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Mango (view source)

Revision as of 01:12, 1 May 2009

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:''This article is about the fruit. For other meanings of the word, please see [[mango (disambiguation)]].''
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__NOTOC__{{Plantbox
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{{Taxobox
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| name = ''Mangifera indica''
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| color = lightgreen
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| common_names = Mango
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| name = Mango
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| growth_habit = tree
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| high = 20m (65 ft) in tropics
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| wide =    <!--- 65cm (25 inches) -->
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| origin = SE Asia
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| poisonous =    <!--- indicate parts of plants which are known/thought to be poisonous -->
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| lifespan = perennial
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| exposure = full sun{{SSN}}
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| water = maintain steady moisture{{SSN}}
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| features = fruit
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| hardiness =    <!--- frost sensitive, hardy, 5°C (40°F), etc -->
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| bloom =    <!--- seasons which the plant blooms, if it is grown for its flowers -->
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| usda_zones = ?  <!--- eg. 8-11 -->
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| sunset_zones = 23-25{{SSN}}
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| color = IndianRed
 
| image = Black mango unripe.jpg
 
| image = Black mango unripe.jpg
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| image_width = 250px
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| image_width = 240px    <!--- leave as 240px if horizontal orientation photo, or change to 180px if vertical -->
 
| image_caption = Immature Black Mango fruit
 
| image_caption = Immature Black Mango fruit
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| regnum = [[Plantae]]
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| regnum = Plantae
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| phylum = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
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| phylum = Magnoliophyta
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| classis = [[Magnoliopsida]]
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| classis = Magnoliopsida
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| ordo = [[Sapindales]]
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| ordo = Sapindales
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| familia = [[Anacardiaceae]]
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| familia = Anacardiaceae
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| genus = '''''Mangifera'''''
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| genus = Mangifera
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| genus_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]
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| species =
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| subdivision_ranks = Species
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| subspecies =
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| subdivision =  
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| cultivar =
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}}
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'''Forms''': The mango exists in two races, one from India and the other from the Philippines and Southeast Asia. The Indian race is intolerant of humidity, has flushes of bright red new growth that are subject to mildew, and bears monoembryonic fruit of high color and regular form. The Philippine race tolerates excess moisture, has pale green or red new growth and resists mildew. Its polyembryonic fruit is pale green and elongated kidney-shaped. Philippines types from Mexico have proven to be the hardiest mangos in California.
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'''Adaptation''': Mangos basically require a frost-free climate. Flowers and small fruit can be killed if temperatures drop below 40° F, even for a short period. Young trees may be seriously damaged if the temperature drops below 30° F, but mature trees may withstand very short periods of temperatures as low as 25° F. The mango must have warm, dry weather to set fruit. In southern California the best locations are in the foothills, away from immediate marine influence. It is worth a trial in the warmest cove locations in the California Central Valley, but is more speculative in the coastal counties north of Santa Barbara, where only the most cold adapted varieties are likely to succeed. Mangos luxuriate in summer heat and resent cool summer fog. Wet, humid weather favors anthracnose and poor fruit set. Dwarf cultivars are suitable for culture in large containers or in a greenhouse.
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'''Growth Habit''': Mango trees make handsome landscape specimens and shade trees. They are erect and fast growing with sufficient heat, and the canopy can be broad and rounded, or more upright, with a relatively slender crown. It is ultimately a large tree, to 65 ft., but usually half that size in California. The tree is long-lived with some specimens known to be over 300 years old and still fruiting. In deep soil the taproot descends to a depth of 20 ft, and the profuse, wide-spreading feeder roots also send down many anchor roots which penetrate for several feet.
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'''Foliage''': The leaves are dark green above and pale below, usually red while young. The midrib is pale and conspicuous and the many horizontal veins distinct. Full-grown leaves may be 4 to 12-1/2 in. long and 3/4 to 2 in. wide, and are generally borne in clusters separated by a length of naked stem bearing no buds. These naked stems mark successive flushes of growth. Each flush of growth will harden off to a rich green color before the next flush of growth begins.
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'''Flowers''': The yellowish or reddish flowers are borne in inflorescences which appear at branch terminals, in dense panicles of up to 2000 minute flowers. These flowers respire a volatile substance, causing allergic and respiratory problems for some persons. Pollinators are flies, hoverflies, rarely bees. Few of the flowers in each inflorescence are perfect, so most do not produce pollen and are incapable of producing fruit. Pollen cannot be shed in high humidity or rain. Fertilization is also ineffective when night temperatures are below 55° F. Mangos are monoecious and self-fertile, so a single tree will produce fruit without cross pollination. Polyembryonic types may not require pollination at all. Branches may be ringed to induce flowering, but the results are mixed.
