species. Other ''Rubus'' species also called raspberries include:
*[[Arctic raspberry]] (''Rubus arcticus'')
*[[Flowering raspberry]] (''Rubus odoratus'')
*[[Wine raspberry]] (''Rubus phoenicolasius'')
*[[Rubus leucodermis|Whitebark raspberry]] or Western Raspberry (''Rubus leucodermis'')
Not all of these are included in the same subgenus.
==Images==
<gallery>
Image:Raspberry (red).jpg|raspberry (red) - watercolor 1892
Image:Raspberry (black).jpg|raspberry (black) - watercolor 1893
Image:Raspberries_Yellowjacket.jpg|Raspberries and a [[wasp]]
Image:Raspberries05.jpg|Raspberries
Image:Black_raspberry.jpg|Black Raspberries - (Rubus occidentalis)
Image:Wild_raspberries.JPG|Red,Purple,Black,Albino Raspberries
Image:Black Raspberries And Leaf Underside.JPG|Black Raspberry - The underside of a raspberry leaf is silver-white
Image:Blackberries And Leaf Underside.JPG | Blackberry - the underside of the leaf is green
Image:Red Raspberry 5 leaves.JPG | Wild Red Raspberry with 5 leaflets
Image:Purple Raspberries.JPG | Wild Purple Raspberries
Image:Albino Raspberries.JPG | Wild Albino Raspberries
Image:Purple Flowering Raspberry.JPG | Purple Flowering Raspberry
Image:Raspberry Plants.JPG | First year raspberry canes are larger and have no fruit
Image:Raspberry Leaves.JPG | Different size raspberry leaves
Image:Raspberry And Poison Ivy Leaves.JPG | Raspberry, Poison Ivy. Virginia Creeper leaves look similar
Image:Poison Ivy Berries.JPG | Poison Ivy berries look nothing like raspberries
</gallery>
==Diseases and pests==
Raspberries are sometimes eaten by the [[larva]]e of some [[Lepidoptera]] species (butterflies and moths). See [[list of Lepidoptera which feed on Rubus]].
==External links==
{{commons}}
{{cookbook}}
*[http://www.armeniapedia.org/index.php?title=Rubus_idaeus Medicinal Uses of Raspberries in Armenia]
[[Category:Fruit]]
[[Category:Rubus]]
[[Category:Rosaceae]]
[[Category:Flora of Europe]]
[[Category:Flora of Estonia]]
[[Category:Flora of the United Kingdom]]
| color = lightgreen
| name = Raspberry
| image = Raspberries (Rubus Idaeus).jpg
| image_width = 250px
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
| classis = [[Magnoliopsida]]
| ordo = [[Rosales]]
| familia = [[Rosaceae]]
| subfamilia = [[Rosoideae]]
| genus = ''[[Rubus]]''
| subgenus = ''Idaeobatus''
| species = '''''R. idaeus'''''
| binomial = ''Rubus idaeus''
| binomial_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L]].
}}
The '''Raspberry''' or '''Red Raspberry''' (''Rubus idaeus'') is a [[plant]] that produces a [[tart]], sweet, red composite [[fruit]] in summer or early autumn. In proper [[botany|botanical]] language, it is not a [[berry]] at all, but instead an [[Fruit#Aggregate fruit|aggregate fruit]] of numerous [[drupe]]lets around a central core. In raspberry and other species of the subgenus ''Idaeobatus'', the drupelets separate from the core when picked, leaving a hollow fruit, whereas in [[blackberry]] the drupelets stay attached to the core.
It typically grows in forest clearings or fields, particularly where fire or wood-cutting has produced open space for colonization by this opportunistic colonizer of disturbed soil. The raspberry flower can be a [[Northern Nectar Sources for Honeybees|major nectar source]] for [[honeybee]]s. As a cultivated plant in moist temperate regions, it is easy to grow and has a tendency to spread unless cut back.
Two types are commercially available: the wild-type summer bearing, that produces an abundance of fruit on second-year canes within a relatively short period in midsummer, and double- or "ever"-bearing plants, which also bear a few fruit on first-year canes in the autumn, as well as the summer crop on second-year canes. Raspberries can be cultivated from [[USDA plant hardiness zone]]s 3 to 9.
Leaves of the raspberry cane are used fresh or dried in herbal and medicinal [[herbal tea|teas]]. The leaves have an astringent flavour and in [[herbal medicine]] are reputed to be effective in regulating [[menses]]. Leaves are found in groups of 3 or 5 and the undersides are silver-white in color. Blackberries have similar looking leaves but the undersides are green.
