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| | + | __NOTOC__{{Plantbox |
| | + | | name = ''Salix alba'' |
| | + | | common_names = White Willow |
| | + | | growth_habit = tree |
| | + | | high = ? <!--- 1m (3 ft) --> |
| | + | | wide = <!--- 65cm (25 inches) --> |
| | + | | origin = ? <!--- Mexico, S America, S Europe, garden, etc --> |
| | + | | poisonous = <!--- indicate parts of plants which are known/thought to be poisonous --> |
| | + | | lifespan = perennial |
| | + | | exposure = full sun{{SSN}} |
| | + | | water = lots of water{{SSN}} |
| | + | | features = <!--- flowers, fragrance, fruit, naturalizes, invasive --> |
| | + | | hardiness = <!--- frost sensitive, hardy, 5°C (40°F), etc --> |
| | + | | bloom = <!--- seasons which the plant blooms, if it is grown for its flowers --> |
| | + | | usda_zones = ? <!--- eg. 8-11 --> |
| | + | | sunset_zones = <!--- eg. 8, 9, 12-24, not available --> |
| | + | | color = IndianRed |
| | + | | image = Salix alba leaves.jpg |
| | + | | image_width = 240px <!--- leave as 240px if horizontal orientation photo, or change to 180px if vertical --> |
| | + | | image_caption = White Willow foliage; note white undersides of leaves |
| | + | | regnum = Plantae |
| | + | | divisio = Magnoliophyta |
| | + | | classis = Magnoliopsida |
| | + | | ordo = Malpighiales |
| | + | | familia = Salicaceae |
| | + | | genus = Salix |
| | + | | species = alba |
| | + | | subspecies = |
| | + | | cultivar = |
| | + | }} |
| | {{Inc| | | {{Inc| |
| − | Salix alba, Linn. White Willow. Fig. 3527; also Figs. 3523-3525. Large tree, with short and thick trunk, not excurrent in habit: branches yellowish brown: lvs. ashy gray and silky throughout, giving a white appearance to the whole tree, 2-4 in. long, elliptical. Eu. Gn. 55, p. 87; 61, p. 7.—Heretofore associated with the next species, from which it differs in color of twigs and vesture and color of lvs., as also in its general habit. It is only occasionally seen in Amer. Var. splendens, Anderss. (S. alba var. argentea, Wimm. S. regalis, Hort.). Lvs. densely silky on both sides, nearly silvery-white while young. The forms of this species not easily distinguishable from one another, can be readily distinguished from the following species. | + | Salix alba, Linn. White Willow. Large tree, with short and thick trunk, not excurrent in habit: branches yellowish brown: lvs. ashy gray and silky throughout, giving a white appearance to the whole tree, 2-4 in. long, elliptical. —Heretofore associated with the next species, from which it differs in color of twigs and vesture and color of lvs., as also in its general habit. It is only occasionally seen in Amer. Var. splendens, Anderss. (S. alba var. argentea, Wimm. S. regalis, Hort.). Lvs. densely silky on both sides, nearly silvery-white while young. The forms of this species not easily distinguishable from one another, can be readily distinguished from many other species. |
| | }} | | }} |
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| − | :''See [[White Willow (band)]] for the Norwegian band.''
| + | ==Cultivation== |
| − | :''See [[Golden Willow (horse)|Golden Willow]] for information on the horse of that name.''
| + | {{edit-cult}}<!--- Type cultivation info below this line, then delete this entire line --> |
| − | {{Taxobox
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| − | | color = lightgreen
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| − | | name = White Willow
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| − | | status = secure
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| − | | image = Salix alba leaves.jpg
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| − | | image_width = 250px
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| − | | image_caption = White Willow foliage; note white undersides of leaves
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| − | | regnum = [[Plant]]ae
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| − | | divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
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| − | | classis = [[Dicotyledon|Magnoliopsida]]
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| − | | ordo = [[Malpighiales]]
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| − | | familia = [[Salicaceae]]
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| − | | genus = ''[[Willow|Salix]]''
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| − | | species = '''''S. alba'''''
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| − | | binomial = ''Salix alba''
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| − | | binomial_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]
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| − | }} | |
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| − | '''''Salix alba''''', the '''White Willow''' is a [[willow]] native to [[Europe]], and western and central [[Asia]]. It is a large [[deciduous]] [[tree]] up to 20-30 m tall. The name derives from the leaves, which are paler than most other willows, due to a covering of very fine silky white hairs, particularly on the underside. The leaves are typically 5-10 cm long and 1-1.5 cm wide. The shoots in the typical species are grey-brown to green-brown. The [[plant sexuality|dioecious]] [[flower]]s are catkins, produced in early spring, and pollinated by bees.