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'''Fruits''': The fruits grow at the end of a long, stringlike stem (the former panicle), with sometimes two or more fruits to a stem. The fruits are 2 to 9 inches long and may be kidney shaped, ovate or (rarely) round. They range in size from 8 ounces to around 24 ounces. The flower scar at the apex is prominent, in some cultivars bulging from the fruit. The leathery skin is waxy and smooth, and when ripe entirely pale green or yellow marked with red, according to cultivar. It is inedible and contains a sap that is irritating to some people. The quality of the fruit is based on the scarcity of fiber and minimal turpentine taste.
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The flesh of a mango is peachlike and juicy, with more or less numerous fibers radiating from the husk of the single large kidney-shaped seed. Fibers are more pronounced in fruits grown with hard water and chemical fertilizers. The flavor is pleasant and rich and high in sugars and acid. The seed may either have a single embryo, producing one seedling, or polyembryonic, producing several seedlings that are identical but not always true to the parent type. It is impossible to distinguish true-to-type from zygotic seedlings from the same fruit. Some seedlings produce numerous tiny, parthenocarpic fruits which fail to develop and abort. Mango trees tend to be alternate bearing.
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==Cultivation==
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[[Image:Mango_flower.jpg|thumb|left|Mango flowers]]
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'''Location''': The mango grows to a good size and casts a dense shade, but the roots are not destructive. It requires full sun and perfect air drainage in winter. It does best at the top or middle level of a slope. A windbreak should be provided in exposed areas. The trees may also need staking. In the desert it needs the shade of other trees; or plant on the north side of the house. In the garden or near the coast, plant against a south wall, or in an area surrounded by paving, to provide maximum heat. In the greenhouse, full light and free air movement are important to avoid disease.
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'''Soil''': Mangos will grow in almost any well-drained soil whether sandy, loam or clay, but avoid heavy, wet soils. A pH between 5.5 and 7.5 is preferred. They are somewhat tolerant of alkalinity. For good growth, mangos needs a deep soil to accommodate their extensive root systems.
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'''Irrigation''': Irrigation should start when the weather warms: February in the desert, April at the coast. Continue every one to two weeks, more often in light soils, nearly continuously in the desert, until the fruit is harvested. Irrigation may be discontinued when rains are sufficient to maintain soil moisture. In the greenhouse keep watered until the fruit is harvested, then reduce to the minimum required to avoid wilting. Watering is then increased after one to two months to initiate a new bloom and growth cycle.
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'''Fertilization''': Mango trees require regular applications of nitrogen fertilizer to promote healthy growth flushes and flower production. Chelated micronutrients, especially iron, are also often necessary. A feeding program similar to one used for citrus is satisfactory, but do not fertilize after midsummer. Organic fertilizers perform best, since the trees are subject to fertilizer burn. Young trees are particularly sensitive to over-fertilizing, but respond well to fish emulsion. Sandy soils require more fertilizer than loam or clay.
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'''Pruning''': Healthy trees require little pruning, although pruning to stimulate new growth promotes uniform annual bearing. Removing some flower clusters during a heavy bloom year may also alleviate alternate bearing. Mangos may be pruned to control size in late winter or early spring without a loss of fruit. Sap and debris can cause severe dermatitis, similar to poison oak. It is best to avoid burning prunings or litter.
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'''Frost Protection''': During the first two years, the trees should be given some protection such as an overhead cover during any frost threat. Once the tree is 3 to 4 feet high, overhead protection is difficult but still worthwhile, especially if an unusual cold snap is predicted. Frost damage can also be avoided by erecting an overhead lath shelter, orchard heating, placing lights under the canopy, or using foam or straw trunk wraps. Do not prune dead parts until all frost danger is past.
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'''Fruit Harvest''': Mango fruit matures in 100 to 150 days after flowering. The fruit will have the best flavor if allowed to ripen on the tree, although winter-maturing fruits must be ripened indoors in coastal California. Ripening fruit turns the characteristic color of the variety and begins to soften to the touch, much like a peach. Commercial marketability requires 13% dissolved solids (sugars). When the first fruit shows color on tree, all of that size fruit or larger may be removed; repeat when remaining fruit colors. Do not store below 50° F.The fruit ripens best if placed stem end down in trays at room temperature and covered with a dampened cloth to avoid shriveling. Mangos ripen in June from January bloom in interior California, and October from April bloom on the coast. Less time is required to mature greenhouse fruit.
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===Propagation===
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[[Image:Mango_blossoms.jpg|thumb|270px|right|Mango tree with flowers]]
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Seedlings are a gamble. Supermarket fruits may have been treated to sterilize, or chilled too long to remain viable. These seeds are normally discolored gray. To grow mangos from seed, remove the husk and plant the seed (before it dries out) with the hump at soil level. The seeds normally germinate in two to four weeks, and do best with bottom heat. Multiple polyembryonic seedlings should be carefully separated as soon as they have sprouted so not to loose the cotyledons. Seedling mangos will bloom and bear in three to six years.
