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The '''epidermis''' (pluralized either '''epidermises''' or sometimes '''epidermes''') is the outer single-layered group of cells covering a [[plant]], especially the [[leaf]] and young tissues of a [[vascular plant]] including [[stems]] and [[root]]s. Epidermis and [[periderm]] are the dermal tissues in vascular plants. The epidermis forms the boundary between the plant and the external world. The epidermis serves several functions: protection against water loss, regulation of gas exchange, secretion of metabolic compounds, and (especially in roots) absorption of water and mineral nutrients. The epidermis of most leaves shows dorsoventral anatomy: the upper (adaxial) and lower (abaxial) surfaces have somewhat different construction and may serve different functions.
The epidermis is usually [[transparency (optics)|transparent]] (epidermal cells lack chloroplasts) and coated on the outer side with a waxy [[Plant cuticle|cuticle]] that prevents water loss. The cuticle may be thinner on the lower leaf epidermis than on the upper epidermis; and is thicker on leaves from dry climates as compared with those from wet climates.
The epidermal tissue includes several differentiated cell types: epidermal cells, guard cells, subsidiary cells, and epidermal hairs (trichomes). The epidermal cells are the most numerous, largest, and least specialized. These are typically more elongated in the leaves of [[monocot]]s than in those of [[dicot]]s.
The leaf and stem epidermis is covered with [[pore]]s called [[stomata]] (sing., stoma), part of a '''stoma complex''' consisting of a pore surrounded on each side by chloroplast-containing '''guard cells''', and two to four '''subsidiary cells''' that lack chloroplasts. The stoma complex regulates the exchange of gases and water vapor between the outside air and the interior of the leaf. Typically, the stomata are more numerous over the abaxial (lower) epidermis of the leaf than the (adaxial) upper epidermis. An exception is floating leaves where most or all stomata are on the upper surface. Vertical leaves, such as those of many [[Poaceae|grasses]], often have roughly equal numbers of stomata on both surfaces. The number of stomata varies from about 1,000 to over 100,000 per square centimeter of leaf surface.
[[Trichome]]s or hairs grow out from the epidermis in many species. In root epidermis, epidermal hairs, termed [[root hairs]] are common and are specialized for absorption of water and mineral nutrients.
In plants with [[secondary growth]], the epidermis of roots and stems is usually replaced by a periderm through the action of a [[cork cambium]].
==Guard cells==
The stoma is bounded by two guard cells. The guard cells differ from the epidermal cells in the following aspects:
* The guard cells are bean-shaped in surface view, while the epidermal cells are irregular in shape
* The guard cells contain chloroplasts, so they can manufacture food by photosynthesis (The epidermal cells do not contain chloroplasts)
* Guard Cells are the only epidermal cells that can make sugar. According to one theory, in sunlight the concentration of potassium ions (K+) increases in the guard cells. This, together with the sugars formed, lowers the water potential in the guard cells. As a result, water from other cells enter the guard cells by osmosis so they swell and become turgid. Because the guard cells have a thicker cellulose wall on one side of the cell, i.e. the side around the stomatal pore, the swollen guard cells become curved and pull the stomata open.
At night, the sugar is used up and water leaves the guard cells, so they become flaccid and the stomatal pore closes. In this way, they reduce the amount of water vapour escaping from the leaf.
== See also ==
* [[Bark]]
* [[Cork cambium]]
* [[Periderm]]
{{biological tissue}}
[[Category:Plant anatomy]]
[[Category:Tissues]]
The epidermis is usually [[transparency (optics)|transparent]] (epidermal cells lack chloroplasts) and coated on the outer side with a waxy [[Plant cuticle|cuticle]] that prevents water loss. The cuticle may be thinner on the lower leaf epidermis than on the upper epidermis; and is thicker on leaves from dry climates as compared with those from wet climates.
The epidermal tissue includes several differentiated cell types: epidermal cells, guard cells, subsidiary cells, and epidermal hairs (trichomes). The epidermal cells are the most numerous, largest, and least specialized. These are typically more elongated in the leaves of [[monocot]]s than in those of [[dicot]]s.
The leaf and stem epidermis is covered with [[pore]]s called [[stomata]] (sing., stoma), part of a '''stoma complex''' consisting of a pore surrounded on each side by chloroplast-containing '''guard cells''', and two to four '''subsidiary cells''' that lack chloroplasts. The stoma complex regulates the exchange of gases and water vapor between the outside air and the interior of the leaf. Typically, the stomata are more numerous over the abaxial (lower) epidermis of the leaf than the (adaxial) upper epidermis. An exception is floating leaves where most or all stomata are on the upper surface. Vertical leaves, such as those of many [[Poaceae|grasses]], often have roughly equal numbers of stomata on both surfaces. The number of stomata varies from about 1,000 to over 100,000 per square centimeter of leaf surface.
[[Trichome]]s or hairs grow out from the epidermis in many species. In root epidermis, epidermal hairs, termed [[root hairs]] are common and are specialized for absorption of water and mineral nutrients.
In plants with [[secondary growth]], the epidermis of roots and stems is usually replaced by a periderm through the action of a [[cork cambium]].
==Guard cells==
The stoma is bounded by two guard cells. The guard cells differ from the epidermal cells in the following aspects:
* The guard cells are bean-shaped in surface view, while the epidermal cells are irregular in shape
* The guard cells contain chloroplasts, so they can manufacture food by photosynthesis (The epidermal cells do not contain chloroplasts)
* Guard Cells are the only epidermal cells that can make sugar. According to one theory, in sunlight the concentration of potassium ions (K+) increases in the guard cells. This, together with the sugars formed, lowers the water potential in the guard cells. As a result, water from other cells enter the guard cells by osmosis so they swell and become turgid. Because the guard cells have a thicker cellulose wall on one side of the cell, i.e. the side around the stomatal pore, the swollen guard cells become curved and pull the stomata open.
At night, the sugar is used up and water leaves the guard cells, so they become flaccid and the stomatal pore closes. In this way, they reduce the amount of water vapour escaping from the leaf.
== See also ==
* [[Bark]]
* [[Cork cambium]]
* [[Periderm]]
{{biological tissue}}
[[Category:Plant anatomy]]
[[Category:Tissues]]