| + | ===Propagation=== |
| | + | {{edit-prop}}<!--- Type propagation info below this line, then delete this entire line --> |
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| − | ==Cultivars and hybrids== | + | ===Pests and diseases=== |
| − | A number of [[cultivar]]s and [[hybrid]]s of White Willow have been selected for [[forestry]] and [[horticulture]] use:
| + | {{edit-pests}}<!--- Type pest/disease info below this line, then delete this entire line --> |
| − | *The '''Cricket-bat Willow''' (''Salix alba'' 'Caerulea'), often referred to simply as '''English Willow''', is grown as a specialist [[timber]] crop in [[Great Britain|Britain]], mainly for the production of [[cricket]] [[cricket bat|bats]], but also for other uses where a tough, lightweight [[wood]] that does not splinter easily, is required. It is distinguished mainly by its growth form, very fast growing with a single straight stem, and also by its slightly larger leaves (10-11 cm long, 1.5-2 cm wide) with a more blue-green colour. Its origin is unknown, but it may be a hybrid between White Willow and [[Crack Willow]] (''Salix fragilis'').
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| − | *The '''Weeping Willow''' (''Salix × sepulcralis'' 'Chrysocoma', [[synonymy|syn.]] ''Salix'' 'Tristis') is a hybrid between White Willow and [[Peking Willow]] (''Salix babylonica'', syn. ''Salix matsudana'').
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| − | [[Image:Salix alba11.jpg|left|thumb|Weeping Willows are a [[hybrid]] between White Willow and [[Peking Willow]]]]
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| − | *The '''Golden Willow''' (''Salix alba'' 'Vitellina') is a cultivar grown in gardens for its shoots, which are golden yellow for 1-2 years before turning brown. It is particularly decorative in winter; the best effect is achieved by [[coppicing]] it every 2-3 years to stimulate the production of longer young shoots with better colour. Two other similar cultivars, 'Britzensis' and 'Cardinal', have orange-red shoots.
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| − | *The '''White Willow''' is a fast-growing, but short-lived, cultivar being susceptible to several [[disease]]s, including watermark disease caused by the [[bacterium]] ''[[Brenneria salicis|Erwinia salicis]]'' (named because of the characteristic 'watermark' staining in the [[wood]]) and willow [[anthracnose]], caused by the [[fungus]] ''Marssonina salicicola''. These diseases can be a serious problem on trees grown for timber or ornament.
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| − | *The '''[[Crack Willow]]''' (''Salix fragilis'') is a medium-sized to large [[deciduous]] tree, which grows rapidly and can be up to 27 m tall. Its preferred habitat is beside rivers. The leaves are bright green, 9-15 cm long and 1.5-3 cm wide, with a finely serrated margin.
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| − | ==Medicinal uses== | + | ==Species== |
| − | [[Hippocrates]] wrote in the 5th century BC about a bitter powder extracted from willow bark that could ease aches and pains and reduce fevers.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} This remedy is also mentioned in texts from [[ancient Egypt]], [[Sumer]], and [[Assyria]].{{Fact|date=February 2007}} The Reverend Edward Stone, a vicar from Chipping Norton in Oxfordshire England, noted in 1763 that the bark of the willow was effective in reducing a fever.{{Fact|date=February 2007}}
| + | <!-- This section should be renamed Cultivars if it appears on a page for a species (rather than genus), or perhaps Varieties if there is a mix of cultivars, species, hybrids, etc --> |
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| − | The active extract of the bark, called [[salicin]], after the Latin name for the White Willow (Salix alba), was isolated to its crystalline form in 1828 by Henri Leroux, a French pharmacist, and Raffaele Piria, an Italian chemist, who then succeeded in separating out the acid in its pure state. Salicin, like [[aspirin]], is a chemical derivative of [[salicylic acid]].
| + | ==Gallery== |
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| | <gallery> | | <gallery> |
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| | </gallery> | | </gallery> |
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| − | {{Commons|Salix alba}} | + | ==References== |
| − | <br>
| + | *[[Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture]], by L. H. Bailey, MacMillan Co., 1963 |
| | + | <!--- xxxxx *Flora: The Gardener's Bible, by Sean Hogan. Global Book Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0881925381 --> |
| | + | <!--- xxxxx *American Horticultural Society: A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants, by Christopher Brickell, Judith D. Zuk. 1996. ISBN 0789419432 --> |
| | + | <!--- xxxxx *Sunset National Garden Book. Sunset Books, Inc., 1997. ISBN 0376038608 --> |
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| | + | ==External links== |
| | + | *{{wplink}} |
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| − | ==References==
| + | {{stub}} |
| − | <!-- To add a reference or footnote here, please use an inline citation. See [[Wikipedia:Citing sources#Footnotes]] and [[Wikipedia:Citation templates]] for how to do this. Please do not edit this section directly. -->
| + | [[Category:Categorize]] |
| − | {{reflist}}
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| − | [[Category:Salicaceae|Willow, White]]
| + | <!-- in order to add all the proper categories, go to http://www.plants.am/wiki/Plant_Categories and copy/paste the contents of the page here, and then follow the easy instructions! --> |
| − | [[Category:Flora of Armenia|Willow, White]]
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| − | [[Category:Medicinal plants]]
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