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Some success at grafting can be obtained in April and September, but better luck is more likely during May through August. Small plants with a diameter of a pencil graft well with the common whip graft. On larger trees the crown groove bark graft allows several scions to be put on at once. Fully grown trees may be topworked by crown or groove bark graft, or prune hard and whip graft sprouts later. Plastic bagging with a few drops of moisture improves the graft's chances of being successful.
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Graft in the second year, using cleft, side or tongue (splice) graft in midsummer. Scion and stock should be swelling for a new flush of growth. Grafts are most successful if the leaves are allowed to remain below the graft, but remove suckers. Use pencil-sized scions of hard wood with three or four nodes. Cover with loose punctured white paper bag for shade.
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If top working, do not dehorn the entire tree at one time; leave at least two fully leafed branches intact. Marcottage is feasible in humid climates or greenhouses, but results in few plants. Although budding is rare in California; it can be done by using a shield bud in an inverted T, at the moment the tree begins a new growth flush. Cuttings are rarely successful, although experiments have shown that rooting may be improved by treating with ethylene, which destroys the root-inhibiting hormone in the cambium.
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The Mango is a suitable and productive tree for growing in a container or greenhouse. Start with established plants of named cultivars. Select the finest Indian cultivars, which are most rewarding for the effort involved. A large tub is required, with casters for easy moving. In the greenhouse, the atmosphere should be kept dry as possible to avoid anthracnose. Place a fan nearby to move the air around trees and use ventilators. The plants should be hosed down in the morning on a weekly basis to control mites. A regular spraying of appropriate pesticides for anthracnose and mealybug may also be needed.
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The location of the intended planting will dictate the choice of cultivars. Seedlings selected under California conditions have provided cultivars suitable for coastal counties. Florida cultivars are generally more suitable in the desert and Central Valley.
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===Pests and diseases===
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[[Scale]], [[mealybugs]] and [[mites]] are frequent pests in the greenhouse and orchard. In the greenhouse, [[thrips]] often turn leaves rusty brown. [[Malathion]] is the conventional spray for insect pests; [[sulfur]] works on mites. [[Gopher]]s are attracted to the roots. The flower [[panicle]]s, young fruit and leaves are subject to [[powdery mildew]] (Oidium mangiferae), especially in rainy weather or frequent fog. A spray of powdered kelp at bud break will often control it. Sodium bicarbonate and fungicide sprays are also effective. Trees planted in pavement openings seldom develop mildew.
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[[Bacterial spot]] (Colletotrichum oleosporides) distorts and turns developing leaves black and disfigures developing fruit. Infection may spread to fresh young growth. [[Anthracnose]] can be controlled with bimonthly applications of [[copper spray]] or captan as a growth flush begins, and until the flowers open. Resume spraying when the fruits begin to form. Mango trees are very sensitive to root loss that can occur from digging, transplanting or gopher damage. "Soft nose," a physical disorder of shriveling at the fruit apex, seems associated with excessive nitrogen in soil. Exposed fruits sunburn in high temperatures.
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==Varieties==
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===Cultivars===
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*'''Aloha''' - Origin San Diego, Jerry Staedeli, 1971. From Hawaiian seed. Tree spreading, light bearer, according to rootstock affinity. Fruit large (14-18 oz.), dull yellow covered with red. Early (Oct-Nov). Susceptible to anthracnose. For coast.
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*'''Brooks''' - Origin Miami, 1916. Seedling of Sandersha. Tree somewhat dwarf. Fruit medium to large (10-20 oz.), kidney-shaped, green with yellow shoulder, rather fibrous. Very late. Resistant to anthracnose. For greenhouse and containers.
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*'''Cambodiana''' - Origin Miami, 1910. Seedling of Saigon. Philippine type. Fruit small to medium, elongated ovate, yellow-green, juicy, flavor acid. Early. For greenhouse.
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*'''Carabao''' - Origin Philippines. Philippine type. Fruit medium (10 oz.), elongated, kidney-shaped, light green blushed yellow. Seed very large, flesh stringy, acid, juicy. Early midseason. For greenhouse.
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*'''Carrie''' - Origin Delray Beach, Florida, 1940. Seedling of Sophie Fry. Tree dwarf. Fruit varies from small to 12 oz., regular ovate, green-yellow, fiberless, flavor high. Early. For foothills, interior and greenhouse.
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*'''Cooper (syn. Cooper No. 1 or 3)''' - Origin Hollywood, Floyd Cooper, 1948. Tree spreading, dense. Fruit large (16-20 oz.), long, green. Flesh high quality. Late. For foothills.
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*'''Costa Rica''' - Origin East Los Angeles, Gilbert Guyenne, 1980. >From seed from Costa Rica. Fruit small to 10 oz., elongated, flat, pale green, juicy. Very early. For coast and foothills.
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*'''Doubikin''' - Origin Kelmscott, West Africa, Arnold Doubikin, 1965. Two sibling seedlings of Kensington pass under this name. Tree dwarf, rounded, slow growing, fruits in two years from seed. Polyembryonic. Fruit round, large (12-16 oz.), midseason. For coast, foothills, greenhouse.
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*'''Earlygold''' - Origin Pine Island, Florida, 1943. Tree upright. Fruit medium to 12 oz., obliquely round, orange with red blush, fiberless, seed often abortive. Very early. Resistant to anthracnose. For coast.
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*'''Edgehill''' - Origin Vista, Calif., Paul Thomson, 1920s. Indian type. Tree upright, hardy, vigorous. Monoembryonic. Blooms early. Produces small to medium (8-12 oz.), almost fiberless fruit, green with red blush. Resists mildew, subject to soft nose. Midseason (Nov-Dec). For foothills.
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*'''Edward''' - Origin Miami, Edward Simmons, 1948. Hybrid of Haden X Carabao. Intermediate between Indian and Philippine forms. Tree dense, compact. Fruit medium to large, elongated ovate, apex often oblique, yellow green with red blush. Seed very small, easily removed. Flavor excellent. Early. For interior.