Raspberries contain significant amounts of [[polyphenol antioxidant]]s, chemicals linked to promoting [[endothelial]] and [[cardiovascular]] health. [[Xylitol]], a [[sugar alcohol]] [[alternative sweetener]], can be extracted from raspberries.
==Growing==
Raspberries are grown for two reasons: for the fresh market and for commercial processing. Traditionally raspberries were a late summer crop, but with new technology, varieties and innovations, raspberries can be enjoyed all year-round. Raspberries need a lot of sun and ample amounts of water in order to develop to their fullest. Escaped raspberries frequently appear as garden weeds, spread by seeds found in the excrement of birds.
==Culture==
Raspberries are normally started in the winter from dormant canes. These should be planted 1m apart in fertile, well drained soil. Prepare the soil before planting by digging deeply and incorporate plenty of organic matter, such as compost.
In the first year, remove all flowers to allow the plant to build up reserves and to grow bigger. From the second year, previous year's canes will flower in the spring and the fruit will ripen in the summer. Water and feed well in the spring and summer, but decrease water and food in the autumn. This will harden the canes to survive the winter.
In the winter, prune out old flowered canes, down to the ground level. Of the new canes, remove all small and weak ones. Remove ones that are growing too close to each other - allow around 10-15cm between canes. Most varieties will need to be staked.
Raspberries are very vigorous and can be a little invasive. They will sucker new canes some distance from the main plant. In the spring, mark out the boundary of the plant and push a spade straight down the boundary. This will sever the suckers. Then dig out the suckers that grow outside the boundary.
Pick the fruits when they have turned a deep red and drop off easily from the core when touched. This is when the fruits are most ripe and sweetest. Excess fruit can be made into raspberry jam or frozen.
==Varieties==
Recent breeding has resulted in varieties that are thornless and upright (do not require staking). Raspberries have also been crossed with other members of the Rubus genus, resulting in a number of hybrids, such as [[boysenberry]] and [[loganberry]].
A [[gold raspberry]], which is pale yellow, has been selected by [[horticulture|horticulturists]].
The '''[[black raspberry]]''', also called a '''blackcap''', is not the same plant, being a [[Variety (plant)|variety]] (usually) of ''Rubus occidentalis'', a [[North America]]n species. Other ''Rubus'' species also called raspberries include:
*[[Arctic raspberry]] (''Rubus arcticus'')
*[[Flowering raspberry]] (''Rubus odoratus'')
*[[Wine raspberry]] (''Rubus phoenicolasius'')
*[[Rubus leucodermis|Whitebark raspberry]] or Western Raspberry (''Rubus leucodermis'')
Not all of these are included in the same subgenus.
==Images==
<gallery>
Image:Raspberry (red).jpg|raspberry (red) - watercolor 1892
Image:Raspberry (black).jpg|raspberry (black) - watercolor 1893
Image:Raspberries_Yellowjacket.jpg|Raspberries and a [[wasp]]
Image:Raspberries05.jpg|Raspberries
Image:Black_raspberry.jpg|Black Raspberries - (Rubus occidentalis)
Image:Wild_raspberries.JPG|Red,Purple,Black,Albino Raspberries
Image:Black Raspberries And Leaf Underside.JPG|Black Raspberry - The underside of a raspberry leaf is silver-white
Image:Blackberries And Leaf Underside.JPG | Blackberry - the underside of the leaf is green
Image:Red Raspberry 5 leaves.JPG | Wild Red Raspberry with 5 leaflets
Image:Purple Raspberries.JPG | Wild Purple Raspberries
Image:Albino Raspberries.JPG | Wild Albino Raspberries
Image:Purple Flowering Raspberry.JPG | Purple Flowering Raspberry
Image:Raspberry Plants.JPG | First year raspberry canes are larger and have no fruit
Image:Raspberry Leaves.JPG | Different size raspberry leaves
Image:Raspberry And Poison Ivy Leaves.JPG | Raspberry, Poison Ivy. Virginia Creeper leaves look similar
Image:Poison Ivy Berries.JPG | Poison Ivy berries look nothing like raspberries
</gallery>
==Diseases and pests==
Raspberries are sometimes eaten by the [[larva]]e of some [[Lepidoptera]] species (butterflies and moths). See [[list of Lepidoptera which feed on Rubus]].
==External links==
{{commons}}
{{cookbook}}
*[http://www.armeniapedia.org/index.php?title=Rubus_idaeus Medicinal Uses of Raspberries in Armenia]
[[Category:Fruit]]
[[Category:Rubus]]
[[Category:Rosaceae]]
[[Category:Flora of Europe]]
[[Category:Flora of Estonia]]
[[Category:Flora of the United Kingdom]]
