94,129
edits
Changes
From Gardenology.org - Plant Encyclopedia and Gardening Wiki
Jump to navigationJump to searchSCH
{{Taxobox
__NOTOC__{{Plantbox
| color = lightgreen
| name = ''Fagaceae''
| name = Beech family
| common_names = <!--- if multiple, list all, if none, leave blank -->
| color = IndianRed
| image = Quercus ilex rotundifolia.jpg
| image = Quercus ilex rotundifolia.jpg
| image_width = 250px
| image_width = 240px <!--- leave as 240px if horizontal orientation photo, or change to 180px if vertical -->
| image_caption = Holm Oak (''Quercus ilex'' subsp. ''rotundifolia'')
| image_caption = Holm Oak (''Quercus ilex'' subsp. ''rotundifolia'')
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
| regnum = Plantae
| divisio = [[flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
| divisio = Magnoliophyta
| classis = [[dicotyledon|Magnoliopsida]]
| classis = Magnoliopsida
| ordo = [[Fagales]]
| ordo = Fagales
| familia = '''Fagaceae'''
| familia = Fagaceae
}}
}}
{{Inc|
Fagaceae (from the genus Fagus, the classical name, in allusion to the esculent nuts). Beech Family. Fig. 16. Trees or shrubs: leaves simple, alternate: flowers monoecious; the staminate in slender catkins, one flower with each bract and a perianth of 4-6 parts; the pistillate solitary or in groups of 3, epigynous, the perianth reduced; ovary mostly 3- or 6-celled; ovules 2 in each cell, suspended, all but one in the ovary aborting; integuments 2; stigmas 3: fruit a 1-seeded nut, which singly, or in a group of 2-3, is surrounded by a special involucre.
The family '''Fagaceae''', or '''beech family''', is characterized by alternate [[leaf|leaves]] with pinnate venation, [[flower]]s in the form of [[catkin]]s, and [[fruit]] in the form of [[Nut (fruit)|nuts]], one to seven in a scale or spiny husk that may or may not enclose the nut. The best-known group of this family is the [[oak]]s, genus ''Quercus'', the fruit of which is called an [[acorn]]. The husk of the acorn in most oaks only forms a cup in which the nut sits.
The family has 5 genera and about 600 species, all natives of the subtropical and temperate northern hemisphere, except the antarctic genus, Nothofagus. The largest genera are Quercus with 200 species, and Pasania with 100 species. The family is related to the Betulaceae and other amentiferous families; but the staminate flowers alone in catkins, the indehiscent 1-seeded fruit, the 3 carpels, and the special involucre are distinctive. There has been much debate as to the morphology of the involucre,—whether it is composed of the bracteoles of the little dichasium, or represents sterile scales of the condensed catkin, or is a wholly new outgrowth of the subfloral axis. The latter is a recent view of Engler. This involucre becomes the bur in beech and chestnut, and the cup in the oak.
The wood of white oak, red oak and many other species is very valuable, as is also that of beech and chestnut. The bark of Quercus Suber of Spain yields bottle-cork. The bark of Q. velutina of America is called quercitron, and is used to dye yellow. The kermes insect, which furnishes a crimson dye, lives on Q. coccifera of the Mediterranean. The stings of gall insects produce the commercial oak-galls from which tannic and gallic acid are obtained, and from which ink was made. Officinal creosote is distilled from the tar of species of Fagus. The nut-like fruits of Castanea, Fagus, Quercus Ilex, Q. Robur, and Q. Aegilops are eaten. The cups of Q. Aegilops are sold for dyeing black and for tanning. The bark from many species of this family is used for tan-bark.
In America several genera are cultivated for ornament, food, and timber: Castanea inc. (Chestnut, Chinquapin); Castanopsis Fagus (Beech); Nothofagus, little known; Quercus (Oak, Black Jack).{{SCH}}
}}
==Genera==
==Genera==
*''[[chestnut|Castanea]]'' - Chestnuts; eight species, north temperate east Asia, southwest Asia, southeast Europe, eastern North America
*''[[chestnut|Castanea]]'' - Chestnuts
*''[[Castanopsis]]'' - about 125-130 species, southeast [[Asia]]
*''[[Castanopsis]]''
*''[[Chrysolepis]]'' - Golden chinkapin; two species, western [[United States|USA]]
*''[[Chrysolepis]]'' - Golden chinkapin
*''[[Colombobalanus]]'' - one species ''C. excelsa'', northern South America, often included in ''Trigonobalanus''
*''[[Colombobalanus]]''
*''[[Cyclobalanopsis]]'' - about 150 species, southeast [[Asia]]
*''[[Cyclobalanopsis]]''
*''[[beech|Fagus]]'' - Beeches; 10 species, north temperate east Asia, southwest Asia, Europe, eastern North America
*''[[beech|Fagus]]'' - Beeches
*''[[Formanodendron]]'' - one species ''F. doichangensis'', southeast Asia, often included in ''Trigonobalanus''
*''[[Formanodendron]]''
*''[[Lithocarpus]]'' - Tanoaks or Stone oaks; about 330-340 species, all but one in warm temperate to tropical Asia, the one (''L. densiflorus'') in [[California]] and southwest [[Oregon]]
*''[[Lithocarpus]]'' - Stone oaks
*''[[oak|Quercus]]'' - Oaks; about 500 species, widespread [[Northern Hemisphere]], crossing the [[equator]] in [[Indonesia]]
*''[[Nothofagus]]'' - Southern beeches
*''[[Trigonobalanus]]'' - one species ''T. verticillata'', tropical southeast [[Asia]] (three species if ''Colombobalanus'' and ''Formanodendron'' included)
*''[[oak|Quercus]]'' - Oaks
*''[[Trigonobalanus]]''
The genus ''[[Nothofagus]]'' (Southern beeches; about 35 species from the Southern Hemisphere), formerly included in the Fagaceae, is now treated in the separate family [[Nothofagaceae]].
The genus ''[[Nothofagus]]'' (Southern beeches; about 35 species from the Southern Hemisphere), formerly included in the Fagaceae, is now treated in the separate family [[Nothofagaceae]].
==Gallery==
{{photo-sources}}<!-- remove this line if there are already 3 or more photos in the gallery -->
<gallery>
Image:Upload.png| photo 1
Image:Upload.png| photo 2
Image:Upload.png| photo 3
</gallery>
==References==
==References==
*[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=10338 Flora of China: Fagaceae]
*[[Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture]], by L. H. Bailey, MacMillan Co., 1963
*[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=10338 Flora of North America: Fagaceae]
==External links==
*{{wplink}}
[[Category:Fagaceae| ]]
{{stub}}
[[Category:Categorize]]
[[Category:Plant families]]
[[Category:Plant families]]