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*'''Fascell''' - Origin Miami, 1936. Seedling of Brooks. Pat. #451. Tree open, slow. Fruit medium to large, elongated flattened, yellow with pink blush, flesh acid. Early. For coast and inland.
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*'''Gouveia''' - Origin Honolulu, Ruth Gouveia, 1946. Tree upright, open, Fruit medium to large,(10-20 oz.), long ovate, green becoming bright red. Sweet, juicy, no fiber. Late, uneven ripening. For coast and inland.
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*'''Haden''' - Origin Coconut Grove, Capt. Haden, 1910. seedling of Mulgoba. Indian type. Tree spreading. Fruit large (to 24 oz.), regular ovate, yellow almost covered with red, flavor mild, little fiber. Early. Susceptible to anthracnose and alternate bearing, traits imparted to its progeny. For interior and greenhouse.
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*'''Irwin''' - Origin Miami, F.D. Irwin, 1945. Seedling of Lippens. Florida's leading local market cultivar. Tree very small. Fruit medium, 12-16 oz., elongated, ovate regular in form, orange yellow with deep blush, flesh bland, fiberless. Mid-season. For foothills, interior, greenhouse.
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*'''Julie''' - Origin Trinidad. Tree dwarf, slow growing. Fruit small (6-10 oz.), flat oblong, obliquely almost two-nosed, orange, rather fibrous, juicy, sweet. Late. For containers, greenhouse.
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*'''Keitt''' - Origin Homestead, 1945. Probably seedling of Mulgoba. Fruit large (20-26 oz.), ovate with slightly oblique apex, green, flesh rich, fiber only around seed. Resists mildew. Late. For interior. Florida fruiting July Aug., sometimes to Sept.
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*'''Kensington Pride (syns. Pride of Bowen, Bowen Special)''' - Origin Bowen, Queensland, 1960s. Generally propagated as seedling strain. Polyembryonic. Tree rounded, vigorous. Fruit medium to large, almost round with pink blush. Flavor sweet. Standard Australian mango cv. Fruit tends to drop at small size. Midseason. For foothills.
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*'''Kent''' - Origin Coconut Grove, 1944. Seedling of Brooks. Tree upright. Fruit large (20-26 oz.), regular ovate, greenish yellow with red shoulder, flesh rich, fiberless. Late midseason. For interior.
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*'''MacPherson''' - Origin Encinitas, L.L. Bucklew, 1944. Tree dense, low branching. Fruit small (6-8 oz.), yellow-green with red blush, flesh fairly good. Midseason. For coast.
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*'''Manila''' - Origin Mexico, a seedling race common in Veracruz state. A seedling strain from Hawaii. Philippine type. Tree dwarf, dense. Fruit small to 10 oz., shaped long, flat, yellow, flavor sharp. Subject to anthracnose. Early (Oct-Dec), late picked fruit best. For coast and foothills.
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*'''Mulgoba''' - Origin Bombay; distinct from ancient cv. Mulgoa. Fruit medium, 16 oz., greenhouse.
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*'''Ott''' - Origin La Habra heights, William Ott, 1948. Seedling of Saigon. Tree dwarf. Fruit medium, to six inches, orange-yellow with pink blush. Season very early.
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*'''Piña (syn. Pineapple)''' - Origin Mexico, a seedling strain. Philippine type. Tree upright. Fruit small to 12 oz., shape ovoid, orange yellow. Flavor suggests pineapple. Early midseason (Nov-Dec). For foothills.
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*'''Pirie (syn. Paheri)''' - Origin India, ancient. Tree broad, spreading. Fruit small (8-10 oz.), almost round, apex oblique, yellow with red blush. Juicy, fiberless, rich flavor. Alternate bearing; blooms every 18 months. Early midseason. For greenhouse.
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*'''Reliable''' - Origin San Diego, Calif., Jerry Staedeli, 1966. Seedling of Sensation. Tree broad, dense, slow. Fruit size varies from 10-20 oz., shape oblong, yellow blushed red. Rarely misses a crop. Subject to anthracnose, soft nose. Long ripening season (Oct-Feb). For coast and foothills.
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*'''Sensation''' - Origin Miami, 1941. Tree broad, rounded. Fruit small, round with oblique apex, yellow with red blush, fibers few. Late. For interior.
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*'''T1''' - Origin Vista, Paul Thomson, 1969. Seedling of Edgehill. Tree low, spreading. Vigor dependent upon rootstock. Fruit medium to large, 6-8 inches, shape broad oval, green with red blush, fiberless. Subject to anthracnose, resists mildew, soft nose. Late midseason (Dec-Jan), very late on coast (Jan-Feb). For coast, foothills, interior, containers.
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*'''Thomson (syn. Thomson Large Seedling)''' - Origin Vista, Paul Thomson, 1966. Manila seedling, polyembryonic. Tree spreading, vigor dependent upon rootstock. Fruit small to medium, (6-12 oz.), yellow, shape flat, to eight inches. Resists mildew. High fiber under chemical fertilizer regime. Season early, long (September-November), ripens well indoors if picked prematurely. For coast.
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*'''Tommy Atkins''' - Originated from a seed planted in the 1920s at Fort Lauderdale, Florida. Commercially grown for export in Florida. Tree full, dense. Fruit medium to large, 16 oz. with thick skin, regular ovate, orange-yellow covered with red and heavy purple bloom. Firm, juicy, medium fiber, fair to good quality. Flavor poor when over fertilized and irrigated. Resists anthracnose. Early, ripens well if picked immature. For interior.
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*'''Villaseñor''' - Origin Los Angeles, 1950s, Sr. Villaseñor. Tree dwarf, spreading, responds to strong rootstock. Fruit medium, to 12 oz., shape ovate, color greenish yellow, pink blush, flavor mild. Late midseason (Dec Jan). For coast, foothills.
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*'''Winters (syn, M20222, Southland)''' - Origin Miami, USDA, 1959. Seedling of Ono, Philippine type, polyembryonic. Tree broad, production variable. Fruit medium, to 14 oz., smaller in desert, shape half-round, yellow blushed red. Subject to anthracnose, resists soft nose. Parthenocarpic fruit will reach full size. Season midseason (Nov-Dec), ripens well if picked immature. For coast, foothills, interior.
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*'''Zill''' - Origin Lake Worth, 1930. Seedling of Haden. Tree very spreading, open. Fruit small, 8-12 oz., almost round, apex oblique, yellow with blush, little fiber. Ripens early. For greenhouse.
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===Species===
 
About 35 species, including:<br />
 
About 35 species, including:<br />
 
''[[Mangifera altissima]]''<br />
 
''[[Mangifera altissima]]''<br />
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''[[Mangifera torquenda]]''<br />
 
''[[Mangifera torquenda]]''<br />
 
''[[Mangifera zeylanica]]''
 
''[[Mangifera zeylanica]]''
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The '''mango''' (plural '''mangoes''') is a tropical fruit of the mango tree. Mangoes belong to the genus ''Mangifera'' which consists of about 30 species of tropical fruiting [[tree]]s in the [[flowering plant]] family [[Anacardiaceae]]. The exact origins of the mango are unknown, but most believe that it is native to Southern and Southeast Asia including the [[Philippines]], [[Indonesia]], [[India]], [[Burma]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[Pakistan]] and [[Bangladesh]] owing to the wide range of genetic diversity in the region and fossil records dating back 25 to 30 million years.<ref>[http://www.fao.org/inpho/content/compend/text/Ch20sec1.htm Chapter XX Mango]</ref>
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Mangos retain a special significance in the culture of [[South Asia]] where they have been cultivated for millenia. It has been the national symbol of the [[Philippines]]. Reference to mangoes as the "food of the gods" can be found in the [[Hindu]] [[Vedas]] and the leaves are ritually used for floral decorations at Hindu marriages and religious ceremonies. This fruit, too, played an important role for the Egyptians in which they would take the mango peel and smear it on their skin in order to protect their skin from the sun, reducing the risk of skin cancer also known as the red infection, while working on the pyramids.
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==Etymology==
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The name of the fruit comes from the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]] word ''manga'' and was popularized by the Portuguese after their Indian exploration, hence the word 'manga' in Portuguese.
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==Description==
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[[Image:Mango_flower.jpg|thumb|left|Mango flowers]]Mangoes are large trees, reaching 35-40 m in height, with a crown radius of 10 m. The [[leaf|leaves]] are [[evergreen]], alternate, simple, 15-35 cm long and 6-16 cm broad; when young they are orange-pink, rapidly changing to a dark glossy red, then dark green as they mature. The [[flower]]s are produced in terminal [[panicle]]s 10-40 cm long; each flower is small and white with five petals 5-10 mm long, with a mild sweet odor suggestive of [[lily of the valley]]. After the flowers finish, the fruit takes from three to six months to ripen.
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The mango [[fruit]] is a [[drupe]]; when mature, it hangs from the tree on long stems. They are variable in size, from 10-25&nbsp;cm long and 7-12&nbsp;cm diameter, and may weigh up to 2.5&nbsp;kg. The ripe fruit is variably colored yellow, orange and red, reddest on the side facing the sun and yellow where shaded; green usually indicates that the fruit is not yet ripe, but this depends on the [[cultivar]]. When ripe, the unpeeled fruit gives off a distinctive [[resin]]ous slightly sweet smell. In the center of the fruit is a single flat, oblong seed (as big as a large stone) that can be [[fibre|fibrous]] or hairless on the surface, depending on cultivar. Inside the shell, which is 1-2&nbsp;mm thick, is a paper-thin lining covering a single [[seed]], 4-7&nbsp;cm long, 3-4 cm wide, 1 cm thick.
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==Cultivation and uses==
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The mango is now widely cultivated as a fruit tree in [[frost]]-free tropical and warmer subtropical climates throughout the [[Indian subcontinent]], Southern [[Pakistan]], [[North America|North]], [[South America|South]] and [[Central America]], the [[Caribbean]], south and central [[Africa]], [[Australia]] and [[Southeast Asia]]. It is easily [[agriculture|cultivated]] and there are now more than 1,000 [[cultivar]]s, ranging from the turpentine mango (from the strong taste of [[turpentine]], which according to the ''Oxford Companion to Food'' some varieties actually contain) to the ''huevos de toro'' ("[[Cattle|bull]]'s [[testicle|balls]]", from the shape and size). The mango is reputed to be the most commonly eaten fresh fruit worldwide. Mangos also readily naturalize in tropical climates. Some lowland forests in the [[Hawaiian Islands]] are dominated by introduced mangos and it is a common backyard fruit tree in [[South Florida]] where it has also escaped from cultivation.
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The mango is a popular fruit with people around the world. However, many mango farmers receive a low price for their produce. This has led to mangoes being available as a '[[fair trade]]' item in some countries.
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There is a unique pigment that cannot be synthesized called euxanthin or euxanthine, and usually known as [[Indian yellow|Indian Yellow]], which is produced in the urine of cows fed on mango leaves. Their urine was once collected and evaporated and the pigment then used in oil paint.<ref>[http://webexhibits.org/pigments/indiv/history/indianyellow.html History of Indian yellow]</ref> The practice was outlawed in 1908 due to malnutrition of the cows (the leaves have a mildly toxic substance related to that in poison ivy) and the color is now produced synthetically by mixing other pigments.
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[[Image:Mango_blossoms.jpg|thumb|270px|right|Mango tree with flowers]]
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===Diseases===
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==Gallery==
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{{Main|List of mango diseases}}
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===Usage as food===
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<gallery>
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The fruit flesh of a ripe mango contains about 15% [[sugar]], up to 1% [[protein]], and significant amounts of [[vitamin]]s [[vitamin A|A]], [[vitamin B|B]] and [[vitamin C|C]]. The taste of the fruit is very sweet, with some cultivars having a slight acidic tang; it tastes roughly like a cross between a peach and a pineapple. The texture of the flesh varies markedly between different cultivars; some have quite a soft and pulpy texture similar to an over-ripe [[plum]], while others have a firmer flesh much like that of a [[cantaloupe]] or [[avocado]], and in some cultivars the flesh can contain fibrous material. Mangoes are very juicy; the sweet taste and high water content make them refreshing to eat, though somewhat messy.
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Image:Hedgehog_mangoes.JPG|A mango cut using the "hedgehog" method
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Image:mango_maracay.JPG|A woman selling mangoes in Venezuela
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Mangoes are widely used in [[chutney]], which in the West is often very sweet, but in the [[Indian subcontinent]] is usually sharpened with hot [[chile pepper|chili]]s or [[Lime (Citrus aurantifolia)|limes]]. In India, ripe mango is often cut into thin layers, [[desiccate]]d , folded, and then cut and sold as bars that are very chewy. These bars, known as amavat or halva in Hindi, are similar to dried [[guava]] fruit bars available in Colombia. Many people like to eat unripe mangoes with salt (which are extremely sour; much more than lemon), and in regions where food is hotter, with salt and chili.  In many American societies people enjoy eating the skin of the mango which happens to be rich in calcium, and vitamin B6.
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Image:Green_mango.jpg|Native green mangoes from the Philippines
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</gallery>
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The fruit is also widely used as a key ingredient in a variety of cereal products, in particular muesli and oat granola.
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In the [[Philippines]], unripe mango is eaten with [[bagoong]]. Dried strips of sweet, ripe mangoes have also gained popularity both inside and outside the country, with those produced in [[Cebu]] making it to export markets around the world.
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In other parts of [[South-east Asia]], mangos are very popular pickled with [[fish sauce]] and rice vinegar.
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Mango is also used to make juices, both in ripe and unripe form. Pieces of fruit can be mashed and used in [[ice cream]]; they can be substituted for peaches in a [[peach]] (now mango) pie; or put in a blender with milk, a little sugar, and crushed ice for a refreshing beverage. A more traditional Indian drink is mango [[lassi]], which is similar, but uses a mixture of yogurt and milk as the base, and is sometimes flavoured with salt or [[cardamom]].  In [[Thailand]] and other South East Asian countries, sweet glutinous rice is flavoured with coconut then served with sliced mango on top as a dessert.
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"Mango Shake" or "Mangoshake" is a refreshing [[Punjab_region|Punjabi]] ([[Punjab_%28India%29|Indian]]/[[Punjab_%28Pakistan%29|Pakistani]]) summer drink. It is traditionally made of mango pulp, whole [[milk]], [[sugar]] and [[ice]] cubes. However there are various other ingredients which are sometimes added, such as ice cream, fresh fruit, chocolate sauce and other sauces, along with whipped cream. It is very similar to a [[milkshake]] which can be consumed with a spoon.
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Dried unripe mango used as a spice in India is known as '''amchur''' (sometimes spelled '''amchoor'''). Am is a [[Hindi]] word for Mango and amchoor is nothing but powder or extract of Mango.
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Note: The Sweet Bell Pepper ([[capsicum]]) was once known as mango in parts of the midwestern [[United States]] <ref> [http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/mango Merriam-Webster Dictionary Definition]. </ref> With the advent of fresh fruit importers exposing individuals to the tropical fruit, the colloquial use of this alternative name for the Sweet Bell Pepper has become archaic, although occasionally midwestern menus will still offer stuffed mangoes as an entree.
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===Medicinal properties===
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The mango is in the same family as [[poison-ivy (plant)|poison ivy]] and contains [[urushiol]], though much less than poison ivy. Some people get [[dermatitis]] from touching mango peel or sap. Persons showing an allergic reaction after handling a mango can usually enjoy the fruit if someone else first removes the skin. The leaves are toxic to [[cattle]].
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===Cultural context===
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Mango leaves are used to decorate the entrance of a household amongst Hindus. Mango leaves are also used in Indian prayers ([[pooja]]s) to propitiate the gods. The mango is also a common [[motif (art)|motif]] in Indian [[textile]]s, known as the [[paisley (design)|paisley]] design.
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==Production and consumption==
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[[Image:Hedgehog_mangoes.JPG|thumb|right|A mango cut using the "hedgehog" method]]
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{| class="wikitable" align=left style="clear:left"
  −
|+ Top 12 Mango Producers - 2005
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!Country!!hectares
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|-
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| {{flagicon|India}} [[India]] || align="right" | 1,600,000
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|-
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| {{flagicon|China}} [[China]] || align="right" | 433,600
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|-
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| {{flagicon|Thailand}} [[Thailand]] || align="right" | 285,000
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|-
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| {{flagicon|Indonesia}} [[Indonesia]] || align="right" | 273,440
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|-
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| {{flagicon|Mexico}} [[Mexico]] || align="right" | 173,837
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|-
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| {{flagicon|Philippines}} [[Philippines]] || align="right" | 160,000
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|-
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| {{flagicon|Pakistan}} [[Pakistan]] || align="right" | 151,500
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|-
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| {{flagicon|Nigeria}} [[Nigeria]] || align="right" | 125,000
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|-
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| {{flagicon|Guinea}} [[Guinea]] || align="right" | 82,000
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|-
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| {{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Brazil]] || align="right" | 68,000
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|-
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| {{flagicon|Vietnam}} [[Vietnam]] || align="right" | 53,000
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|-
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| {{flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[Bangladesh]] || align="right" | 51,000
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|-
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|'''World Total''' || align="right" | '''3,870,200'''
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|-
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|colspan=2|''Source: <br>[[UN Food & Agriculture Organisation]] (FAO)''[http://faostat.fao.org/faostat/form?collection=Production.Crops.Primary&Domain=Production&servlet=1&hasbulk=0&version=ext&language=EN]
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|}
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India is by far the largest producer, with an area of 16,000 km² with an annual production of 10.8 million tonnes, which accounted for 57.18% of the total world production. The state of [[Maharashtra]] in western India has the most conducive climate conditions to produce the most renowned variety of this fruit, the Hapoos mango. The early Portuguese explorers took to calling the Hapoos "Aphoos" and later, "[[Alphonso (mango)|Alphonso]]". Farmers in the entire coastal Konkan belt cultivate the Hapoos mango, which fetches them substantial profits. The [[Ratnagiri]] and [[Devgad]] Hapoos from Maharashtra jointly take place of pride as the finest amongst all types of mangoes produced. Otherwise, the state of [[Uttar Pradesh]] dominates the mango production in the North, and it is considered the most important fruit in central and eastern part of the state, from [[Lucknow]] to [[Varanasi]], which also produce some fine varieties. In southern India, [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Karnataka]] states are major producers of mangoes and specialize in making a variety of mango pickles. These pickles are very spicy. It is almost an essential food in Andhra families, where mango pickle production is a household activity in summer.
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Generally, once ripe, mangoes are quite juicy and can be very messy to eat. However, those exported to [[temperate]] regions are, like most tropical fruit, picked under-ripe. Although they are [[ethylene]] producers and ripen in transit, they do not have the same juiciness or flavour as the fresh fruit. A ripe mango will have an orange-yellow or reddish skin. To allow a mango to continue to ripen after purchase, it should be stored in a cool, dark place, but not in a refrigerator as this will slow the ripening process.
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[[Image:mango_maracay.JPG|thumb|right|A woman selling mangoes in Venezuela]]
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[[Image:Green_mango.jpg|thumb|right|Native green mangoes from the Philippines]]
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Ripe mangoes are extremely popular throughout Latin America. In [[Mexico]], sliced mango is eaten with [[chili powder]] and/or salt.  Street vendors sometimes sell whole mangoes on a stick, dipped in the chili-salt mixture. In [[Indonesia]], green mango is sold by street vendors with sugar and salt and/or chili. Green mango may be used in the sour salad called ''rujak'' in Indonesia, and ''[[rojak]]'' in [[Malaysia]] and [[Singapore]]. In [[Guatemala]], [[Ecuador]], [[Nicaragua]] and [[Honduras]], small, green mangoes are popular; they have a sharp, brisk flavour like a [[Granny Smith]] [[apple]]. Vendors sell slices of peeled green mango on the streets of these countries, often served with salt. In [[Hawaii|Hawai'i]] it is common to [[Pickling|pickle]] green mango slices. [[Ayurveda|Ayurveda]] considers ripe mango sweet and heating, balancing all the three [[Doshas|doshas(humors)]] and acts as an energizer.
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Raw mangoes are used in making pickles and condiments due to its peculiar sweet and sour taste. Dried and powdered raw mango is sometimes also used as a condiment in Indian cuisine.
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==Cultivars==
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{{main|List of mango cultivars}}
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Many hundreds of named mango [[cultivar]]s exist. In mango [[orchard]]s, several cultivars are often intermixed to improve cross-pollination. In Maharashtra, the most common cultivar is '[[Alphonso (mango)|Alphonso]]' (known in Asia under the original name, Hapoos). 'Alphonso' is known as the ''King of Mangoes'' due to the popular opinion among many in India that it is the best cultivar available (see above). The best 'Alphonso' mangos are reputed to come from the town of [[Ratnagiri]] and [[Devgad]] in [[Maharashtra]]. In Uttar Pradesh, '[[Dasheri]]' from Lucknow is famous for its aroma, and is so tasty that even the skin can be eaten. 'Langada' from Varanasi in eastern UP is another variety which is extremely sought after for its fine flavour and aroma. '[[Banganapalli]]' (also called 'Banesha' or 'Began Phali') of [[Andhra Pradesh]] is one of the most sought after cultivars. [[Maldah]] is one of the most sought after cultivars in Bihar. Notably, cultivars which excel in one climate fail to achieve their potential in other climates.  Thus the cultivar 'Julie', a Jamaican favourite, and 'Alphonso' have never found great success in South Florida, Israel or Australia.
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Currently, the world market is dominated by the cultivar  '[[Tommy Atkins (mango)|Tommy Atkins]]', a seedling of 'Haden' which first fruited in 1940 in Southern Florida, USA.  Despite being initially rejected commercially by Florida researchers{{Fact|date=February 2007}}, 'Tommy Atkins' quickly became an export favourite worldwide. For example, 80% of mangos in [[United Kingdom|UK]] [[supermarket]]s are 'Tommy Atkins'. Despite its fibrous flesh and fair taste, growers world-wide have embraced the cultivar for its exceptional production and disease resistance, the [[shelf-life]] of its fruit, their transportability as well as their size and beautiful color. 'Tommy Atkins' is predominant in the USA as well, although other cultivars, such 'Kent', 'Keitt', the Haitian grown 'Madame Francis' and the Mexican grown 'Champagne' are widely available.
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In urban areas of southern Florida, small gardens, or lack thereof, have fueled the desire for [[dwarfing|dwarf]] Mango trees. The [[Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden]] has led the charge for the "condo mango" by identifying cultivars which can be productive while maintained at a height below 2-2.5 m.{{Fact|date=March 2007}}
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A list of additional leading cultivars can be found at the cultivar list link in the external links below.
      
==References==
 
==References==
−
<div class="references-small"><references /></div>
+
*[http://www.crfg.org/pubs/ff/mango.html CRFG Fruit Facts]
 +
<!--- xxxxx  *Flora: The Gardener's Bible, by Sean Hogan. Global Book Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0881925381  -->
 +
<!--- xxxxx  *American Horticultural Society: A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants, by Christopher Brickell, Judith D. Zuk. 1996. ISBN 0789419432  -->
 +
<!--- xxxxx  *Sunset National Garden Book. Sunset Books, Inc., 1997. ISBN 0376038608  -->
    
==External links==
 
==External links==
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{{Wikispecies|Mangifera}}
+
*{{wplink}}
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*[http://www.plantcultures.org.uk/activities/handson_mango.html How to grow a Mango]
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*[http://www.plantnames.unimelb.edu.au/Sorting/Mangifera.html Sorting ''Mangifera'' species]
+
{{stub}}
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*[http://www.plantcultures.org.uk/plants/mango_landing.html Plant Cultures: botany, history and uses of mango]
+
[[Category:Categorize]]
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*[http://www.horticultureworld.net/mango-researches.htm Mango research pages]
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*[http://www.horticultureworld.net/cultivars.htm Mango cultivar list]
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*[http://10netstreet.com/Mango_net/Cultivar_List.html Alphabetized mango cultivar list]
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*[http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/mango_ars.html Mango]
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*"Mango" article in [[Alan Davidson (food writer)|Alan Davidson]]'s ''Oxford Companion to Food'' (ISBN 0-19-211579-0)
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*[http://veganfreaks.net/vodcast/?p=12 How To Cut a Mango]
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*[http://www.pesgce.com/toxicodendrondermatitis/derm.asp Toxicodendron Dermatitis: Information on allergic reactions to plants such as Mangos]
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*[http://li.defined.net/cgi-bin/pika.exe/html?sid=223674381&iso3=IDN&html=ctry/pl_nd_list.htm&dbkey=species_fk&dbval=33296 List of Mangifera species native to Indonesia]
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[[Category:Flora of Asia]]
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[[Category:Sapindales]]
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[[Category:Fruit]]
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[[Category:Medicinal plants]]
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[[Category:Tropical agriculture]]
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[[Category:Tamil words and phrases]]
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[[Category:Flora of India]]
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[[Category:Flora of Indonesia]]
 
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